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El siguiente trabajo es fruto de una investigación en torno a las colonias de menores instaladas en el municipio de Crevillent durante la guerra civil española. La primera parte se centra en las colonias de niños refugiados de Torre Inés y Villa Rosa, de las que se aportan novedades significativas como la ubicación de estos edificios, la procedencia de los menores evacuados, así como un inventario que recoge todos los bienes existentes de la primera de las colonias. La segunda parte, más novedosa y desconocida, nos habla de la colonia granja de Los Molinos, especialmente destacada debido al papel fundamental desempeñado por la activista británica Francesca Wilson en su fundación y desarrollo. Sus memorias proporcionan una visión completa de este proyecto en el que los cuáqueros tuvieron una participación esencial. En definitiva, un estudio local basado en fuentes documentales, fotografías y testimonios que más allá de enriquecer nuestro conocimiento del pasado, también pretende preservar la memoria colectiva y honrar a quienes dedicaron esfuerzos significativos en tiempos de guerra., The following article is the result of a research project on the children’s colonies set up in the village of Crevillent during the Spanish Civil War. The first part focuses on the refugee children’s colonies of Torre Inés and Villa Rosa, providing significant new information such as the location of these buildings, the origin of the children who were evacuated, as well as an inventory of all the existing goods in the first of the colonies. The second part, which is more novel and unknown, deals with Los Molinos farm colony, which is particularly noteworthy due to the fundamental role played by the British activist Francesca Wilson in its foundation and development. Her memoirs provide a comprehensive overview of this project in which Quakers played an essential part. In short, this is a local study based on documentary sources, photographs and testimonies that, beyond enriching our knowledge of the past, also aims to preserve the collective memory and honour those who dedicated significant efforts in times of war.

The veterani had a great role in the colonies foundation of the Roman Empire. In this work, we are going to tackle the reality of the veterani who settled in the Iberian Peninsula, through an analysis structured in two main blocks: the study of the figure of the veter anus and the colonies at whose foundation there are elements from the army. This will be done by analysing what was involved in obtaining the status of veteran. Not only the acquisition of privileges derived from their rank, but other aspects such as: thei r integration into civilian life, what motivated them to choose their place of residence – when they had a choice – and how they were perceived by their new neighbours. For the analysis of the colonies we have to start with the supposed first foundation in Hispania, Italica. We will continue with the foundations of s. II BC, and then focus on three important figures in the Hispanic colonization phenomenon: Cecilio Metelo, Caesar and Augustus. The final aim of this work is to expose the relationship between the colonies of the Iberian Peninsula and the veterans of the armies that passed through Hispania during nearly three centuries of conflict, Los veteranos de las legiones tuvieron un gran papel en las deductiones coloniales del Imperio Romano. En este trabajo abordaremos la realidad de los veterani asentados en la Península Ibérica, mediante un análisis estructurado en dos grandes bloques: el estudio de la figura del veteranus y las colonias en cuya fundación se hallan elementos procedentes del ejército. Para ello se analizará lo que implicaba la obtención del estatus de veterano. No solo la adquisición de privilegios derivados de su rango, sino otros aspectos como: su integración en la vida civil, qué les motivaba a la hora de escoger su lugar de establecimiento - cuando tenían opción-, y cómo eran percibidos por sus nuevos vecinos. Para el análisis de las colonias hay que comenzar con la supuesta primera fundación en Hispania, Italica. Continuaremos con las deductiones del s. II a.C., para después centrarnos en tres personajes de gran importancia en el fenómeno colonizador hispano: Cecilio Metelo, César y Augusto. El fin último de este trabajo es exponer la relación existente entre las colonias de la Península Ibérica y los veteranos de los ejércitos que pasaron en Hispania durante cerca de tres siglos de conflicto.

The article examines the validity of the view which challenges Pliny the Elder’s information concerning the existence of the colony of Flaviopolis on the Thracian Chersonesus, arguing that its name was unusual for a colony. The author discusses situations in which the title of the colony could have been combined with local place names ending in -polis. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the peculiar character of Natural History as a source for toponomastic research and the fact that the latter work also mentions the colony of Flaviobrica, whose name seems interesting given the doubts surrounding the legal status of the Thracian Flaviopolis., The article examines the validity of the view which challenges Pliny the Elder’s information concerning the existence of the colony of Flaviopolis on the Thracian Chersonesus, arguing that its name was unusual for a colony. The author discusses situations in which the title of the colony could have been combined with local place names ending in -polis. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the peculiar character of Natural History as a source for toponomastic research and the fact that the latter work also mentions the colony of Flaviobrica, whose name seems interesting given the doubts surrounding the legal status of the Thracian Flaviopolis.

Het mediterraan draaigatje is een invasieve mierensoort en geeft in steeds meer woonwijken overlast. De bestrijding wordt gelukkig steeds effectiever, maar de aanpak van zeer grote kolonies blijft een probleem. Bevriezing van de bodem is een nieuwe methode om toe te ­passen binnen een integrale bestrijding van die superkolonies.

How did the America’s Founding Fathers use historical knowledge to inform their actions and decisions that ultimately led to the creation of the Constitution? This dissertation begins to answer this question by providing context to the Framers’ education on both colonial and personal levels. Starting with exposure to historical content through learning Greek and Latin, this research explores the depth of historical knowledge possessed by the Founders and how they used that knowledge to explain their thoughts and ideas throughout the tumultuous years surrounding the American Revolutionary War. This aspect of the Constitution’s formation is overshadowed by the prominence of eighteenth-century political theory as part of Enlightenment philosophies that emerged during the same time. Historical analyses of the Constitution overlook the nuance of the Founders’ collective, and oftentimes shared, historical knowledge. Grounded in historical content, the Founders’ education gave them readily available examples to cite as references when discussing matters of policy and governance throughout the last half of the eighteenth century. Thus, this dissertation intends to present historical application to the repertoire of interpreting the formation of the Constitution in addition to the previously established scholarship of Enlightenment philosophy and emerging political theory of eighteenth-century America.

