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Le regioni montane svolgono un ruolo cruciale in contesti ecologici, climatici e culturali, fornendo una moltitudine di servizi ecosistemici. Tuttavia, esse sono minacciate dai cambiamenti climatici e dalle pressioni antropiche, che colpiscono sia i loro ecosistemi che i servizi che forniscono. I servizi ecosistemici (SE) sono i benefici che gli umani ottengono dagli ecosistemi, e questi sono vitali per il benessere umano. Nonostante la loro importanza, non esiste una metodologia standardizzata per la valutazione dei SE, questo porta ad approcci diversi e potenziali incongruenze nei risultati. Questo studio si concentra sulla valutazione dei SE nelle aree protette di montagna, concentrandosi sul servizio di regolazione del clima e servizi ecosistemici culturali. Lo studio coinvolge diverse aree montane protette: il Parco Regionale dell'Adamello (AD) in Italia, il Parco Forestale Nazionale di Troodos (TRD) a Cipro e il Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (PNGP) in Italia. È stata intrapresa un'ampia review della letteratura, analizzando 956 pubblicazioni sui SE nelle zone di montagna, evidenziando diversi approcci per la loro valutazione e i diversi indicatori. Il primo studio ha quindi quantificato gli stock di carbonio organico (OC), un indicatore critico per il servizio di regolazione del clima. Le attività sul campo hanno raccolto dati sugli stock di OC nel suolo, nella biomassa e nella lettiera, rivelando complesse variazioni tra tipi di habitat e di suolo, e le correlazioni con le caratteristiche ambientali, come ad esempio la quota. Il secondo studio ha messo a confronto tre approcci per la valutazione della regolazione climatica nelle aree alpine protette, ovvero dati di campo, l'Inventario Italiano delle Foreste e del Carbonio, e TESSA Toolkit. Gli approcci hanno prodotto risultati diversi, con TESSA mostrando stock OC più elevati rispetto agli altri approcci. Lo studio fornisce suggerimenti per la valutazione della regolazione climatica, riducendo i costi, Mountain regions play a crucial role in ecological, climatic, and cultural contexts, providing a multitude of essential ecosystem services. However, they face threats from climate change and anthropogenic pressures, affecting both their ecosystems and the services they provide. Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that humas derive from ecosystems, and these are vital for human well-being. Despite their importance, there is no standardized methodology for evaluating ES, leading to varied approaches and potential inconsistencies in results. This study focuses on ES valuation in mountain protected areas, focusing on the climate regulation service and cultural ecosystem services. The study covers diverse mountain protected areas: the Adamello Regional Park (AD) in Italy, the Troodos National Forest Park (TRD) in Cyprus and the Gran Paradiso National Park (PNGP) in Italy. An extensive literature review was undertaken, analysing 956 papers on ecosystem services in mountain areas, highlighting diverse approaches for ES valuation and the diverse indicators. Hence, the first study quantified organic carbon (OC) stocks, a critical indicator for the climate regulation service. Fieldwork activities collected data on OC stocks in soil, biomass, and litter, revealing complex variations across habitat and soil types, and the correlations with environmental features, such as elevation. The second study compared three approaches, namely fieldwork activities, the Italian Inventory of Forest and Carbon, and TESSA Toolkit, for evaluating the climate regulation service using data from Alpine protected areas. The approaches yielded varying outcomes, with TESSA showing higher OC stocks that the other approaches. The study gives suggestions for the climate regulation evaluation, reducing costs but yielding accurate results. The third study used remote sensing (Landsat data) to analyse forest dynamics in the Adamello Regional Park. The study covered a ten-year interval between 1988 and

Harvested wood products (HWP) may contribute to climate change mitigation by storing carbon and by replacing energy-intensive materials and fossil energy, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, when assessing improved HWP utilisations, interactions between wood use pathways, the carbon stock dynamics, and the resulting effect on the GHG balance are still not well-understood. This research aims to assess the carbon sequestration effects of alternative wood product utilisations in four European Union (EU) countries. We conducted a material flow analysis of wood uses in France, Finland, Germany, and Spain for 2017 taking into account national production, imports, and exports. Then, we quantified the future dynamics of carbon stock in the HWP through time, assuming the same as in 2017 input and ignoring the forest sink. We then ran six alternative scenarios: two energy-focused (Energy, Energy+), two material-focused (Cascading, Material), one with extended half-life of the wood products (HL) and one as business as usual. For the simulation period (2020–2050), the material scenario leads to the highest mitigation benefits with a cumulative HWP net CO2 removals of −502 Mt CO2 for Germany, −290 Mt CO2 for France, −118 Mt CO2 for Spain, and −116 Mt CO2 for Finland over the 30 years. The Energy+ scenario with an increase in wood usage for bioenergy generates a loss of the HWP pool of 351, 80, 77, and 6 Mt CO2 for the same countries, not accounting for energy substitution effects. Overall, our results suggest that the HWP carbon stock can be increased in the short-medium term by prioritizing the use of wood for material purposes, while maintaining constant harvest. The HWP mitigation potential differed greatly according to national wood industry characteristics. Hence, tailoring the HWP mitigation strategies to the specific characteristics of the national wood chain would enhance the HWP climate benefits.

Planted forest plays vital role in tree biomass which stored as carbon through carbon sequestration process and help reduce global warming and climate change effect. Estimation of biomass volume is the important process to determine the carbon contents stored in planted forest trees. Study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon content of Pinus caribaea trees using allometry models at Bulolo forest plantation in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Study involves center plot of the cluster design in order to collect field data as sample size The field data was collected by measuring stem of Pinus caribaea tree species using two variables, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height. Finding reveals that first and highest rank biomass stem content and carbon stocking was 472,4 biomass/ha, followed by 407,076 biomass/ha and the least was 320,97 biomass/ha. Study reveals that biomass stem content and carbon stocking with 407,076 biomass/ha was the more suitable and applicable model for calculation of Pinus caribaea in Bulolo forest plantation. Study recommends the log formula derived from the biomass stem content and carbon stocking of 407,076 biomass/ha, as the reliable model to be used for estimation of biomass content and carbon stock of Pinus caribaea tree species Bulolo forest plantation and else way in Papua New Guinea, Los bosques plantados juegan un papel vital en la biomasa de los árboles que se almacenan como carbono a través del proceso de secuestro de carbono y ayudan a reducir el efecto del calentamiento global y el cambio climático. La estimación del volumen de biomasa es el proceso importante para determinar el contenido de carbono almacenado en los árboles forestales plantados. Se realizó un estudio para estimar la biomasa y el contenido de carbono de los árboles de Pinus caribea utilizando modelos de alometría en la plantación forestal de Bulolo en la provincia de Morobe de Papua Nueva Guinea. El estudio involucra la parcela central del diseño de conglomerados para recopilar datos de campo como tamaño de muestra. Los datos de campo se recopilaron midiendo el tallo de Pinus caribea.especies arbóreas utilizando dos variables, diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y altura. Los resultados revelan que el primer y más alto contenido de biomasa del tallo y almacenamiento de carbono fue de 472,4 biomasa/ha, seguido de 407.076 biomasa/ha y el menor fue de 320,97 biomasa/ha. El estudio revela que el contenido de biomasa del tallo y la reserva de carbono con 407.076 biomasa/ha fue el modelo más adecuado y aplicable para el cálculo de Pinus caribea en la plantación forestal de Bulolo. El estudio recomienda la fórmula logarítmica derivada del contenido de troncos de biomasa y la reserva de carbono de 407 076 biomasa/ha, como el modelo fiable que se utilizará para estimar el contenido de biomasa y la reserva de carbono de la especie arbórea Pinus caribea , la plantación forestal Bulolo y otras formas en Papúa Nueva Guinea

Agroforestry is an important carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and in reforestation. The study was conducted in selected coffee-based agroforestry farms in Gleno, Ermera District, Timor Leste to determine the amount of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in the management of coffee-based agroforestry farms. Results reveal that agroforestry coffee cropping pattern had a carbon stock composed of 6.425 Mg ha-1 biomass, 2.01 Mg ha-1 necromass, and 157.17 Mg ha-1 soil organic carbon. For the carbon stock stored in the monoculture coffee cropping pattern, a biomass of 5.321 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.32 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 128.74. Mg ha-1 were recorded while for the pruned coffee cropping pattern, biomass of 2.771 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.82 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 69.29 Mg ha-1 were found. Moreover, the greenhouse gas emission CO2 absorbed by coffee plants across cropping patterns were the following: agroforestry coffee, 24.156 t/ha-1, monoculture coffee, 19.520 t/ha-1 and pruned coffee, 10.177 t/ha-1. Abovementioned results reveal that coffee-based agroforestry system a coffee-based agroforestry is considered as an effective solution in combatting heightened atmospheric GHGs concentration and climate change while at the same time addressing concerns on socio-economic stability.

