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Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate biofabrication of Lavandula angustifolia and Clitoria ternatea formation mediated nanoparticles and its anti diabetic activity. Introduction: Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)is an oil-yielding plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae) that is cultivated as a medicinal and garden plant, as well as for essential oil production, all over the world.Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a perennial plant ,indigenous to Malaysia that has spread around the world, including Sri Lanka, Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico, but it has since spread throughout India's tropical regions It is a member of the Fabaceae family and grows on neutral as well as on moist soils. Materials and methods: The inhibition of a-amylase was carried out by the method described by Malik and Singh.The percentage inhibition of a-amylase was calculated as [(Ao - Ai)/Ao] x 100, where A, was the absorbance of the standard and A; was the absorbance of the test sample. Results: There is a dose-dependent increase in alpha amylase inhibitory activity of blue pea and lavender formulation mediated silver nanoparticles.Maximum inhibitory activity was observed at maximum concentration. Discussion: The therapeutic potential of environmentally friendly synthetic AgNPs in the treatment of cancer and viral infections is covered in this review conducted by Nancy et al Conclusion: The synthesized Lavandula augustifolia and Clitoria ternatea mediated silver nanoparticles showed potent anti diabetic activity.

Medicinal plants had long been utilized by humans to treat various ailments, including bacterial-caused diarrhea. Nowadays, issues related to the use of antibiotic including emergence of resistant bacteria and side-effects associated with synthetic antibiotic urge the finding of novel antibacterial substances from natural sources that are deemed more effective and safer. Clitoria ternatea is traditionally used as medicine in Ayurveda and had been found to exhibit antibacterial activities due to its rich phytochemical contents. In this study, the methanolic C. ternatea leaves extracts were investigated for phytochemical content and antibacterial activity. Phytochemical content was investigated quantitatively focusing on total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method, and the TFC was determined by Aluminum-chloride method. Disk-diffusion method was used to analyze the antibacterial potential of the plant extract in four different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/mL), ampicillin was used as positive control and methanol as negative control. The extraction yield of methanolic C. ternatea leaves extracts obtained by maceration method is 8.16%. The TPC and TFC of C. ternatea leaves extract are 0.66116 ± 0.43455 GAE mg/g and 0.31333 ± 0.057735 QE mg/g respectively. The disk-diffusion antibacterial assay showed no inhibitory activity of C. ternatea extracts against Escherichia coli. This might be attributed to the lack of potency of C. ternatea extracts at their current concentration, due to the low content of TPC and TFC in the extracts. This had partially proved that concentration of the extracts used is crucial in antibacterial activities. Review on precedent studies revealed that different methodologies caused discrepancy of antibacterial results in C. ternatea extract. In conclusion, C. ternatea has been seen as a high potential plant in terms of antibacterial activity, but conditions during exper

In Mexico, the nutritional properties of tropical legumes are not widely known. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of Arachis pintoi, Clitoria ternatea, Macroptilium atropurpureumand Stylosanthes guianensis. Crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (ASH), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude lignin (CL), in vitrodigestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and in situdigestibility DM (DISDM). The samples were collected in the experimental plots of the National Institute of Forest, Agricultural and Livestock Research, Veracruz state, Mexico. The evaluations were carried out in the facilities of the Zootechnics Department, Autonomous University Chapingo, State ofMexico, Mexico. Each species was evaluated, with three repetitions and each repetition was considered the experimental unit, resulting in twelve observations per variable. The means were separated using the Tukey test (p< 0.05). Arachis pintoishowed the highest percentages of CP (25.2%), ASH (9.0%), IVDDM(83.2%) and ISDDM(88.0%), and the lowest values of NDF (32.8%), ADF (26.9%) and CL (5.5%). Macroptilium atropurpureum showed the lowest percentages of CP, IVDDM, IVDDM and ASH (6.4%), and the highest values of NDF (50.9%), ADF (37.6%) and CL (11.8%). The other legumes showed intermediate or low values of all variables. Therefore, based on chemical composition and, in vitroand in situ dry matter digestibility, Arachis pintoiwas the species with the best nutritional value, En México, las propiedades nutricionales de las leguminosas tropicales no se conocen ampliamente. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el valor nutricional de Arachis pintoi, Clitoria ternatea, Macroptilium atropurpureum y Stylosanthes guianensis. Se evaluaron, proteína cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC), extracto etéreo (EE), cenizas (CEN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), lignina cruda (LC), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) y digestibilidad in situ de la MS (DISMS). Las muestras se colectaron en las parcelas experimentales del INIFAP, estado de Veracruz, México. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en el Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Cada especie se evaluó, con tres repeticiones y cada repetición se consideró la unidad experimental, resultando doce observaciones por variable. Las medias se separaron mediante la prueba de Tukey (p< 0.05). Arachis pintoi mostró los porcentajes más altos de PC (25.2%), CEN (9%), DIVMS (83.2%) y DISMS (88.0%) y los valores más bajos de FDN (32.8%), FDA (26.9%) y LC (5.5%). Macroptilium atropurpureum mostró los porcentajes más bajos de PC, DIVMS, DISMS y CEN (6.4%) y los valores altos de FDN (50.9%), FDA (37.6%) y LC (11.8%). Las otras leguminosas mostraron valores intermedios o bajos de todas las variables. Por tanto, con base en la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro e in situ de la materia seca, Arachis pintoi fue la especie con el mejor valor nutricional.