Introduction: Microorganisms play a role in the decomposition of organic matter, mineralization of nutrients, and nitrogen fixation, which are essential for maintaining soil fertility and ensuring sustainable agricultural production. Objective: To present preliminary data on the isolation and characterization of various microorganisms in mountain soil, as well as to project their potential uses. Method: An experimental method was used. Samples were taken from two cantons and processed in the Animal Biotechnology and Microbiology laboratory. Two types of agar were used to culture the microorganisms, dilutions of these were made, and finally they were seeded in Petri dishes. Results: The bacterial colonies that could be visualized through Gram staining are mostly Gram-positive bacilli, as well as spore-forming bacilli. Mycelial fungi were identified with characteristics marked by the formation of mycelia. Additionally, with Gram Staining, the presence of a large number of yeasts was demonstrated considering their morphology. Conclusions: The diversity of microorganisms found makes it possible to continue investing in soil microbiology research to improve our understanding of the processes that occur in the soil and to develop sustainable solutions for current and future environmental challenges., Introducción: Los microorganismos se desempeñan en la descomposición de materia orgánica, mineralización de nutrientes y fijación de nitrógeno, esencial para mantener la fertilidad del suelo y garantizar la producción agrícola sostenible. Objetivo: Presentar datos preliminares del aislamiento y caracterización, los diferentes microorganismos en tierra de montaña, así como realizar una proyección de los usos potenciales de los mismos, Método: Método experimental, se tomaron muestras en dos cantones, se procesaron en el laboratorio de Biotecnología y Microbiología Animal, para el cultivo de los microorganismos, se utilizaron dos tipos de agar realizando diluciones de estas y finalmente se procedió a su siembra en cajas Petri.  Resultados: Las colonias bacterianas que pudieron ser visualizadas mediante una tinción de Gram son en su gran mayoría bacilos Gram positivos, así como bacilos esporulados, se identificaron hongos miceliales con características marcadas por la formación de micelios, además con la Tinción Gram se demostró la presencia de una gran cantidad de levaduras tomando en cuenta su morfología. Conclusiones: La diversidad de microorganismos encontrados hace posible continuar invirtiendo en investigación en microbiología del suelo para mejorar nuestra comprensión de los procesos que ocurren en el suelo y desarrollar soluciones sostenibles para los desafíos ambientales actuales y futuros.

The Apis mellifera L. presents defensive behavior, in order to protect the colony against intruders, which can make management difficult. The objective was to evaluate the defensive behavior of Apis mellifera Africanized under different times and climatic conditions in the winter of southern Brazil. Ten standard Langstroth colonies were used, the defensiveness test was performed in two treatments: sunny day and cloudy day. The time required for the 1st sting and the number of stings in the chamois, the number of bees that attacked and were trapped in the fabric, and the distance of pursuit to the observer were evaluated. The averages of the observations were statistically analyzed using the Duncan test and Pearson’s correlation. The treatments showed a difference (P <0.05) in terms of the chasing distance, in which on cloudy days the observed value was 155.57m and on sunny days 124.77m. The time for the highest concentration of bees trapped in the tissue was from 7:00 am to 10:00 am (97.28 honeybees), which was higher (P <0.05) than the time from 12:00 to 15:00 (41.40 honeybees), and from 3 pm to 5 pm it was similar (P> 0.05) to the other hours. Honeybees are more defensive between 7:00 am and 10:00 am. Thus, it is recommended to avoid carrying out management in the colonies in the early morning in the southern region of Brazil during the winter period., A Apis mellifera L. apresenta comportamento defensivo, com o intuito de proteger a colônia contra intrusos, o que pode dificultar o manejo. Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento defensivo de Apis mellifera africanizadas sob diferentes horários e condições climáticas no inverno do Sul do Brasil. Foram utilizadas dez colônias padrão Langstroth, o teste de defensividade foi realizado em dois tratamentos: dia ensolarado e dia nublado. Foram avaliados o tempo necessário para ocorrer a 1° ferroada e o número de ferrões na camurça, a quantidade de abelhas que atacaram e que ficaram aderidas no tecido, e a distância de perseguição ao observador. Foram analisadas as médias das observações por meio do teste de Duncan e correlação de Pearson. Os tratamentos, apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) quanto a distância de perseguição, na qual em dias nublados o valor observado foi de 155,57m e em dias de ensolarado 124,77m. O horário de maior concentração de abelhas presa no tecido foi das 7:00 até as 10:00 h (97,28 abelhas) valor este superior (P<0,05) ao horário das 12:00 até as 15:00h (41,40 abelhas), sendo que no horário das 15:00 até as 17:00h se assemelhou (P>0,05) aos demais horários. As abelhas apresentam-se maior defensividade no horário das 7:00 às 10:00 horas. Desta forma recomenda-se evitar a realização de manejos nas colônias no início da manhã na região sul Brasil no período do inverno.

En pleine Belle Époque, Messaoud Djebari parvient à faire la une des journaux parisiens, et devient pour un temps l’Algérien le plus célèbre du monde. Revenu du Dahomey et du Nigéria, il aurait rencontré des survivants français d’une mission disparue. Mais son histoire soulève nombre de questions. Explorateur, interprète, militant, serait-il un menteur? Dans une enquête à la première personne, menée au fil de ses découvertes dans les archives, Arthur Asseraf retrace le destin de cet homme passé maître dans l’art de désinformer. Algérien au service de la France, Maghrébin en Afrique de l’Ouest, colonisé et impérialiste, ni résistant ni complice, l’énigmatique Djebari sème le doute dans l’esprit de l’historien. Et interroge sur la production de la vérité, au temps de la colonisation comme aujourd’hui.

Value-added products derived from photosynthetic microalgae could serve as a useful renewable resource in the face of mounting pressures on food, energy, and water systems from global climate change. In addition to acting as a carbon sink, microalgae are fast-growing organisms whose rich biodiversity is reflected in their variety of potential applications, ranging from cosmetics and pharmaceuticals to biofuels, food products, and animal feed. Light transfer plays a vital role in the productivity of outdoor microalgae cultivation systems. Indeed, in the case of optimal operating conditions such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability, microalgae growth depends entirely on the rate of light absorption by the cells. However, large-scale microalgae cultivation typically takes place in outdoor raceway ponds where light transfer can be impacted by a variety of factors. For instance, outdoor raceway ponds may feature a transparent cover to achieve better control of the growth conditions. However, evaporation from the culture results in condensate droplets on the underside of the cover, potentially reducing the window transmittance and solar energy input to the culture. Furthermore, a variety of species of interest for value-added products readily form colonies either in the forms of aggregate-like clusters or of ordered spherical shells. Such a change in the arrangement of the cells may impact their ability to absorb the incoming photons. Finally, outdoor ponds are subject to low solar intensities and large angles of incidence in winter, mornings, and evenings. These phenomena may result in limiting light transfer conditions and low biomass productivity and remain major barriers to unlocking the potential of microalgae as a sustainable and inexpensive source of value-added products. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of light transfer in microalgae cultivation systems is necessary to optimize their performance. This dissertation aims (1) to quantify the impact

Value-added products derived from photosynthetic microalgae could serve as a useful renewable resource in the face of mounting pressures on food, energy, and water systems from global climate change. In addition to acting as a carbon sink, microalgae are fast-growing organisms whose rich biodiversity is reflected in their variety of potential applications, ranging from cosmetics and pharmaceuticals to biofuels, food products, and animal feed. Light transfer plays a vital role in the productivity of outdoor microalgae cultivation systems. Indeed, in the case of optimal operating conditions such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability, microalgae growth depends entirely on the rate of light absorption by the cells. However, large-scale microalgae cultivation typically takes place in outdoor raceway ponds where light transfer can be impacted by a variety of factors. For instance, outdoor raceway ponds may feature a transparent cover to achieve better control of the growth conditions. However, evaporation from the culture results in condensate droplets on the underside of the cover, potentially reducing the window transmittance and solar energy input to the culture. Furthermore, a variety of species of interest for value-added products readily form colonies either in the forms of aggregate-like clusters or of ordered spherical shells. Such a change in the arrangement of the cells may impact their ability to absorb the incoming photons. Finally, outdoor ponds are subject to low solar intensities and large angles of incidence in winter, mornings, and evenings. These phenomena may result in limiting light transfer conditions and low biomass productivity and remain major barriers to unlocking the potential of microalgae as a sustainable and inexpensive source of value-added products. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of light transfer in microalgae cultivation systems is necessary to optimize their performance. This dissertation aims (1) to quantify the impact