Agroforestry is an important carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and in reforestation. The study was conducted in selected coffee-based agroforestry farms in Gleno, Ermera District, Timor Leste to determine the amount of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in the management of coffee-based agroforestry farms. Results reveal that agroforestry coffee cropping pattern had a carbon stock composed of 6.425 Mg ha-1 biomass, 2.01 Mg ha-1 necromass, and 157.17 Mg ha-1 soil organic carbon. For the carbon stock stored in the monoculture coffee cropping pattern, a biomass of 5.321 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.32 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 128.74. Mg ha-1 were recorded while for the pruned coffee cropping pattern, biomass of 2.771 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.82 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 69.29 Mg ha-1 were found. Moreover, the greenhouse gas emission CO2 absorbed by coffee plants across cropping patterns were the following: agroforestry coffee, 24.156 t/ha-1, monoculture coffee, 19.520 t/ha-1 and pruned coffee, 10.177 t/ha-1. Abovementioned results reveal that coffee-based agroforestry system a coffee-based agroforestry is considered as an effective solution in combatting heightened atmospheric GHGs concentration and climate change while at the same time addressing concerns on socio-economic stability.

La fabrication des produits en bois peut avoir un impact plus faible sur le changement climatique que d'autres matériaux de construction, et leur teneur en carbone peut faire des bâtiments un puits de carbone temporaire. Les avancées technologiques, la formation, et la synergie qui se mettent en place entre les acteurs industriels et institutionnels participent aussi à l’acceptation du bois dans les bâtiments. Avec le nombre croissant de publications montrant que l'utilisation du bois dans la construction peut être une option écologique, les décideurs pourraient s'orienter vers une utilisation à grande échelle. Cependant, l'utilisation à grande échelle des produits du bois dans les bâtiments nécessite une meilleure compréhension de ses conséquences pour soutenir les politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique (CC). C’est pourquoi un cadre d'évaluation de l’utilisation croissante du bois dans la construction est développé dans cette thèse. Il se fonde sur une modélisation prospective d’analyse des flux de matière (AFM) pour supporter la méthode d’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV). Le secteur de la construction non résidentielle (NR) en bois au Québec est un bon exemple car les gouvernements (provincial et fédéral) cherchent à l’accroitre. En 2008, l’industrie forestière subit une crise suite à la baisse de ses exportations. Puis, à la suite de stratégies successives, le gouvernement québécois propose la première version de la charte du bois en 2013. Elle représente son engagement à augmenter l’utilisation du bois dans la construction pour soutenir l’industrie forestière et de la construction, ainsi que pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Les bâtiments résidentiels unifamiliaux étant majoritairement faits en bois, l’engagement vise la construction non résidentielle et multifamiliale. Les ACV sur le bois ont des lacunes qui limitent la représentation et l’analyser des conséquences de son utilisation croissante à l’échelle d’une région pour un, The manufacture of wood products can have a lower impact on climate change than other building materials, and their carbon content can make buildings a temporary carbon sink. Technological advances, training, and synergy between industry and institutional players are also contributing to the acceptance of wood in buildings. With the increasing number of publications showing that the use of wood in construction can be an environmentally friendly option, decision-makers may be moving towards large-scale use. However, the large-scale use of wood products in buildings requires a better understanding of its consequences to support climate change (CC) policies. Therefore, a framework for assessing the increasing use of wood in construction is developed in this thesis. It is based on a prospective material flow analysis (MFA) modelling to support the life cycle assessment (LCA). The non-residential (NR) wood construction sector in Quebec is a good example as the provincial and federal governments seek to expand it. In 2008, the forestry industry suffered a crisis due to a decline in exports. Then, following successive strategies, the government of Quebec proposed the first version of the Wood Charter in 2013. It represents its commitment to increase the use of wood in construction to support the forestry and construction industry, as well as to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As single-family residential buildings are predominantly made of wood, the commitment is aimed at non-residential and multi-family construction. LCAs on wood have shortcomings that do not allow them to represent and analyze the consequences of its increasing use on a regional scale for a building stock. Firstly, the literature suggests that substitution of conventional building materials with wood products is desirable to mitigate GHG emissions. It presents the difference in CC impact that is attributable to the comparison of two buildings, structures, or products. Other environmenta

Planted forest plays vital role in tree biomass which stored as carbon through carbon sequestration process and help reduce global warming and climate change effect. Estimation of biomass volume is the important process to determine the carbon contents stored in planted forest trees. Study was conducted to estimate the biomass and carbon content of Pinus caribaea trees using allometry models at Bulolo forest plantation in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Study involves center plot of the cluster design in order to collect field data as sample size The field data was collected by measuring stem of Pinus caribaea tree species using two variables, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height. Finding reveals that first and highest rank biomass stem content and carbon stocking was 472,4 biomass/ha, followed by 407,076 biomass/ha and the least was 320,97 biomass/ha. Study reveals that biomass stem content and carbon stocking with 407,076 biomass/ha was the more suitable and applicable model for calculation of Pinus caribaea in Bulolo forest plantation. Study recommends the log formula derived from the biomass stem content and carbon stocking of 407,076 biomass/ha, as the reliable model to be used for estimation of biomass content and carbon stock of Pinus caribaea tree species Bulolo forest plantation and else way in Papua New Guinea, Los bosques plantados juegan un papel vital en la biomasa de los árboles que se almacenan como carbono a través del proceso de secuestro de carbono y ayudan a reducir el efecto del calentamiento global y el cambio climático. La estimación del volumen de biomasa es el proceso importante para determinar el contenido de carbono almacenado en los árboles forestales plantados. Se realizó un estudio para estimar la biomasa y el contenido de carbono de los árboles de Pinus caribea utilizando modelos de alometría en la plantación forestal de Bulolo en la provincia de Morobe de Papua Nueva Guinea. El estudio involucra la parcela central del diseño de conglomerados para recopilar datos de campo como tamaño de muestra. Los datos de campo se recopilaron midiendo el tallo de Pinus caribea.especies arbóreas utilizando dos variables, diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y altura. Los resultados revelan que el primer y más alto contenido de biomasa del tallo y almacenamiento de carbono fue de 472,4 biomasa/ha, seguido de 407.076 biomasa/ha y el menor fue de 320,97 biomasa/ha. El estudio revela que el contenido de biomasa del tallo y la reserva de carbono con 407.076 biomasa/ha fue el modelo más adecuado y aplicable para el cálculo de Pinus caribea en la plantación forestal de Bulolo. El estudio recomienda la fórmula logarítmica derivada del contenido de troncos de biomasa y la reserva de carbono de 407 076 biomasa/ha, como el modelo fiable que se utilizará para estimar el contenido de biomasa y la reserva de carbono de la especie arbórea Pinus caribea , la plantación forestal Bulolo y otras formas en Papúa Nueva Guinea