In Mexico, the nutritional properties of tropical legumes are not widely known. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of Arachis pintoi, Clitoria ternatea, Macroptilium atropurpureumand Stylosanthes guianensis. Crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (ASH), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude lignin (CL), in vitrodigestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and in situdigestibility DM (DISDM). The samples were collected in the experimental plots of the National Institute of Forest, Agricultural and Livestock Research, Veracruz state, Mexico. The evaluations were carried out in the facilities of the Zootechnics Department, Autonomous University Chapingo, State ofMexico, Mexico. Each species was evaluated, with three repetitions and each repetition was considered the experimental unit, resulting in twelve observations per variable. The means were separated using the Tukey test (p< 0.05). Arachis pintoishowed the highest percentages of CP (25.2%), ASH (9.0%), IVDDM(83.2%) and ISDDM(88.0%), and the lowest values of NDF (32.8%), ADF (26.9%) and CL (5.5%). Macroptilium atropurpureum showed the lowest percentages of CP, IVDDM, IVDDM and ASH (6.4%), and the highest values of NDF (50.9%), ADF (37.6%) and CL (11.8%). The other legumes showed intermediate or low values of all variables. Therefore, based on chemical composition and, in vitroand in situ dry matter digestibility, Arachis pintoiwas the species with the best nutritional value, En México, las propiedades nutricionales de las leguminosas tropicales no se conocen ampliamente. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el valor nutricional de Arachis pintoi, Clitoria ternatea, Macroptilium atropurpureum y Stylosanthes guianensis. Se evaluaron, proteína cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC), extracto etéreo (EE), cenizas (CEN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), lignina cruda (LC), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) y digestibilidad in situ de la MS (DISMS). Las muestras se colectaron en las parcelas experimentales del INIFAP, estado de Veracruz, México. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en el Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Cada especie se evaluó, con tres repeticiones y cada repetición se consideró la unidad experimental, resultando doce observaciones por variable. Las medias se separaron mediante la prueba de Tukey (p< 0.05). Arachis pintoi mostró los porcentajes más altos de PC (25.2%), CEN (9%), DIVMS (83.2%) y DISMS (88.0%) y los valores más bajos de FDN (32.8%), FDA (26.9%) y LC (5.5%). Macroptilium atropurpureum mostró los porcentajes más bajos de PC, DIVMS, DISMS y CEN (6.4%) y los valores altos de FDN (50.9%), FDA (37.6%) y LC (11.8%). Las otras leguminosas mostraron valores intermedios o bajos de todas las variables. Por tanto, con base en la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro e in situ de la materia seca, Arachis pintoi fue la especie con el mejor valor nutricional.