A study of the armament attested in the Phoenician colonies of the south of the Iberian Peninsula throughout the 1st millennium BC is approached. A set of 156 artifacts consisting of several types of swords, various spears and spear butts, together with arrowheads, slingshot glans, breastplates, round and oval shields as well as helmets of different origins have been gathered. As for their origin, this weaponry shows a wide variety because even though some elements respond to the Phoenician sphere, most of them can be traced back to the Iberian Plateau, or can have an Iberian, Greek or Italic provenance. Although these weapons are distributed over up to eleven sites, it is the Villaricos necropolis which accumulates most of them as a result of the presence of indigenous individuals buried there., Se aborda un estudio del armamento documentado en las colonias fenicias del sur de la Península Ibérica a lo largo del I milenio a. C., lo que ha permitido reunir un total de 156 artefactos consistentes en espadas de varios tipos, diversas armas de asta y algún regatón, junto a puntas de flechas, glandes de hondas, corazas, escudos circulares y ovales además de cascos de distinta procedencia. Este armamento muestra una amplia variedad en cuanto a sus orígenes pues, junto con algunos elementos que responden al acervo material fenicio, encontramos otra serie de artefactos que resultan ser mayoritarios y cuyo origen cabe situar en los ámbitos griego, meseteño, ibérico o itálico. Aunque estas armas se reparten por hasta once yacimientos, es la necrópolis de Villaricos la que acumula la mayor parte como resultado de la presencia de componentes indígenas allí enterrados.

Summary: "This volume gathers an international cast of scholars to examine the unprecedented range of colonial encounters during the First World War. More than four million men of color, and an even greater number of white Europeans and Americans, crisscrossed the globe. Others, in occupied areas, behind the warzone or in neutral countries, were nonetheless swept into the maelstrom. From local encounters in New Zealand, Britain and East Africa to army camps and hospitals in France and Mesopotamia, from cafes and clubs in Salonika and London, to anticolonial networks in Germany, the USA and the Dutch East Indies, this volume examines the actions and experiences of a varied company of soldiers, medics, writers, photographers, and revolutionaries to reconceptualize this conflict as a turning point in the history of global encounters. How did people interact across uneven intersections of nationality, race, gender, class, religion and language? How did encounters - direct and mediated, forced and unforced - shape issues from cross-racial intimacy and identity formation to anti-colonial networks, civil rights movements and visions of a post-war future? The twelve chapters delve into spaces and processes of encounter to explore how the conjoined realities of war, race and empire were experienced, recorded and instrumentalized"

Kennis - De vogelgriep, die al enkele weken door broedkolonies van diverse vogelsoorten raast, heeft gezorgd voor massale sterfte onder grote sterns. Verschillende kolonies zijn nu weggevaagd, waaronder die in De Petten op Texel, de kolonie op Griend en die in de Waterdunen in Zeeuws-Vlaanderen. De aantallen slachtoffers zijn zo groot dat er grote zorgen zijn over de populatie van deze Rode Lijst-soort.

The following paper presents a comparison between New Zealand and American English through a diachronic and synchronic study of each territory in terms of settlement, melting pot, origins and subsequent development of the transplanted English, national identity and vocabulary. It also attempts to demonstrate the point to which these former colonies have distanced themselves from the model of Great Britain.

[CA] En el següent treball es realitza una investigació sobre els albergs infantils vacacionals a Espanya. Per a això, es creu convenient posar en context els motius pels quals va sorgir aquesta tipologia a Europa i el seu desenvolupament fins als nostres dies, així com l'estudi de diferents casos d'albergs infantils espanyols i l'anàlisi comparativa de les característiques més essencials per a un bon funcionament d'aquests. L'estudi s'inicia amb un escombratge històric, des de la revolució industrial, on a causa dels problemes urbanístics i higiènics de les ciutats es van buscar solucions arquitectòniques; com els albergs infantils per a millorar les precàries condicions dels xiquets i xiquetes més necessitats, fins a l'actualitat, on aquesta tipologia s'ha anat desenvolupant al llarg del temps segons les necessitats socials de cada època i evolucionant la seua construcció gràcies a la innovació arquitectònica. Per a l'estudi, s'analitzen tres de les obres més importants de la tipologia d'alberg infantil vacacional a Espanya, dissenyades i construïdes durant la segona meitat del segle XX. Obres reconegudes en l'àmbit arquitectònic per la seua bona qualitat espacial i la seua adaptació a la topografia. A través de l'anàlisi dels albergs, es pretén descobrir els fonaments arquitectònics més característics i interessants que configuren a aquesta tipologia residencial col·lectiva, fent una anàlisi comparativa d'aquests conceptes amb els casos d'estudi proposats anteriorment., [ES] En el siguiente trabajo se realiza una investigación sobre los albergues infantiles vacacionales en España. Para ello, se cree conveniente poner en contexto los motivos por los que surgió esta tipología en Europa y su desarrollo hasta nuestros días, así como el estudio de distintos casos de albergues infantiles españoles y el análisis comparativo de las características más esenciales para un buen funcionamiento de los mismos. El estudio se inicia con un barrido histórico, desde la revolución industrial, donde debido a los problemas urbanísticos e higiénicos de las ciudades se buscaron soluciones arquitectónicas; como los albergues infantiles para mejorar las precarias condiciones de los niños y niñas más necesitados, hasta la actualidad, donde esta tipología se ha ido desarrollando a lo largo del tiempo según las necesidades sociales de cada época y evolucionando su construcción gracias a la innovación arquitectónica. Para el estudio, se analizan tres de las obras más importantes de la tipología de albergue infantil vacacional en España, diseñadas y construidas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Obras reconocidas en el ámbito arquitectónico por su buena calidad espacial y su adaptación a la topografía. A través del análisis de los albergues, se pretende descubrir los fundamentos arquitectónicos más característicos e interesantes que configuran a esta tipología residencial colectiva, haciendo un análisis comparativo de estos conceptos con los casos de estudio propuestos anteriormente., [EN] In the following work, research is carried out on children's holiday homes in Spain. In order to do so, it is deemed convenient to put into context the reasons why this typology emerged in Europe and its development until our days, as well as the study of different cases of Spanish children's hostels and the comparative analysis of the most essential characteristics for their good functioning. The study begins with a historical sweep, from the industrial revolution, where due to the urbanistic and hygienic problems of the cities architectural solutions were sought; such as children's hostels to improve the precarious conditions of the most needy children, until the present day, where this typology has developed over time according to the social needs of each period and its construction has evolved thanks to architectural innovation. For the study, three of the most important works of the typology of children's holiday homes in Spain, designed and built during the second half of the 20th century, are analysed. These works are recognised in the architectural field for their good spatial quality and their adaptation to the topography. Through the analysis of the hostels, the aim is to discover the most characteristic and interesting architectural foundations that make up this collective residential typology, making a comparative analysis of these concepts with the case studies proposed above.