Morichales are strategic ecosystems because they store more Carbon, contribute to the mitigation of GHG, climate change and have been little studied in the Colombian Orinoquia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the Carbon stock in biomass, necromass and soil of a morichal conserved from the Colombian highlands. Three sectors were selected according to their phenological stage, senescent, adult and juvenile palms, in each sector 2 transects were established and they were subdivided into subplots identified as interior (morichal), ecotone (transition between savanna and morichal), in which the samplings. Biomass was estimated with allometric equations, individuals of M. flexuosa with DBH> 10cm, arboreal and shrub species with DBH> 2.5cm and pasture samples were taken in ecotone; the fallen and standing necromass was estimated with allometric equations, and particulate necromass samples were taken; the biomass and necromass values ​​were multiplied by the carbon factor. The soil was sampled at two depths 0.0 - 0.3 m and 0.3 - 0.6 m, the percentage of carbon and the apparent density were determined for soil C stock. The results show that the carbon stock in the morichal is 590.8 tC / ha, where the soil is the compartment with the highest contribution with 436.5 tC / ha, followed by biomass with 119.4 tC / ha and finally the necromass with 35.0 tC / ha. These results show the role of morichales as natural carbon sinks and the importance of their conservation for mitigating climate change, as well as providing other economic and environmental benefits for the community., Contextualización: los morichales son ecosistemas estratégicos porque almacenan una gran cantidad de carbono orgánico, contribuyen a la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero y a la mitigación del cambio climático. Vacío de la investigación: la estimación de las reservas de carbono en ecosistemas de morichal no se han estudiado en la Orinoquía colombiana. Propósito: el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las reservas de carbono en biomasa, necromasa y suelo de un morichal conservado de la altillanura colombiana. Metodología: se muestrearon tres sectores con diferente etapa fenológica predominante: palmas senescentes, adultas y juveniles, y en cada sector se establecieron dos transectos, los cuales se dividieron en dos subparcelas [interior y ecotono]. Para la medición de la biomasa aérea se midieron individuos de M. flexuosa con diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) >10 cm y especies arbóreas y arbustivas con DAP>2,5 cm; en el ecotono se incluyeron las pasturas. La necromasa se evaluó considerando la caída, la que se mantiene en pie y la particulada. En ambos compartimientos se aplicaron ecuaciones alométricas y se multiplicaron por el factor de carbono. Las reservas de carbono orgánico en el suelo se estimaron en dos profundidades [0,0 – 0,30 m y 0,30 – 0,60m]. Resultados y conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la reserva de carbono en un morichal conservado de la altillanura colombiana alcanza los 590,8 Mg C/ha. El suelo presentó la más alta contribución con 436,5 Mg C/ha [74 % del total], seguido por la biomasa y necromasa [119,4 y 35,0 Mg C/ha], 20 y 6 % del total, respectivamente. Estos resultados muestran el papel fundamental de los ecosistemas de morichal como sumideros de carbono y su importancia para la mitigación del cambio climático, además de proveer otros beneficios ambientales para las comunidades.

Agroforestry is an important carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and in reforestation. The study was conducted in selected coffee-based agroforestry farms in Gleno, Ermera District, Timor Leste to determine the amount of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in the management of coffee-based agroforestry farms. Results reveal that agroforestry coffee cropping pattern had a carbon stock composed of 6.425 Mg ha-1 biomass, 2.01 Mg ha-1 necromass, and 157.17 Mg ha-1 soil organic carbon. For the carbon stock stored in the monoculture coffee cropping pattern, a biomass of 5.321 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.32 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 128.74. Mg ha-1 were recorded while for the pruned coffee cropping pattern, biomass of 2.771 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.82 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 69.29 Mg ha-1 were found. Moreover, the greenhouse gas emission CO2 absorbed by coffee plants across cropping patterns were the following: agroforestry coffee, 24.156 t/ha-1, monoculture coffee, 19.520 t/ha-1 and pruned coffee, 10.177 t/ha-1. Abovementioned results reveal that coffee-based agroforestry system a coffee-based agroforestry is considered as an effective solution in combatting heightened atmospheric GHGs concentration and climate change while at the same time addressing concerns on socio-economic stability.

Agroforestry is an important carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and in reforestation. The study was conducted in selected coffee-based agroforestry farms in Gleno, Ermera District, Timor Leste to determine the amount of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in the management of coffee-based agroforestry farms. Results reveal that agroforestry coffee cropping pattern had a carbon stock composed of 6.425 Mg ha-1 biomass, 2.01 Mg ha-1 necromass, and 157.17 Mg ha-1 soil organic carbon. For the carbon stock stored in the monoculture coffee cropping pattern, a biomass of 5.321 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.32 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 128.74. Mg ha-1 were recorded while for the pruned coffee cropping pattern, biomass of 2.771 Mg ha-1, necromass of 1.82 Mg ha-1, and soil organic carbon of 69.29 Mg ha-1 were found. Moreover, the greenhouse gas emission CO2 absorbed by coffee plants across cropping patterns were the following: agroforestry coffee, 24.156 t/ha-1, monoculture coffee, 19.520 t/ha-1 and pruned coffee, 10.177 t/ha-1. Abovementioned results reveal that coffee-based agroforestry system a coffee-based agroforestry is considered as an effective solution in combatting heightened atmospheric GHGs concentration and climate change while at the same time addressing concerns on socio-economic stability.

Morichales are strategic ecosystems because they store more Carbon, contribute to the mitigation of GHG, climate change and have been little studied in the Colombian Orinoquia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the Carbon stock in biomass, necromass and soil of a morichal conserved from the Colombian highlands. Three sectors were selected according to their phenological stage, senescent, adult and juvenile palms, in each sector 2 transects were established and they were subdivided into subplots identified as interior (morichal), ecotone (transition between savanna and morichal), in which the samplings. Biomass was estimated with allometric equations, individuals of M. flexuosa with DBH> 10cm, arboreal and shrub species with DBH> 2.5cm and pasture samples were taken in ecotone; the fallen and standing necromass was estimated with allometric equations, and particulate necromass samples were taken; the biomass and necromass values ​​were multiplied by the carbon factor. The soil was sampled at two depths 0.0 - 0.3 m and 0.3 - 0.6 m, the percentage of carbon and the apparent density were determined for soil C stock. The results show that the carbon stock in the morichal is 590.8 tC / ha, where the soil is the compartment with the highest contribution with 436.5 tC / ha, followed by biomass with 119.4 tC / ha and finally the necromass with 35.0 tC / ha. These results show the role of morichales as natural carbon sinks and the importance of their conservation for mitigating climate change, as well as providing other economic and environmental benefits for the community., Contextualización: los morichales son ecosistemas estratégicos porque almacenan una gran cantidad de carbono orgánico, contribuyen a la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero y a la mitigación del cambio climático. Vacío de la investigación: la estimación de las reservas de carbono en ecosistemas de morichal no se han estudiado en la Orinoquía colombiana. Propósito: el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las reservas de carbono en biomasa, necromasa y suelo de un morichal conservado de la altillanura colombiana. Metodología: se muestrearon tres sectores con diferente etapa fenológica predominante: palmas senescentes, adultas y juveniles, y en cada sector se establecieron dos transectos, los cuales se dividieron en dos subparcelas [interior y ecotono]. Para la medición de la biomasa aérea se midieron individuos de M. flexuosa con diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) >10 cm y especies arbóreas y arbustivas con DAP>2,5 cm; en el ecotono se incluyeron las pasturas. La necromasa se evaluó considerando la caída, la que se mantiene en pie y la particulada. En ambos compartimientos se aplicaron ecuaciones alométricas y se multiplicaron por el factor de carbono. Las reservas de carbono orgánico en el suelo se estimaron en dos profundidades [0,0 – 0,30 m y 0,30 – 0,60m]. Resultados y conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la reserva de carbono en un morichal conservado de la altillanura colombiana alcanza los 590,8 Mg C/ha. El suelo presentó la más alta contribución con 436,5 Mg C/ha [74 % del total], seguido por la biomasa y necromasa [119,4 y 35,0 Mg C/ha], 20 y 6 % del total, respectivamente. Estos resultados muestran el papel fundamental de los ecosistemas de morichal como sumideros de carbono y su importancia para la mitigación del cambio climático, además de proveer otros beneficios ambientales para las comunidades.