Extreme environmental conditions will consequently become a disturbance on all phases of plant growth. Malaysia is one of the developing countries that face challenges of extreme environmental conditions from climate change such as water availability and soil salinity. In response to global climate change, plants are trying to survive through several adaptation mechanisms. Clitoria ternatea or also known as Butterfly pea flower is a potential plant that can tolerate different environmental parameters. Besides, C. ternatea contains essential phytochemical compounds for pharmaceuticals, textile, medicinal and food industries. C. ternatea is originated from tropical Asia countries and it is widely available in the Asian region. Butterfly pea flower has attractive petal colours due to the presence of its bioactive compounds. C. ternatea is claimed as curing various ailments and has great antioxidant activity due to their bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, alkaloid, steroid, tannin, reducing sugars and flavonoid. Clitoria ternatea has been evaluated as a potential medicinal plant, such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and prevent from cardiovascular damage. Meanwhile, by varying different environmental parameters, the adaptations of phytochemical in C. ternatea is expressed variously. Hence, this paper reviews the physiological effect of growth conditions on Clitoria ternatea and its effect on the production of beneficial phytoconstituents.

Extreme environmental conditions will consequently become a disturbance on all phases of plant growth. Malaysia is one of the developing countries that face challenges of extreme environmental conditions from climate change such as water availability and soil salinity. In response to global climate change, plants are trying to survive through several adaptation mechanisms. Clitoria ternatea or also known as Butterfly pea flower is a potential plant that can tolerate different environmental parameters. Besides, C. ternatea contains essential phytochemical compounds for pharmaceuticals, textile, medicinal and food industries. C. ternatea is originated from tropical Asia countries and it is widely available in the Asian region. Butterfly pea flower has attractive petal colours due to the presence of its bioactive compounds. C. ternatea is claimed as curing various ailments and has great antioxidant activity due to their bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, alkaloid, steroid, tannin, reducing sugars and flavonoid. Clitoria ternatea has been evaluated as a potential medicinal plant, such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and prevent from cardiovascular damage. Meanwhile, by varying different environmental parameters, the adaptations of phytochemical in C. ternatea is expressed variously. Hence, this paper reviews the physiological effect of growth conditions on Clitoria ternatea and its effect on the production of beneficial phytoconstituents.

Most papilionoid legumes (Leguminosae) are characterized by zygomorphic flowers. Features of monosymmetry are inherent to all floral whorls. We compare flowers of two species of papilionoid legumes with anomalously radialized corollas. Except for vexilloid mode of all five petals, these flowers were remarkable with their free androecium and (in case of Clitoria ternatea) actinomorphic calyx. The symmetry of the gynoecium remains unaltered. These correlations point at a strong interrelation between perianth and androecium symmetry control, possibly governed by the same genes. A review on floral symmetry in related papilionoid genera indicates that staminal fusion is only possible in case of a discernible adaxial petal (flag). This rule has some exceptions which contribute to the idea of independent recurrent origin of monosymmetry in different leguminous clades.

Clitoria ternatea (Family: Fabaceae) is one of the traditional medicinal plants used as "Shanka Pushpi” an Ayurvedic medicine used to boost or enhance neurological health. The plant contains alkaloid, flavonoid, taraxerol, taraxerone, triterpenoid and anthocyanin as active chemicals that bring about its biological effects. Its extracts possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antipyretic activities, hypolipidemia, immunomodulatory, and wound healing. This review is an attempt to compile information on various ethno medicinal uses of memory boosting herb, butterfly pea, Clitoria ternatea. Conclusion: It has a wide spectrum of neuro pharmacological benefits such as nootropic, anti-depressant, anti-stress, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant activities.

Clitoria ternatea (CT), a perennial herbaceous plant commonly known as 'butterfly pea', has been used for centuries as a traditional Ayurvedic medicine. The aim of present study was to investigate the anti depressant (by Tail suspension test and Forced swimming test), motor coordination (by Rota-rod method) and locomotor (with an actophotometer) activities of ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn. in experimental animals. The study revealed that the extracts (150 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) were able to reduce the immobility time of rats in a dose-dependent manner when subjected to both Tail suspension and Forced swim tests, and the results were similar to that of standard drug imipramine (15 mg/kg, p.o.). Clitoria ternatea ethanolic root extract (300 mg/kg) showed mild reduction in locomotor and motor coordination activity. The results indicated that ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea has significant anti depressant activity (150 mg/kg (p<0.01) and 300 mg/kg (p<0.001)) when compared with standard imipramine (p<0.001) with a mild sedative effect (300 mg/kg only). The results of the sedative effect are not statistically significant, and the sedative effect may be due to higher dose. Therefore, Clitoria ternatea may be served as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent against depression and mood disorders.