[CA] En el següent treball es realitza una investigació sobre els albergs infantils vacacionals a Espanya. Per a això, es creu convenient posar en context els motius pels quals va sorgir aquesta tipologia a Europa i el seu desenvolupament fins als nostres dies, així com l'estudi de diferents casos d'albergs infantils espanyols i l'anàlisi comparativa de les característiques més essencials per a un bon funcionament d'aquests. L'estudi s'inicia amb un escombratge històric, des de la revolució industrial, on a causa dels problemes urbanístics i higiènics de les ciutats es van buscar solucions arquitectòniques; com els albergs infantils per a millorar les precàries condicions dels xiquets i xiquetes més necessitats, fins a l'actualitat, on aquesta tipologia s'ha anat desenvolupant al llarg del temps segons les necessitats socials de cada època i evolucionant la seua construcció gràcies a la innovació arquitectònica. Per a l'estudi, s'analitzen tres de les obres més importants de la tipologia d'alberg infantil vacacional a Espanya, dissenyades i construïdes durant la segona meitat del segle XX. Obres reconegudes en l'àmbit arquitectònic per la seua bona qualitat espacial i la seua adaptació a la topografia. A través de l'anàlisi dels albergs, es pretén descobrir els fonaments arquitectònics més característics i interessants que configuren a aquesta tipologia residencial col·lectiva, fent una anàlisi comparativa d'aquests conceptes amb els casos d'estudi proposats anteriorment., [ES] En el siguiente trabajo se realiza una investigación sobre los albergues infantiles vacacionales en España. Para ello, se cree conveniente poner en contexto los motivos por los que surgió esta tipología en Europa y su desarrollo hasta nuestros días, así como el estudio de distintos casos de albergues infantiles españoles y el análisis comparativo de las características más esenciales para un buen funcionamiento de los mismos. El estudio se inicia con un barrido histórico, desde la revolución industrial, donde debido a los problemas urbanísticos e higiénicos de las ciudades se buscaron soluciones arquitectónicas; como los albergues infantiles para mejorar las precarias condiciones de los niños y niñas más necesitados, hasta la actualidad, donde esta tipología se ha ido desarrollando a lo largo del tiempo según las necesidades sociales de cada época y evolucionando su construcción gracias a la innovación arquitectónica. Para el estudio, se analizan tres de las obras más importantes de la tipología de albergue infantil vacacional en España, diseñadas y construidas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Obras reconocidas en el ámbito arquitectónico por su buena calidad espacial y su adaptación a la topografía. A través del análisis de los albergues, se pretende descubrir los fundamentos arquitectónicos más característicos e interesantes que configuran a esta tipología residencial colectiva, haciendo un análisis comparativo de estos conceptos con los casos de estudio propuestos anteriormente., [EN] In the following work, research is carried out on children's holiday homes in Spain. In order to do so, it is deemed convenient to put into context the reasons why this typology emerged in Europe and its development until our days, as well as the study of different cases of Spanish children's hostels and the comparative analysis of the most essential characteristics for their good functioning. The study begins with a historical sweep, from the industrial revolution, where due to the urbanistic and hygienic problems of the cities architectural solutions were sought; such as children's hostels to improve the precarious conditions of the most needy children, until the present day, where this typology has developed over time according to the social needs of each period and its construction has evolved thanks to architectural innovation. For the study, three of the most important works of the typology of children's holiday homes in Spain, designed and built during the second half of the 20th century, are analysed. These works are recognised in the architectural field for their good spatial quality and their adaptation to the topography. Through the analysis of the hostels, the aim is to discover the most characteristic and interesting architectural foundations that make up this collective residential typology, making a comparative analysis of these concepts with the case studies proposed above.

[CA] En el següent treball es realitza una investigació sobre els albergs infantils vacacionals a Espanya. Per a això, es creu convenient posar en context els motius pels quals va sorgir aquesta tipologia a Europa i el seu desenvolupament fins als nostres dies, així com l'estudi de diferents casos d'albergs infantils espanyols i l'anàlisi comparativa de les característiques més essencials per a un bon funcionament d'aquests. L'estudi s'inicia amb un escombratge històric, des de la revolució industrial, on a causa dels problemes urbanístics i higiènics de les ciutats es van buscar solucions arquitectòniques; com els albergs infantils per a millorar les precàries condicions dels xiquets i xiquetes més necessitats, fins a l'actualitat, on aquesta tipologia s'ha anat desenvolupant al llarg del temps segons les necessitats socials de cada època i evolucionant la seua construcció gràcies a la innovació arquitectònica. Per a l'estudi, s'analitzen tres de les obres més importants de la tipologia d'alberg infantil vacacional a Espanya, dissenyades i construïdes durant la segona meitat del segle XX. Obres reconegudes en l'àmbit arquitectònic per la seua bona qualitat espacial i la seua adaptació a la topografia. A través de l'anàlisi dels albergs, es pretén descobrir els fonaments arquitectònics més característics i interessants que configuren a aquesta tipologia residencial col·lectiva, fent una anàlisi comparativa d'aquests conceptes amb els casos d'estudi proposats anteriorment., [ES] En el siguiente trabajo se realiza una investigación sobre los albergues infantiles vacacionales en España. Para ello, se cree conveniente poner en contexto los motivos por los que surgió esta tipología en Europa y su desarrollo hasta nuestros días, así como el estudio de distintos casos de albergues infantiles españoles y el análisis comparativo de las características más esenciales para un buen funcionamiento de los mismos. El estudio se inicia con un barrido histórico, desde la revolución industrial, donde debido a los problemas urbanísticos e higiénicos de las ciudades se buscaron soluciones arquitectónicas; como los albergues infantiles para mejorar las precarias condiciones de los niños y niñas más necesitados, hasta la actualidad, donde esta tipología se ha ido desarrollando a lo largo del tiempo según las necesidades sociales de cada época y evolucionando su construcción gracias a la innovación arquitectónica. Para el estudio, se analizan tres de las obras más importantes de la tipología de albergue infantil vacacional en España, diseñadas y construidas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Obras reconocidas en el ámbito arquitectónico por su buena calidad espacial y su adaptación a la topografía. A través del análisis de los albergues, se pretende descubrir los fundamentos arquitectónicos más característicos e interesantes que configuran a esta tipología residencial colectiva, haciendo un análisis comparativo de estos conceptos con los casos de estudio propuestos anteriormente., [EN] In the following work, research is carried out on children's holiday homes in Spain. In order to do so, it is deemed convenient to put into context the reasons why this typology emerged in Europe and its development until our days, as well as the study of different cases of Spanish children's hostels and the comparative analysis of the most essential characteristics for their good functioning. The study begins with a historical sweep, from the industrial revolution, where due to the urbanistic and hygienic problems of the cities architectural solutions were sought; such as children's hostels to improve the precarious conditions of the most needy children, until the present day, where this typology has developed over time according to the social needs of each period and its construction has evolved thanks to architectural innovation. For the study, three of the most important works of the typology of children's holiday homes in Spain, designed and built during the second half of the 20th century, are analysed. These works are recognised in the architectural field for their good spatial quality and their adaptation to the topography. Through the analysis of the hostels, the aim is to discover the most characteristic and interesting architectural foundations that make up this collective residential typology, making a comparative analysis of these concepts with the case studies proposed above.