Mangrove forests provide valuable ecosystem services to coastal communities across tropical and subtropical regions. Current anthropogenic stressors threaten these ecosystems and urge researchers to create improved monitoring methods for better environmental management. Recent efforts that have focused on automatically quantifying the above-ground biomass using image analysis have found some success on high resolution imagery of mangrove forests that have sparse vegetation. In this study, we focus on stands of mangrove forests with dense vegetation consisting of the endemic Pelliciera rhizophorae and the more widespread Rhizophora mangle mangrove species located in the remote Utría National Park in the Colombian Pacific coast. Our developed workflow used consumer-grade Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) imagery of the mangrove forests, from which large orthophoto mosaics and digital surface models are built. We apply convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for instance segmentation to accurately delineate (33% instance average precision) individual tree canopies for the Pelliciera rhizophorae species. We also apply CNNs for semantic segmentation to accurately identify (97% precision and 87% recall) the area coverage of the Rhizophora mangle mangrove tree species as well as the area coverage of surrounding mud and water land-cover classes. We provide a novel algorithm for merging predicted instance segmentation tiles of trees to recover tree shapes and sizes in overlapping border regions of tiles. Using the automatically segmented ground areas we interpolate their height from the digital surface model to generate a digital elevation model, significantly reducing the effort for ground pixel selection. Finally, we calculate a canopy height model from the digital surface and elevation models and combine it with the inventory of Pelliciera rhizophorae trees to derive the height of each individual mangrove tree. The resulting inventory of a mangrove forest, with individual P. rh

Harvested Wood Products (HWP) may contribute to climate change mitigation by storing carbon and by replacing energy-intensive materials and fossil energy, reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. However, when assessing improved HWP utilizations, interactions between wood use pathways, the carbon stock dynamics, and the resulting effect on the GHG balance are still not well understood. This research aims to assess the carbon sequestration effects of alternative wood product utilizations in four EU countries. We conducted a material flow analysis of wood uses in France, Finland, Germany, and Spain for 2017 taking into account national production, imports, and exports. Then, we quantified the future dynamics of carbon stock in the HWP through time, assuming the same as in 2017 input and ignoring the forest sink. We then ran six alternative scenarios: two energy-focused (Energy, Energy+), two material-focused (Cascading, Material), one with extended half-life of the wood products (HL) and one as business as usual (BAU). For the simulation period (2020–2050), the Material scenario leads to the highest mitigation benefits with a cumulative HWP net carbon accumulation of -502 Mt CO2 for Germany, -290 Mt CO2 for France, -118 Mt CO2 for Spain, and -116 Mt CO2 for Finland over the 30 years. The Energy+ scenario with an increase in wood usage for bioenergy generates a loss of the HWP pool of 351, 80, 77, and 6 Mt CO2 for the same countries, not accounting for energy substitution effects. Overall, our results suggest that the HWP carbon stock can be increased in the short-medium term by prioritising the use of wood for material purposes, while maintaining constant harvest. The HWP mitigation potential differed greatly according to national wood industry characteristics. Hence, tailoring the HWP mitigation strategies to the specific characteristics of the national wood chain would enhance the HWP climate benefits.

Mangroves play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of coastal regions, particularly in the face of climate change. To gain insight into associations between climate change and mangroves, we conducted bibliometric research on the global indexed database of the Web of Knowledge, Core Collection. A total of 4458 literature were analyzed based on bibliometric information and article metadata through a scientometric analysis of citation analysis as well as a cluster analysis. Results suggest that coastal countries such as the USA, Australia, China, India, and Brazil are showing the recent influential mangrove-related keywords such as blue carbon and carbon stock. Interestingly, the “carbon stock”, “Saudi Arabia”, “range expansion” and “nature-based flood risk mitigation” is among the top cluster networks in the field of climate change and mangrove forest. The present research is expected to attract potential leaders in research, government, civil society, and business to advance progress towards mangrove sustainability in the changing climate meaningfully., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Climate change requires mitigation actions, mainly preventive, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions; however, carbon sequestration is a complementary measure. Although short-term carbon sequestration can be somewhat effective, it is really interesting when it is permanent. Sequestration calculates the carbon removed from the atmosphere over a period, while the stock expresses the cumulative carbon of a forest. Sequestration and stock are closely related, but ecosystem service valuation often focuses on the former, which can discourage forest maintenance. This study analyzes carbon sequestration and storage in four pine forests located in central Spain, comparing its valuation for different equivalence times, a period considered sufficient to compensate for the emission of one ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. Equilibrium equivalence times were calculated for each forest, defined as the period in which carbon sequestration and stock payments are equal; values ranged from 33 to 101 years, with significant correlations with commercial volume and carbon stock. Equivalence times of 30–50 years are reasonable in Mediterranean forest stands with moderate growth and density, while in dense mature stands this time should increase to 50–100 years. Valuing carbon stocks and paying for them in a sustained manner over time promotes sustainable forest management, while the sale of sequestration credits may generate a speculative “greenwashing” market. In addition, payments for stocks can be applied to any forest stand and not only to new plantations. Carbon stock valuation is a win–win strategy for climate change mitigation, sustainable forest management, and rural development., Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Vegetated coastal and marine habitats in the Nordic region include salt marshes, eelgrass meadows and, in particular, brown macroalgae (kelp forests and rockweed beds). Such habitats contribute to storage of organic carbon (Blue Carbon - BC) and support coastal protection, biodiversity and water quality. Protection and restoration of these habitats therefore have the potential to deliver climate change mitigation and co-benefits. Here we present the existing knowledge on Nordic BC habitats in terms of habitat area, C-stocks and sequestration rates, co-benefits, policies and management status to inspire a coherent Nordic BC roadmap. The area extent of BC habitats in the region is incompletely assessed, but available information sums up to 1,440 km(2) salt marshes, 1,861 (potentially 2,735) km(2) seagrass meadows, and 16,532 km(2) (potentially 130,735 km(2), including coarse Greenland estimates) brown macroalgae, yielding a total of 19,833 (potentially 134,910) km(2). Saltmarshes and seagrass meadows have experienced major declines over the past century, while macroalgal trends are more diverse. Based on limited salt marsh data, sediment C-stocks average 3,311 g C-org m(-2) (top 40-100 cm) and sequestration rates average 142 g C-org m(-2) yr(-1). Eelgrass C-stocks average 2,414 g C-org m(-2) (top 25 cm) and initial data for sequestration rates range 5-33 g C-org m(-2), quantified for one Greenland site and one short term restoration. For Nordic brown macroalgae, peer-reviewed estimates of sediment C-stock and sequestration are lacking. Overall, the review reveals substantial Nordic BC-stocks, but highlights that evidence is still insufficient to provide a robust estimate of all Nordic BC-stocks and sequestration rates. Needed are better quantification of habitat area, C-stocks and fluxes, particularly for macroalgae, as well as identification of target areas for BC management. The review also points to directives and regulations protecting Nordic marine vegetation, an, Climate change mitigation capacity of the Baltic coastal seascape: identification of hotspot environments for coastal blue carbonsequestration and guidance for sustainable management of the Baltic coastal landscapes under global change (CLIM-SCAPE)

Vegetated coastal and marine habitats in the Nordic region include salt marshes, eelgrass meadows and, in particular, brown macroalgae (kelp forests and rockweed beds). Such habitats contribute to storage of organic carbon (Blue Carbon – BC) and support coastal protection, biodiversity and water quality. Protection and restoration of these habitats therefore have the potential to deliver climate change mitigation and co-benefits. Here we present the existing knowledge on Nordic BC habitats in terms of habitat area, C-stocks and sequestration rates, co-benefits, policies and management status to inspire a coherent Nordic BC roadmap. The area extent of BC habitats in the region is incompletely assessed, but available information sums up to 1,440 km2 salt marshes, 1,861 (potentially 2,735) km2 seagrass meadows, and 16,532 km2 (potentially 130,735 km2, including coarse Greenland estimates) brown macroalgae, yielding a total of 19,833 (potentially 134,910) km2. Saltmarshes and seagrass meadows have experienced major declines over the past century, while macroalgal trends are more diverse. Based on limited salt marsh data, sediment C-stocks average 3,311 g Corg m-2 (top 40-100 cm) and sequestration rates average 142 g Corg m-2 yr-1. Eelgrass C-stocks average 2,414 g Corg m-2 (top 25 cm) and initial data for sequestration rates range 5-33 g Corg m-2, quantified for one Greenland site and one short term restoration. For Nordic brown macroalgae, peer-reviewed estimates of sediment C-stock and sequestration are lacking. Overall, the review reveals substantial Nordic BC-stocks, but highlights that evidence is still insufficient to provide a robust estimate of all Nordic BC-stocks and sequestration rates. Needed are better quantification of habitat area, C-stocks and fluxes, particularly for macroalgae, as well as identification of target areas for BC management. The review also points to directives and regulations protecting Nordic marine vegetation, and local restoration init

Carbon (C) is an essential element for all life. However, modern livestock keeping and usage of carbon through burning of fossil fuels are resulting in increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, two important greenhouse gases (GHG). Rising concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere is one of the world’s most pressing issues and is evidently resulting in rising global temperatures. Nations are fighting to reach net zero emissions of carbon dioxide, and Sweden has set out to have net zero emissions by 2045. To reach this goal, system changes are needed over all sectors in Sweden. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a holistic picture of anthropogenic carbon flows, sources and sinks in Sweden to contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the Swedish anthropogenic carbon system. This is done by quantifying the most significant anthropogenic carbon sources, flows, and sinks, and visualise them in substance flow charts. The results from this study will thus provide insight into the functioning of the Swedish anthropogenic carbon system. Through the practical usage of Substance Flow Analysis, this study identifies and quantifies anthropogenic carbon flows between the sectors set out by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; (i) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), (ii) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), (iii) Energy, and (iv) Waste. The study also regards imports, exports, extractions from the lithosphere, and emissions to the atmosphere. Furthermore, the study analyses and visualises how carbon flows between different activities within each above-mentioned sector. The major identified carbon flows occur in the Energy sector, the IPPU sector, and the AFOLU sector. In the Energy sector, transportation and electricity production & domestic heating are the main contributing activities to emissions of carbon, and in the IPPU sector, industrial process, Kol (C) är en väsentlig beståndsdel för allt liv. Modern boskapshållning och användning av kol genom förbränning av fossila bränslen leder dock till ökade koncentrationer av koldioxid och metan i atmosfären, två viktiga växthusgaser (GHG). Stigande koncentrationer av växthusgaser i atmosfären är en av världens mest akuta frågor och leder till stigande globala temperaturer. Nationer världen över kämpar för att nå nettonollutsläpp av koldioxid och Sverige har satt som mål att ha nettonollutsläpp till 2045. För att nå detta mål krävs flera systemförändringar inom alla sektorer i Sverige Syftet med denna studie är därmed att ge en helhetsbild av antropogena kolflöden, källor och sänkor i Sverige, vilket kan bidra till en bättre förståelse för det antropogena kolets kretslopp i det svenska systemet. Detta görs genom att kvantifiera de viktigaste antropogena kolkällorna, flödena och sänkorna, och visualisera dem i ämnesflödesscheman. Resultaten från denna studieger därmed insikt i det svenska antropogena kolkretsloppet. Genom tillämpning av ämnesflödesanalys identifierar och kvantifierar denna studie antropogena kolflöden mellan de sektorer som anges i 2006 års IPCC:s riktlinjer för nationella inventeringar av växthusgaser; (i) Jordbruk, skogsbruk och annan markanvändning (AFOLU), (ii) Industriella processer och produktanvändning (IPPU), (iii) Energi och (iv) Avfall. Studien omfattar även import, export, utvinning från litosfären och utsläpp till atmosfären. Vidare analyserar och visualiserar studien hur kol flödar mellan olika verksamheter inom varje ovan nämnda sektor. De största identifierade kolflödena förekommer inom energisektorn, IPPU-sektorn och AFOLU-sektorn. Inom energisektorn är transporter samt elproduktion och uppvärmning de huvudsakliga bidragande aktiviteterna till utsläpp av kol, och inom IPPU-sektorn står industrier för de största kolflödena. Kolflödena relaterade till transporter, elproduktion och uppvärmning, samt industriell bearbetnin

Carbon (C) is an essential element for all life. However, modern livestock keeping and usage of carbon through burning of fossil fuels are resulting in increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, two important greenhouse gases (GHG). Rising concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere is one of the world’s most pressing issues and is evidently resulting in rising global temperatures. Nations are fighting to reach net zero emissions of carbon dioxide, and Sweden has set out to have net zero emissions by 2045. To reach this goal, system changes are needed over all sectors in Sweden. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a holistic picture of anthropogenic carbon flows, sources and sinks in Sweden to contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the Swedish anthropogenic carbon system. This is done by quantifying the most significant anthropogenic carbon sources, flows, and sinks, and visualise them in substance flow charts. The results from this study will thus provide insight into the functioning of the Swedish anthropogenic carbon system. Through the practical usage of Substance Flow Analysis, this study identifies and quantifies anthropogenic carbon flows between the sectors set out by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; (i) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), (ii) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), (iii) Energy, and (iv) Waste. The study also regards imports, exports, extractions from the lithosphere, and emissions to the atmosphere. Furthermore, the study analyses and visualises how carbon flows between different activities within each above-mentioned sector. The major identified carbon flows occur in the Energy sector, the IPPU sector, and the AFOLU sector. In the Energy sector, transportation and electricity production & domestic heating are the main contributing activities to emissions of carbon, and in the IPPU sector, industrial process, Kol (C) är en väsentlig beståndsdel för allt liv. Modern boskapshållning och användning av kol genom förbränning av fossila bränslen leder dock till ökade koncentrationer av koldioxid och metan i atmosfären, två viktiga växthusgaser (GHG). Stigande koncentrationer av växthusgaser i atmosfären är en av världens mest akuta frågor och leder till stigande globala temperaturer. Nationer världen över kämpar för att nå nettonollutsläpp av koldioxid och Sverige har satt som mål att ha nettonollutsläpp till 2045. För att nå detta mål krävs flera systemförändringar inom alla sektorer i Sverige Syftet med denna studie är därmed att ge en helhetsbild av antropogena kolflöden, källor och sänkor i Sverige, vilket kan bidra till en bättre förståelse för det antropogena kolets kretslopp i det svenska systemet. Detta görs genom att kvantifiera de viktigaste antropogena kolkällorna, flödena och sänkorna, och visualisera dem i ämnesflödesscheman. Resultaten från denna studieger därmed insikt i det svenska antropogena kolkretsloppet. Genom tillämpning av ämnesflödesanalys identifierar och kvantifierar denna studie antropogena kolflöden mellan de sektorer som anges i 2006 års IPCC:s riktlinjer för nationella inventeringar av växthusgaser; (i) Jordbruk, skogsbruk och annan markanvändning (AFOLU), (ii) Industriella processer och produktanvändning (IPPU), (iii) Energi och (iv) Avfall. Studien omfattar även import, export, utvinning från litosfären och utsläpp till atmosfären. Vidare analyserar och visualiserar studien hur kol flödar mellan olika verksamheter inom varje ovan nämnda sektor. De största identifierade kolflödena förekommer inom energisektorn, IPPU-sektorn och AFOLU-sektorn. Inom energisektorn är transporter samt elproduktion och uppvärmning de huvudsakliga bidragande aktiviteterna till utsläpp av kol, och inom IPPU-sektorn står industrier för de största kolflödena. Kolflödena relaterade till transporter, elproduktion och uppvärmning, samt industriell bearbetnin