[CA] En el següent treball es realitza una investigació sobre els albergs infantils vacacionals a Espanya. Per a això, es creu convenient posar en context els motius pels quals va sorgir aquesta tipologia a Europa i el seu desenvolupament fins als nostres dies, així com l'estudi de diferents casos d'albergs infantils espanyols i l'anàlisi comparativa de les característiques més essencials per a un bon funcionament d'aquests. L'estudi s'inicia amb un escombratge històric, des de la revolució industrial, on a causa dels problemes urbanístics i higiènics de les ciutats es van buscar solucions arquitectòniques; com els albergs infantils per a millorar les precàries condicions dels xiquets i xiquetes més necessitats, fins a l'actualitat, on aquesta tipologia s'ha anat desenvolupant al llarg del temps segons les necessitats socials de cada època i evolucionant la seua construcció gràcies a la innovació arquitectònica. Per a l'estudi, s'analitzen tres de les obres més importants de la tipologia d'alberg infantil vacacional a Espanya, dissenyades i construïdes durant la segona meitat del segle XX. Obres reconegudes en l'àmbit arquitectònic per la seua bona qualitat espacial i la seua adaptació a la topografia. A través de l'anàlisi dels albergs, es pretén descobrir els fonaments arquitectònics més característics i interessants que configuren a aquesta tipologia residencial col·lectiva, fent una anàlisi comparativa d'aquests conceptes amb els casos d'estudi proposats anteriorment., [ES] En el siguiente trabajo se realiza una investigación sobre los albergues infantiles vacacionales en España. Para ello, se cree conveniente poner en contexto los motivos por los que surgió esta tipología en Europa y su desarrollo hasta nuestros días, así como el estudio de distintos casos de albergues infantiles españoles y el análisis comparativo de las características más esenciales para un buen funcionamiento de los mismos. El estudio se inicia con un barrido histórico, desde la revolución industrial, donde debido a los problemas urbanísticos e higiénicos de las ciudades se buscaron soluciones arquitectónicas; como los albergues infantiles para mejorar las precarias condiciones de los niños y niñas más necesitados, hasta la actualidad, donde esta tipología se ha ido desarrollando a lo largo del tiempo según las necesidades sociales de cada época y evolucionando su construcción gracias a la innovación arquitectónica. Para el estudio, se analizan tres de las obras más importantes de la tipología de albergue infantil vacacional en España, diseñadas y construidas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Obras reconocidas en el ámbito arquitectónico por su buena calidad espacial y su adaptación a la topografía. A través del análisis de los albergues, se pretende descubrir los fundamentos arquitectónicos más característicos e interesantes que configuran a esta tipología residencial colectiva, haciendo un análisis comparativo de estos conceptos con los casos de estudio propuestos anteriormente., [EN] In the following work, research is carried out on children's holiday homes in Spain. In order to do so, it is deemed convenient to put into context the reasons why this typology emerged in Europe and its development until our days, as well as the study of different cases of Spanish children's hostels and the comparative analysis of the most essential characteristics for their good functioning. The study begins with a historical sweep, from the industrial revolution, where due to the urbanistic and hygienic problems of the cities architectural solutions were sought; such as children's hostels to improve the precarious conditions of the most needy children, until the present day, where this typology has developed over time according to the social needs of each period and its construction has evolved thanks to architectural innovation. For the study, three of the most important works of the typology of children's holiday homes in Spain, designed and built during the second half of the 20th century, are analysed. These works are recognised in the architectural field for their good spatial quality and their adaptation to the topography. Through the analysis of the hostels, the aim is to discover the most characteristic and interesting architectural foundations that make up this collective residential typology, making a comparative analysis of these concepts with the case studies proposed above.

How and why did the Congolese elite turn from loyal intermediaries into opponents of the colonial state? This book seeks to enrich our understanding of the political and cultural processes culminating in the tumultuous decolonization of the Belgian Congo. Focusing on the making of an African bourgeoisie, the book illuminates the so-called évolués’ social worlds, cultural self-representations, daily life and political struggles.

How and why did the Congolese elite turn from loyal intermediaries into opponents of the colonial state? This book seeks to enrich our understanding of the political and cultural processes culminating in the tumultuous decolonization of the Belgian Congo. Focusing on the making of an African bourgeoisie, the book illuminates the so-called évolués’ social worlds, cultural self-representations, daily life and political struggles.

This paper seeks to develop a sentimental account of what it has implied for the Mitote ICDAC to review the thought of Simón Rodríguez from two fundamental points. First from his postulates about Popular Education, which was openly decolonial at the time of the Colony and much earlier that the term was coined as a philosophical matrix, which serves as a root and fertile ground to re-think the dimensions of what it means to act from the Public Univer-sity, and articulate it as a possible space to act from an undisciplined paradigm in the face of the hegemony of knowledge. Second, think about it from artistic practices as a way of exercising situated self-narration, as a means that empowers us to ask/think the questions that cross us as a way of being in the world and with it to be able to think about it in our own terms, what it is one of the fundamental invitations in Rodríguez’s work, Este artículo busca desarrollar una relatoría sentipensante de lo que ha implicado para el Mitote ICDAC revisar el pensamiento de Simón Rodríguez desde dos aristas fundamentales. En primer lugar, desde sus postulados de Educación popular, los cuales eran abiertamente decoloniales en el momento de la Colonia y muchísimo antes de que se acuñara el término como matriz filosófica, el cual nos sirve como raíz y tierra fértil para repensar las dimensiones de lo que implica actuar desde la Universidad pública, y permite la articulación espacio posible para trabajar desde un paradigma indisciplinado ante la hegemonía del conocimiento jerarquizado. En segundo lugar, se propone pensarlo desde las prácticas artísticas como una forma de ejercer la autonarración situada, como un medio que nos faculta para hacer/pensar las preguntas que nos atraviesan como forma de estar en el mundo y con ello poder pensarlo en nuestros propios términos, ya que es una de las invitaciones fundamentales en la obra de Rodríguez

The publication of this work was supported by the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin., How and why did the Congolese elite turn from loyal intermediaries into opponents of the colonial state? This book seeks to enrich our understanding of the political and cultural processes culminating in the tumultuous decolonization of the Belgian Congo. Focusing on the making of an African bourgeoisie, the book illuminates the so-called évolués’ social worlds, cultural self-representations, daily life and political struggles.

Postprint (author's final draft)

The publication of this work was supported by the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin., How and why did the Congolese elite turn from loyal intermediaries into opponents of the colonial state? This book seeks to enrich our understanding of the political and cultural processes culminating in the tumultuous decolonization of the Belgian Congo. Focusing on the making of an African bourgeoisie, the book illuminates the so-called évolués’ social worlds, cultural self-representations, daily life and political struggles.