The study of the role played by soils in the provision of ecosystem services is incipient in our country, and requires adequate attention with emphasis from academic and scientific action; since they constitute the most complex group of ecosystem services because they include formation processes and other relevant natural cycles (carbon, nitrogen and others). The historical background of changes in land use in the Eastern Region and the current progressive trend in the Western Region lead to propose research that contributes to its economic and social valuation for the purposes of protection and sustainable use. The research was carried out in the department of Alto Paraná and aimed to estimate the carbon stock and its variation for two land uses (forest plantations and native forests) in the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion. The InVEST model was used to estimate the carbon stock, with the use of data from four carbon reservoirs (above and belowground biomass, litter and soil carbon) provided by INFONA, and the land use maps prepared for the years 1999 and 2014. The results of the InVEST model revealed the release of 6.7 Mt of carbon stored in forest soils, and 0.3 Mt of carbon fixed in forest plantation soils. As a conclusion, there is a variation in the carbon stock of native forest areas and forest plantations that can be explained in part by the influence of climatic, lithological, topographic and hydrological factors, as well as by characteristics of the vegetation, microbial activity and soil properties related to management practices., El estudio del papel que juegan los suelos en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos es incipiente en nuestro país, y requiere una atención adecuada con énfasis desde el actuar académico y científico; pues constituyen el grupo de servicios ecosistémicos más complejos por incluir procesos de formación y otros ciclos naturales relevantes (carbono, nitrógeno y otros). Los antecedentes históricos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la Región Oriental y la actual tendencia progresiva en la Región Occidental conducen a proponer investigaciones que aporten a su valoración económica y social con propósitos de protección y uso sostenible. La investigación se realizó en el departamento de Alto Paraná y tuvo por objetivo estimar el stock de carbono y su variación para dos usos de la tierra (plantaciones forestales y bosques nativos) en la ecorregión del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná. Se empleó el modelo InVEST para la estimación del stock de carbono, con la utilización de datos de cuatro reservorios de carbono (biomasa aérea y subterránea, hojarasca y carbono del suelo) provistos por el INFONA, y los mapas de uso de la tierra elaborados para los años 1999 y 2014. Los resultados del modelo InVEST revelaron la liberación de 6,7 Mt de carbono almacenado en suelos de bosques, y 0,3 Mt de carbono fijado en suelos de plantaciones forestales. Como conclusión existe una variación en stock de carbono de áreas bosques nativos y plantaciones forestales que puede ser explicada en parte por la influencia de factores climáticos, litológicos, topográficos e hidrológicos, así como por características de la vegetación, actividad microbiana y propiedades de los suelos relacionadas a prácticas de manejo del mismo., O estudo do papel desempenhado pelos solos na prestação de serviços ecossistémicos é incipiente no nosso país, e requer uma atenção adequada com ênfase na acção académica e científica, uma vez que constituem o grupo mais complexo de serviços ecossistémicos, pois incluem processos de formação e outros ciclos naturais relevantes (carbono, azoto e outros). O contexto histórico das mudanças no uso da terra na Região Oriental e a actual tendência progressiva na Região Ocidental levam a propor uma investigação que contribui para a sua valorização económica e social para fins de protecção e utilização sustentável. A investigação foi realizada no departamento de Alto Paraná e teve como objectivo estimar o stock de carbono e a sua variação para dois usos da terra (plantações florestais e florestas nativas) na ecoregião da Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná. O modelo InVEST foi utilizado para estimar o estoque de carbono, utilizando dados de quatro reservatórios de carbono (biomassa acima e abaixo do solo, lixo e carbono do solo) fornecidos pela INFONA, e mapas de uso do solo produzidos para os anos de 1999 e 2014. Os resultados do modelo InVEST revelaram a libertação de 6,7 Mt de carbono armazenado nos solos florestais, e 0,3 Mt de carbono fixado nos solos das plantações florestais. Em conclusão, existe uma variação no estoque de carbono nas florestas nativas e nas áreas de plantações florestais que pode ser parcialmente explicada pela influência de factores climáticos, litológicos, topográficos e hidrológicos, bem como pelas características da vegetação, actividade microbiana e propriedades do solo relacionadas com as práticas de gestão do solo.

The study of the role played by soils in the provision of ecosystem services is incipient in our country, and requires adequate attention with emphasis from academic and scientific action; since they constitute the most complex group of ecosystem services because they include formation processes and other relevant natural cycles (carbon, nitrogen and others). The historical background of changes in land use in the Eastern Region and the current progressive trend in the Western Region lead to propose research that contributes to its economic and social valuation for the purposes of protection and sustainable use. The research was carried out in the department of Alto Paraná and aimed to estimate the carbon stock and its variation for two land uses (forest plantations and native forests) in the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion. The InVEST model was used to estimate the carbon stock, with the use of data from four carbon reservoirs (above and belowground biomass, litter and soil carbon) provided by INFONA, and the land use maps prepared for the years 1999 and 2014. The results of the InVEST model revealed the release of 6.7 Mt of carbon stored in forest soils, and 0.3 Mt of carbon fixed in forest plantation soils. As a conclusion, there is a variation in the carbon stock of native forest areas and forest plantations that can be explained in part by the influence of climatic, lithological, topographic and hydrological factors, as well as by characteristics of the vegetation, microbial activity and soil properties related to management practices., El estudio del papel que juegan los suelos en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos es incipiente en nuestro país, y requiere una atención adecuada con énfasis desde el actuar académico y científico; pues constituyen el grupo de servicios ecosistémicos más complejos por incluir procesos de formación y otros ciclos naturales relevantes (carbono, nitrógeno y otros). Los antecedentes históricos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la Región Oriental y la actual tendencia progresiva en la Región Occidental conducen a proponer investigaciones que aporten a su valoración económica y social con propósitos de protección y uso sostenible. La investigación se realizó en el departamento de Alto Paraná y tuvo por objetivo estimar el stock de carbono y su variación para dos usos de la tierra (plantaciones forestales y bosques nativos) en la ecorregión del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná. Se empleó el modelo InVEST para la estimación del stock de carbono, con la utilización de datos de cuatro reservorios de carbono (biomasa aérea y subterránea, hojarasca y carbono del suelo) provistos por el INFONA, y los mapas de uso de la tierra elaborados para los años 1999 y 2014. Los resultados del modelo InVEST revelaron la liberación de 6,7 Mt de carbono almacenado en suelos de bosques, y 0,3 Mt de carbono fijado en suelos de plantaciones forestales. Como conclusión existe una variación en stock de carbono de áreas bosques nativos y plantaciones forestales que puede ser explicada en parte por la influencia de factores climáticos, litológicos, topográficos e hidrológicos, así como por características de la vegetación, actividad microbiana y propiedades de los suelos relacionadas a prácticas de manejo del mismo., O estudo do papel desempenhado pelos solos na prestação de serviços ecossistémicos é incipiente no nosso país, e requer uma atenção adequada com ênfase na acção académica e científica, uma vez que constituem o grupo mais complexo de serviços ecossistémicos, pois incluem processos de formação e outros ciclos naturais relevantes (carbono, azoto e outros). O contexto histórico das mudanças no uso da terra na Região Oriental e a actual tendência progressiva na Região Ocidental levam a propor uma investigação que contribui para a sua valorização económica e social para fins de protecção e utilização sustentável. A investigação foi realizada no departamento de Alto Paraná e teve como objectivo estimar o stock de carbono e a sua variação para dois usos da terra (plantações florestais e florestas nativas) na ecoregião da Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná. O modelo InVEST foi utilizado para estimar o estoque de carbono, utilizando dados de quatro reservatórios de carbono (biomassa acima e abaixo do solo, lixo e carbono do solo) fornecidos pela INFONA, e mapas de uso do solo produzidos para os anos de 1999 e 2014. Os resultados do modelo InVEST revelaram a libertação de 6,7 Mt de carbono armazenado nos solos florestais, e 0,3 Mt de carbono fixado nos solos das plantações florestais. Em conclusão, existe uma variação no estoque de carbono nas florestas nativas e nas áreas de plantações florestais que pode ser parcialmente explicada pela influência de factores climáticos, litológicos, topográficos e hidrológicos, bem como pelas características da vegetação, actividade microbiana e propriedades do solo relacionadas com as práticas de gestão do solo.