Bumblebees are essential, efficient pollinators of numerous crops, and scientists are increasingly concerned about their global decline. Although several potential causes have been put forward, the concurrent modification of landscape structure and pesticide use by agriculture are often pointed out as the main drivers of the decline. Yet, the mechanisms through which these factors cause species to decline remain elusive. Most field studies have been conducted at the individual level and the few studies that addressed higher levels of organization only covered narrow ecological conditions. We undertook a field experiment in spring 2016 to overcome these limitations by placing four commercial Bombus impatiens colonies in each of 20 sites located along a gradient of agricultural intensity in Southern Québec, Canada. We hypothesized that landscape habitat composition and configuration, as well as local floral resources, would affect colony development. We expected colonies surrounded by low intensity and/or flowering crops in heterogeneous landscapes to develop better and live longer, partly linked to more abundant and diversified food resources, than colonies embedded in landscapes dominated by high intensity crops. Colonies were weighed once a week, and workers were captured to assess pollen load diversity. Final colony weight, queen production and presence of depredators (Aphomia sociella, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were also recorded. Landscape habitat composition and configuration were characterized within 1 km of colonies. Local availability of floral resources was assessed within 100 m of colonies every two weeks. As predicted, colony weigh and longevity decreased with the proportion of intensive crops and increased with the amount of flowering crops, but queen production and the occurrence of A. sociella were not affected by landscape composition. Contrary to our prediction, local availability of floral resources also did not affect colonies. The pollen richness br

Historical specimens in museum collections provide opportunities to gain insights into the genomic past. For the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., this is particularly important because its populations are currently under threat worldwide and have experienced many changes in management and environment over the last century. Using Swiss Apis mellifera mellifera as a case study, our research provides important insights into the genetic diversity of native honey bees prior to the industrial-scale introductions and trade of non-native stocks during the 20th century-the onset of intensive commercial breeding and the decline of wild honey bees following the arrival of Varroa destructor. We sequenced whole-genomes of 22 honey bees from the Natural History Museum in Bern collected in Switzerland, including the oldest A. mellifera sample ever sequenced. We identify both, a historic and a recent migrant, natural or human-mediated, which corroborates with the population history of honey bees in Switzerland. Contrary to what we expected, we find no evidence for a significant genetic bottleneck in Swiss honey bees, and find that genetic diversity is not only maintained, but even slightly increased, most probably due to modern apicultural practices. Finally, we identify signals of selection between historic and modern honey bee populations associated with genes enriched in functions linked to xenobiotics, suggesting a possible selective pressure from the increasing use and diversity of chemicals used in agriculture and apiculture over the last century.

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies are valued for the pollination services that they provide. However, colony mortality has increased to unsustainable levels in some countries, including the United States. Landscape conversion to monocrop agriculture likely plays a role in this increased mortality by decreasing the food sources available to honey bees. Many land owners and organizations in the Upper Midwest region of the United States would like to restore/reconstruct native prairie habitats. With increasing public awareness of high bee mortality, many landowners and beekeepers have wondered whether these restored prairies could significantly improve honey bee colony nutrition. Conveniently, honey bees have a unique communication signal called a waggle dance, which indicates the locations of the flower patches that foragers perceive as highly profitable food sources. We used these communication signals to answer two main questions: First, is there any part of the season in which the foraging force of a honey bee colony will devote a large proportion of its recruitment efforts (waggle dances) to flower patches within prairies? Second, will honey bee foragers advertise specific taxa of native prairie flowers as profitable pollen sources? We decoded 1528 waggle dances in colonies located near two large, reconstructed prairies. We also collected pollen loads from a subset of waggle-dancing bees, which we then analyzed to determine the flower taxon advertised. Most dances advertised flower patches outside of reconstructed prairies, but the proportion of dances advertising nectar sources within prairies increased significantly in the late summer/fall at one site. Honey bees advertised seven native prairie taxa as profitable pollen sources, although the three most commonly advertised pollen taxa were non-native. Our results suggest that including certain native prairie flower taxa in reconstructed prairies may increase the chances that colonies will use those prairies as

Historical specimens in museum collections provide opportunities to gain insights into the genomic past. For the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., this is particularly important because its populations are currently under threat worldwide and have experienced many changes in management and environment over the last century. Using Swiss Apis mellifera mellifera as a case study, our research provides important insights into the genetic diversity of native honey bees prior to the industrial-scale introductions and trade of non-native stocks during the 20th century-the onset of intensive commercial breeding and the decline of wild honey bees following the arrival of Varroa destructor. We sequenced whole-genomes of 22 honey bees from the Natural History Museum in Bern collected in Switzerland, including the oldest A. mellifera sample ever sequenced. We identify both, a historic and a recent migrant, natural or human-mediated, which corroborates with the population history of honey bees in Switzerland. Contrary to what we expected, we find no evidence for a significant genetic bottleneck in Swiss honey bees, and find that genetic diversity is not only maintained, but even slightly increased, most probably due to modern apicultural practices. Finally, we identify signals of selection between historic and modern honey bee populations associated with genes enriched in functions linked to xenobiotics, suggesting a possible selective pressure from the increasing use and diversity of chemicals used in agriculture and apiculture over the last century.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee’s colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee’s colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee’s colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee’s colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

While transfer of freshwater cyanobacteria to estuaries has been observed worldwide, the associated transfer of cyanotoxins is less often reported, in particular the sediment contribution. During fall 2018, we monitored the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) in both the water column and in surface sediments at five stations along a river continuum, from a freshwater reservoir to the coastal area in Brittany, France. Cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton community in the water column with high densities at the freshwater sites. Microcystis cells and intracellular MC transfer to estuarine and marine sites were observed with decreasing concentrations in accordance with flow dilution. Extracellular MC showed the opposite trend and increased from upstream to downstream in accordance with the lysing of the cells at elevated salinities. Surface sediment samples contained high densities of colonial Microcystis in freshwater and with decreasing concentrations along the salinity gradient, similar to cells concentrations in the water column. Intracellular MC was detected in sediment at all sites except at the marine outlet suggesting the survival of intact cells. Extracellular MC concentrations in sediment were up to five times higher than intracellular concentrations suggesting incomplete MC degradation. mcyB genes were present at all sites, while mcyA genes were absent at the marine outlet suggesting the presence of toxic strains along the estuary. The high densities of intact colonies of potentially toxic Microcystis in the estuarine sediment strongly suggest that sediments can act as an inoculum of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in estuaries.

Bumblebees are essential, efficient pollinators of numerous crops, and scientists are increasingly concerned about their global decline. Although several potential causes have been put forward, the concurrent modification of landscape structure and pesticide use by agriculture are often pointed out as the main drivers of the decline. Yet, the mechanisms through which these factors cause species to decline remain elusive. Most field studies have been conducted at the individual level and the few studies that addressed higher levels of organization only covered narrow ecological conditions. We undertook a field experiment in spring 2016 to overcome these limitations by placing four commercial Bombus impatiens colonies in each of 20 sites located along a gradient of agricultural intensity in Southern Québec, Canada. We hypothesized that landscape habitat composition and configuration, as well as local floral resources, would affect colony development. We expected colonies surrounded by low intensity and/or flowering crops in heterogeneous landscapes to develop better and live longer, partly linked to more abundant and diversified food resources, than colonies embedded in landscapes dominated by high intensity crops. Colonies were weighed once a week, and workers were captured to assess pollen load diversity. Final colony weight, queen production and presence of depredators (Aphomia sociella, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were also recorded. Landscape habitat composition and configuration were characterized within 1 km of colonies. Local availability of floral resources was assessed within 100 m of colonies every two weeks. As predicted, colony weigh and longevity decreased with the proportion of intensive crops and increased with the amount of flowering crops, but queen production and the occurrence of A. sociella were not affected by landscape composition. Contrary to our prediction, local availability of floral resources also did not affect colonies. The pollen richness br

While transfer of freshwater cyanobacteria to estuaries has been observed worldwide, the associated transfer of cyanotoxins is less often reported, in particular the sediment contribution. During fall 2018, we monitored the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) in both the water column and in surface sediments at five stations along a river continuum, from a freshwater reservoir to the coastal area in Brittany, France. Cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton community in the water column with high densities at the freshwater sites. Microcystis cells and intracellular MC transfer to estuarine and marine sites were observed with decreasing concentrations in accordance with flow dilution. Extracellular MC showed the opposite trend and increased from upstream to downstream in accordance with the lysing of the cells at elevated salinities. Surface sediment samples contained high densities of colonial Microcystis in freshwater and with decreasing concentrations along the salinity gradient, similar to cells concentrations in the water column. Intracellular MC was detected in sediment at all sites except at the marine outlet suggesting the survival of intact cells. Extracellular MC concentrations in sediment were up to five times higher than intracellular concentrations suggesting incomplete MC degradation. mcyB genes were present at all sites, while mcyA genes were absent at the marine outlet suggesting the presence of toxic strains along the estuary. The high densities of intact colonies of potentially toxic Microcystis in the estuarine sediment strongly suggest that sediments can act as an inoculum of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in estuaries.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee’s colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

Historical specimens in museum collections provide opportunities to gain insights into the genomic past. For the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., this is particularly important because its populations are currently under threat worldwide and have experienced many changes in management and environment over the last century. Using Swiss Apis mellifera mellifera as a case study, our research provides important insights into the genetic diversity of native honey bees prior to the industrial-scale introductions and trade of non-native stocks during the 20th century-the onset of intensive commercial breeding and the decline of wild honey bees following the arrival of Varroa destructor. We sequenced whole-genomes of 22 honey bees from the Natural History Museum in Bern collected in Switzerland, including the oldest A. mellifera sample ever sequenced. We identify both, a historic and a recent migrant, natural or human-mediated, which corroborates with the population history of honey bees in Switzerland. Contrary to what we expected, we find no evidence for a significant genetic bottleneck in Swiss honey bees, and find that genetic diversity is not only maintained, but even slightly increased, most probably due to modern apicultural practices. Finally, we identify signals of selection between historic and modern honey bee populations associated with genes enriched in functions linked to xenobiotics, suggesting a possible selective pressure from the increasing use and diversity of chemicals used in agriculture and apiculture over the last century.

Shelter is the third basic need of human beings after food and clothing. Everyone has a desire to own a house. Pakistan is a developing country and due to limited resources, is unable to fulfill the complete demand of shelter of the population. In the four provinces, different housing schemes are offered by the government but due to the scarcity of resources, they are not enough to satisfy people. Governments should introduce new housing schemes in each of the four provinces, other than the existing ones. Private sector should also help the government in this regard by constructing employee’s colonies and deduct the nominal amount from their salaries, so that by the time of their retirement they become the owners of their houses. Descriptive statistics technique is used to analyze the housing schemes with the comparison of population accordingly in each province. Pakistan is an Islamic country and due to religious issues people are not in favor of availing financing facilities provided by conventional banks and HBFC. But after the establishment of Islamic banks up to some extent this issue has been slightly resolved. Islamic banks should introduce house financing facility to women on easy terms and then up to some extent, help the government to solve the problem of providing shelter to the population. Banking sectors should easy the procedure of house financing to increase the number of borrowers.

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies are valued for the pollination services that they provide. However, colony mortality has increased to unsustainable levels in some countries, including the United States. Landscape conversion to monocrop agriculture likely plays a role in this increased mortality by decreasing the food sources available to honey bees. Many land owners and organizations in the Upper Midwest region of the United States would like to restore/reconstruct native prairie habitats. With increasing public awareness of high bee mortality, many landowners and beekeepers have wondered whether these restored prairies could significantly improve honey bee colony nutrition. Conveniently, honey bees have a unique communication signal called a waggle dance, which indicates the locations of the flower patches that foragers perceive as highly profitable food sources. We used these communication signals to answer two main questions: First, is there any part of the season in which the foraging force of a honey bee colony will devote a large proportion of its recruitment efforts (waggle dances) to flower patches within prairies? Second, will honey bee foragers advertise specific taxa of native prairie flowers as profitable pollen sources? We decoded 1528 waggle dances in colonies located near two large, reconstructed prairies. We also collected pollen loads from a subset of waggle-dancing bees, which we then analyzed to determine the flower taxon advertised. Most dances advertised flower patches outside of reconstructed prairies, but the proportion of dances advertising nectar sources within prairies increased significantly in the late summer/fall at one site. Honey bees advertised seven native prairie taxa as profitable pollen sources, although the three most commonly advertised pollen taxa were non-native. Our results suggest that including certain native prairie flower taxa in reconstructed prairies may increase the chances that colonies will use those prairies as

[Background]: Currently the combination of molecular tools, imaging techniques and analysis software offer the possibility of studying gene activity through the use of fluorescent reporters and infer its distribution within complex biological three-dimensional structures. For example, the use of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) is a regularly-used approach to visually inspect the spatial distribution of a fluorescent signal. Although a plethora of generalist imaging software is available to analyze experimental pictures, the development of tailor-made software for every specific problem is still the most straightforward approach to perform the best possible image analysis. In this manuscript, we focused on developing a simple methodology to satisfy one particular need: automated processing and analysis of CSLM image stacks to generate 3D fluorescence profiles showing the average distribution detected in bacterial colonies grown in different experimental conditions for comparison purposes., [Results]: The presented method processes batches of CSLM stacks containing three-dimensional images of an arbitrary number of colonies. Quasi-circular colonies are identified, filtered and projected onto a normalized orthogonal coordinate system, where a numerical interpolation is performed to obtain fluorescence values within a spatially fixed grid. A statistically representative three-dimensional fluorescent pattern is then generated from this data, allowing for standardized fluorescence analysis regardless of variability in colony size. The proposed methodology was evaluated by analyzing fluorescence from GFP expression subject to regulation by a stress-inducible promoter., [Conclusions]: This method provides a statistically reliable spatial distribution profile of fluorescence detected in analyzed samples, helping the researcher to establish general correlations between gene expression and spatial allocation under differential experimental regimes. The described methodology was coded into a MATLAB script and shared under an open source license to make it accessible to the whole community.