Urban expansion and ecological restoration policies can simultaneously affect land-cover changes and further affect ecosystem services (ES). However, it is unclear whether and to what extent the distribution and equity of urban ES are influenced by the stage of urban development and government policies. This study aims to assess the quantity and equity of ES under different scenarios in cites of China and Europe. Firstly, we used the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-S) model to simulate future land cover under three scenarios: business-as-usual (BAU), a market-liberal scenario (MLS), and an ecological protection scenario (EPS). Then using ecosystem service model approaches and the landscape analysis, the dynamics of green infrastructure (GI) fraction and connectivity, carbon sequestration, and PM2.5 removal were further evaluated. The results show that: (1) over the past 20 years, Chinese cities have experienced dramatic changes in land cover and ES relative to European cities. (2) Two metropolises in China, Shanghai and Beijing have experienced an increase in the fraction and connectivity of GI and ES in the long-term built-up areas between 2010 and 2020. (3) EPS scenarios are not only effective in increasing the quantity of ES but also in improving the equity of ES distribution. The proposed framework as well as the results may provide important guidance for future urban planning and sustainable city development.

There is increasing evidence that intraspecific trait variation plays a role in governing rates of ecosystem functioning. While wood traits such as wood specific gravity (WSG) and wood carbon concentration (WCC) are key drivers of forest aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks, the sources of intraspecific variation in these wood traits and the consequences of this variation on AGC are poorly known, especially in the tropics.Here, we investigated intraspecific variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) and wood carbon concentration (WCC) from 556 individual trees belonging to 15 species that well characterize different successional stages of seasonal evergreen forests in Southeast Asia. Specifically, we tested the contribution of individual or species characteristics (tree size, growth rate and regeneration guilds) and local environmental conditions (topographic wetness index and successional stages) to intraspecific variation in WSG and WCC, and assessed the consequences of intraspecific variation in these wood traits on AGC estimates in 14 permanent forest plots established along a successional gradient in Khao Yai National park, Thailand.We found that tree size was the main driver of intraspecific variation in WSG and WCC as tree sizes increased from 10–100 cm in diameter, WSG increased by 7.3%, while WCC increased by 2.4% in heartwood, 1.6% and 2.7% in sapwood without and with volatile carbon included. There was no effect of the topographic wetness and other local environment condition in wood traits led to a slight overestimation of AGC in young secondary forests (+0.09% to +1.29%) and a small underestimation in older forests (−0.86% to −2.87%), but overall AGC estimates (13 of 14 forest plots) remained within error margins (the 95% interval).Our study provides evidence that tree size variation translates into intraspecific variability in wood traits, whereas local environmental conditions related to topography successional stages had no effect on wood trait variability.

The study of the role played by soils in the provision of ecosystem services is incipient in our country, and requires adequate attention with emphasis from academic and scientific action; since they constitute the most complex group of ecosystem services because they include formation processes and other relevant natural cycles (carbon, nitrogen and others). The historical background of changes in land use in the Eastern Region and the current progressive trend in the Western Region lead to propose research that contributes to its economic and social valuation for the purposes of protection and sustainable use. The research was carried out in the department of Alto Paraná and aimed to estimate the carbon stock and its variation for two land uses (forest plantations and native forests) in the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion. The InVEST model was used to estimate the carbon stock, with the use of data from four carbon reservoirs (above and belowground biomass, litter and soil carbon) provided by INFONA, and the land use maps prepared for the years 1999 and 2014. The results of the InVEST model revealed the release of 6.7 Mt of carbon stored in forest soils, and 0.3 Mt of carbon fixed in forest plantation soils. As a conclusion, there is a variation in the carbon stock of native forest areas and forest plantations that can be explained in part by the influence of climatic, lithological, topographic and hydrological factors, as well as by characteristics of the vegetation, microbial activity and soil properties related to management practices., O estudo do papel desempenhado pelos solos na prestação de serviços ecossistémicos é incipiente no nosso país, e requer uma atenção adequada com ênfase na acção académica e científica, uma vez que constituem o grupo mais complexo de serviços ecossistémicos, pois incluem processos de formação e outros ciclos naturais relevantes (carbono, azoto e outros). O contexto histórico das mudanças no uso da terra na Região Oriental e a actual tendência progressiva na Região Ocidental levam a propor uma investigação que contribui para a sua valorização económica e social para fins de protecção e utilização sustentável. A investigação foi realizada no departamento de Alto Paraná e teve como objectivo estimar o stock de carbono e a sua variação para dois usos da terra (plantações florestais e florestas nativas) na ecoregião da Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná. O modelo InVEST foi utilizado para estimar o estoque de carbono, utilizando dados de quatro reservatórios de carbono (biomassa acima e abaixo do solo, lixo e carbono do solo) fornecidos pela INFONA, e mapas de uso do solo produzidos para os anos de 1999 e 2014. Os resultados do modelo InVEST revelaram a libertação de 6,7 Mt de carbono armazenado nos solos florestais, e 0,3 Mt de carbono fixado nos solos das plantações florestais. Em conclusão, existe uma variação no estoque de carbono nas florestas nativas e nas áreas de plantações florestais que pode ser parcialmente explicada pela influência de factores climáticos, litológicos, topográficos e hidrológicos, bem como pelas características da vegetação, actividade microbiana e propriedades do solo relacionadas com as práticas de gestão do solo., El estudio del papel que juegan los suelos en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos es incipiente en nuestro país, y requiere una atención adecuada con énfasis desde el actuar académico y científico; pues constituyen el grupo de servicios ecosistémicos más complejos por incluir procesos de formación y otros ciclos naturales relevantes (carbono, nitrógeno y otros). Los antecedentes históricos de los cambios de uso de la tierra en la Región Oriental y la actual tendencia progresiva en la Región Occidental conducen a proponer investigaciones que aporten a su valoración económica y social con propósitos de protección y uso sostenible. La investigación se realizó en el departamento de Alto Paraná y tuvo por objetivo estimar el stock de carbono y su variación para dos usos de la tierra (plantaciones forestales y bosques nativos) en la ecorregión del Bosque Atlántico del Alto Paraná. Se empleó el modelo InVEST para la estimación del stock de carbono, con la utilización de datos de cuatro reservorios de carbono (biomasa aérea y subterránea, hojarasca y carbono del suelo) provistos por el INFONA, y los mapas de uso de la tierra elaborados para los años 1999 y 2014. Los resultados del modelo InVEST revelaron la liberación de 6,7 Mt de carbono almacenado en suelos de bosques, y 0,3 Mt de carbono fijado en suelos de plantaciones forestales. Como conclusión existe una variación en stock de carbono de áreas bosques nativos y plantaciones forestales que puede ser explicada en parte por la influencia de factores climáticos, litológicos, topográficos e hidrológicos, así como por características de la vegetación, actividad microbiana y propiedades de los suelos relacionadas a prácticas de manejo del mismo.

Deforestation and forest degradation, mainly in areas with high carbon density, is one of the most important source of greenhouse gases (GHG). The impact of deforestation on carbon storage in total biomass and its CO2 emissions is analyzed in four land covers in the Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque (SFFI), Boyacá, Colombia. A total of 32 temporal sampling plots (TSP) of 250 m2 was established to measure trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ³ 10 cm whereas 17 TSP of 36 m2 were established to measure total and stipe height of all frailejones (Espeletia boyacensis Cuatrec, E. tunjana Cuatrec and E. cf. Incana). Above and belowground biomass was estimated with allometric models, whereas carbon was calculated using the 0.47 fraction. The sampling area was proportional to the area of each land cover: open heathlands and moorlands (OMH), dense heathlands and moorlands (DMH), broad-leaved forest with continuous canopy, not on mire (BFCC), natural grassland prevailingly without trees and shrubs (NSWT). BFCC and DMH showed higher carbon storage in biomass (55 and 27 Mg C/ha, respectively). SFFI stored around 135.9 Gg C, from which 25-38 Gg CO2e could be emitted to the atmosphere in the 20 next years if the deforestation rates continue. BFCC and OMH are the covers with the highest potential of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Therefore, prioritizing the preservation of these ecosystems by Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) programs, is a key to counter the effects of climate change and ensure the supply of ecosystemic services that support local communities’ livelihoods.