The main question in this work is how we have reached this point, that is, the results have been the historical conditions and contentions that have led us to a moment where the logic of capitalism and the State are the only possible ones. This aticle tries to analyze this complex process, approaching history mainly from political economy, if you want to see it from a classical position. Although it is rather a genealogical agreement of political ecology of capitalism, where the niche State has been transformed from a Smithian position of utility for capitalism, due to its non-intervention of the State to regulate the market, to a rather Fordist one, a la Ricardo, of market context., La principal pregunta de este trabajo es cómo hemos llegado a este punto, es decir, cuáles han sido los condicionantes y contenciones de carácter histórico que nos han llevado a un momento donde las lógicas del capitalismo y del Estado son las únicas posibles. Este artículo trata de analizar ese proceso complejo, abordando la historia principalmente desde la economía política, si se quiere ver desde una posición clásica. Aunque se trata más bien de un acuerdo genealógico de la ecología política del capitalismo, donde el nicho Estado se ha transformado desde una posición smithiana de utilidad para el capitalismo, debido a su no intervención del Estado para regular el mercado, a otra más bien fordista, a lo Ricardo, de contexto del mercado.

A model of physiological age, accompanied by nonlinear diffusion in space, is studied analytically and numerically, and is shown to develop nonstationary traveling population waves. A window of intermediate growth rates is found where collective supercycles are formed from individual (stochastic) life cycles. Supercycle periods can be considerably different (larger or smaller) than the average longevities of contributing individuals, while the time-averaged spatial expansion rate has a local maximum in the supercycling mode. A method of adiabatic similarity solutions is used to derive dependencies of the solution parameters on source and sink inhomogeneities, and obtain closed coupled dynamic equations for the age structure and leading and trailing fronts. Analytical results are compared with numerically computed similarity and full solutions for several types of population waves. We discuss possible model applications to development of lichen thallus, multiyear patterns of agricultural crop yields, and autocorrelation of locust swarming.

Until recently scholars used to claim that the language use in the Roman colonies of Sicily was coherent: Latin was the only language in use in any “official” context, and Greek was only chosen when the context was somehow different, such as a (non-colonial) cult or a private setting. Recent research has challenged the assumption. In the article, we focus on the use of Greek and Latin in noncolonial cities. The use of Latin has often been connected with the attribution of a precise administrative status, that of municipia, in Augustan age or Post-Augustan age; on the contrary, evidence on municipio written in Greek have been considered to date back to the years of Sextus Pompeius. We show that there was much more variation in language use in the “official” municipal contexts than previously thought. We also propose new readings and datings for several inscriptions, notably IG XIV, 954 (with a reference to Akragas / Agrigentum), IG XIV, 367=IG Palermo 44 (Aluntium), CIL X 7350 (Thermae Himeraeorum), IG XIV 575 (Centuripae), AE 1945, 64 (Segesta) and SEG LXI, 758=AE 2011, 435 (Syracusae)., Fino a non molto tempo fa gli studiosi sostenevano che le scelte linguistiche nelle colonie romane della Sicilia fossero coerenti: il latino sarebbe stata la sola lingua usata in un contesto “ufficiale” e il greco sarebbe stato adottato in contesti diversi, come il culto (non coloniale) o l’ambito privato. Ricerche recenti hanno messo in discussione tali affermazioni. Nel presente articolo ci soffermiamo sull’uso del greco e del latino nelle città non coloniali. L’impiego del latino è spesso stato legato all’attribuzione di un preciso stato amministrativo, quello dei municipi, in epoca augustea o postaugustea; al contrario, testimonianze concernenti i municipia e scritte in greco sono state considérate risalenti agli anni di Sesto Pompeo. Intendiamo dimostrare che l’uso del linguaggio in contesti municipali “ufficiali” è molto più vario di quanto non si sia pensato in precedenza e proponiamo nuove letture e datazioni per diverse iscrizioni, soprattutto IG XIV, 954 (in riferimento ad Akragas/Agrigentum), IG XIV, 367=IG Palermo 44 (Aluntium), CIL X 7350 (Thermae Himeraeorum), IG XIV, 575 (Centuripae), AE 1945, 64 (Segesta) e SEG LXI, 758=AE 2011, 435 (Syracusae).

The Jesuit Province of Paraquaria was established in 1607 on a wide territory that is today part of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The Missions are praised for their social, political and cultural contributions as for their misioneros and old acolytes, but even now many wonder whether the Order fostered progress in the neighboring provinces or in fact prevented their development. While some academics highlight the Jesuits’ important role in preserving indigenous ecosystems —local language, arts and crafts, music and the Indians’ vast knowledge of botany and medicinal herbs—, others point to the Order’s undeserved advantages over the Province’s operational weaknesses and conflicts in commercial interests which led to violent armed battles between the Order’s “Army” and the comuneros (1724-1735). Several years of relative peace followed until the Permuta Treaty were signed in 1750 by the Crowns of both Portugal and Spain, dictating that seven Jesuit towns should have been given to the Portuguese in exchange for the return of the Colonia del Sacramento. The agreement once again lit the fuse of disagreement and the indigenous tribes revolted. In 1767, King Charles III expelled the Order of Jesus from Spain’s colonies following the examples of France and Portugal. In 1769, the reductions’ populations had reached 144,337, but when the expulsion was carried out they were abandoned and the dispersion of the indigenous. By the end of the century, the population of the reductions had been halved. The orderly life of the reductions was merely a memory., La Provincia Jesuítica de la Paraquaria se creó en 1607 sobre un extenso territorio que hoy forma parte de Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay. Las misiones jesuíticas destacaron por los aportes sociales, políticos y culturales tanto de los misioneros como de sus antiguos acólitos, pero se debate si realmente ayudaron al progreso de zona o más bien entorpecieron su desarrollo. Mientras algunos estudiosos señalan la importancia de las misiones jesuíticas en la conservación de la entidad nacional de los naturales —su lengua, artesanía y música, además de amplios conocimientos de la herborística medicinal—, otros destacan los conflictos e intereses comerciales que provocaron enfrentamientos armados entre el «ejército» de la Orden de Jesús y los comuneros de Asunción (1724-1735). Siguieron unos años de relativa paz, hasta que las coronas de España y Portugal firmaron el Tratado de Permuta, por el que siete pueblos jesuíticos pasarían a manos de los portugueses a cambio de la devolución de la colonia del Sacramento. Este acuerdo prendió de nuevo la chispa de la discordia y los nativos se rebelaron. En 1767, Carlos III, siguiendo los pasos de los reyes de Francia y Portugal, expulsó a la Orden de Jesús de sus dominios. En 1769, en las reducciones habitaban 144.337 almas, pero cuando la expulsión se hizo efectiva fueron abandonadas y comenzó la dispersión de los nativos. A finales del siglo, la población se había reducido a menos de la mitad. La ordenada vida en las reducciones ya solo era un recuerdo…