Vegetated coastal and marine habitats in the Nordic region include salt marshes, eelgrass meadows and, in particular, brown macroalgae (kelp forests and rockweed beds). Such habitats contribute to storage of organic carbon (Blue Carbon - BC) and support coastal protection, biodiversity and water quality. Protection and restoration of these habitats therefore have the potential to deliver climate change mitigation and co-benefits. Here we present the existing knowledge on Nordic BC habitats in terms of habitat area, C-stocks and sequestration rates, co-benefits, policies and management status to inspire a coherent Nordic BC roadmap. The area extent of BC habitats in the region is incompletely assessed, but available information sums up to 1,440 km(2) salt marshes, 1,861 (potentially 2,735) km(2) seagrass meadows, and 16,532 km(2) (potentially 130,735 km(2), including coarse Greenland estimates) brown macroalgae, yielding a total of 19,833 (potentially 134,910) km(2). Saltmarshes and seagrass meadows have experienced major declines over the past century, while macroalgal trends are more diverse. Based on limited salt marsh data, sediment C-stocks average 3,311 g C-org m(-2) (top 40-100 cm) and sequestration rates average 142 g C-org m(-2) yr(-1). Eelgrass C-stocks average 2,414 g C-org m(-2) (top 25 cm) and initial data for sequestration rates range 5-33 g C-org m(-2), quantified for one Greenland site and one short term restoration. For Nordic brown macroalgae, peer-reviewed estimates of sediment C-stock and sequestration are lacking. Overall, the review reveals substantial Nordic BC-stocks, but highlights that evidence is still insufficient to provide a robust estimate of all Nordic BC-stocks and sequestration rates. Needed are better quantification of habitat area, C-stocks and fluxes, particularly for macroalgae, as well as identification of target areas for BC management. The review also points to directives and regulations protecting Nordic marine vegetation, an

Proactive silviculture treatments (e.g., thinning) may increase C sequestration contributing to climate change mitigation, although, there are still questions about this effect in Mediterranean pine forests. The aim of this research was to quantify the storage of biomass and soil organic carbon in Pinus forests along a climatic gradient from North to South of the Iberian Peninsula. Nine experimental Pinus spp trials were selected along a latitudinal gradient from the pre-Pyrenees to southern Spain. At each location, a homogeneous area was used as the operational scale, and three thinning intensity treatments: unthinned or control (C), intermediate thinning (LT, removal of 30–40% of the initial basal area) and heavy thinning (HT, removal of 50–60%) were conducted. Growth per unit area (e.g., expressed as basal area increment-BAI), biomass, and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) were measured as well as three sets of environmental variables (climate, soil water availability and soil chemical and physical characteristics). One-way ANOVA and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used to study the effect of thinning and environmental variables on C sequestration. Biomass and growth per unit area were higher in the control than in the thinning treatments, although differences were only significant for P. halepensis. Radial growth recovered after thinning in all species, but it was faster in the HT treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC10, 0–10 cm depth) was higher in the HT treatments for P. halepensis and P. sylvestris, but not for P. nigra. SEM showed that Pinus stands of the studied species were beneficed by HT thinning, recovering their growth quickly. The resulting model explained 72% of the variation in SOC10 content, and 89% of the variation in silvicultural condition (basal area and density) after thinning. SOC10 was better related to climate than to silvicultural treatments. On the other ha

Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in peninsular Malaysia has been managed for pole and charcoal production from Rhizophora stands with a 30-year rotation cycle since 1902. The aim of this study is to estimate the carbon budget of the MMFR by considering the carbon stock of the forest, evaluated from remote sensing data (Landsat TM and ETM+, JERS-1 SAR, ALOS PALSAR, ALOS-2 PALSAR-2, SRTM, TANDEM-X, and WorldView-2) for aboveground carbon and field data for belowground carbon. This was investigated in combination with the emissions from the silvicultural activities in the production chain, plus the distribution and consumer-related activities covering the supply chain, estimated with appropriate emission factors. The aboveground biomass carbon stock of the productive forest was of 1.4 TgC, while for the protective forest (not used for silviculture) it was at least equal to 1.2 TgC. The total soil carbon of ca. 32 TgC shows the potential of the MMFR as a carbon sink. However, the commercial exploitation of mangroves also generates greenhouse gasses with an estimate of nearly 152.80 Mg C ha−1 during charcoal production and up to 0.53 Mg C ha−1 during pole production, for a total emission of 1.8 TgC. Consequently, if the productive forest alone is considered, then the carbon budget is negative, and the ongoing silvicultural management seems to be an unsustainable practice that needs a reduction in the exploited area of at least 20% to achieve carbon neutrality. However, even with the current management, and considering the protective forest together with the productive zones, the MMFR carbon budget is slightly positive, thus showing the importance of mangrove conservation as part of the management for the preservation of the carbon stock., SCOPUS: ar.j, iiTSE, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The food sector plays a crucial role in exceeding several planetary boundaries. Currently, humanity has the challenge to stay between these boundaries. Food forests are an approach for improving ecosystems in soil quality, sequestering carbon and enhancing biodiversity while providing food. However, this concept is yet nearly unstudied in temperate regions. Accordingly, this study attempted to investigate aboveground and belowground storage, carbon fluxes, and the build-up rate in the transition from grassland to a food forest through an in-depth case study in a temperate region. In order to analyse all key carbon pools, a plotless method was applied for the coppice, hedgerows, fruit and nut-bearing trees, and a plot-based method for the grass, herbs, litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). Overall, the results showed exponential growth in aboveground carbon in the living biomass, though remarkably different patterns for SOC over the first 5.5 years. The ground layer (e.g. grass, herbs, and litter) is a significant source of aboveground carbon in young food forests (95% in year 3.5 to 36% in year 5.5). The trees compartments showed an exponential increase, and the total stored carbon biomass in the food forests at the age of 5.5 is 6.0 t C ha-1 yr-1. The SOC differed over the years, which is 115 t C ha-1 in the grassland and depicts 78 to 136 t C ha-1in year 5.5. Finally, the food forest has the potential to sequester around 4.4 t C ha-1 yr-1 in above and belowground biomass, functioning as active carbon sinks already within the first five years of the case study. Coppice and hedgerows have proven to be vital in sequestering carbon in living biomass. Further research should investigate older food forests in temperate regions while bearing in mind the potential of coppices and hedgerows. In addition, a better understanding of belowground carbon is essential for assessing the net carbon impact of carbon farming initiatives, as the soil stores most of the carbon.

This study was conducted to assess biomass and carbon stock along slopes in Depard community forest, Manahari-6, Makwanpur district of Nepal. In Nepal, carbon stock estimation has been less practiced in community forest. A random sampling method was applied in this study to collect biophysical data i.e. DBH and height by non-destructive method to estimate the quantity of tree biomass and carbon stock. 21 sample plots with 1% sampling intensity were established within the study area. The circular area of 250 m2 was predetermined with the radius of 8.92 m for this study. Secondary data were collected through published and unpublished literature. Data were pooled and analyzed with SPSS software. The total biomass and carbon stock were calculated to be 1381.30 t/ha and 649.21 t/ha, respectively. The biomass and carbon stock were highest (563.12 t/ha and 242.42 t/ha) in 0-5% slope, and lowest in >20% of slope (334.75 t/ha and 143.60 t/ha). The difference of biomass and carbon in slopes may be due to the accumulation of more organic matter and other minerals in the less sloped areas through rainfall, landslide.

This study was conducted to assess biomass and carbon stock along slopes in Depard community forest, Manahari-6, Makwanpur district of Nepal. In Nepal, carbon stock estimation has been less practiced in community forest. A random sampling method was applied in this study to collect biophysical data i.e. DBH and height by non-destructive method to estimate the quantity of tree biomass and carbon stock. 21 sample plots with 1% sampling intensity were established within the study area. The circular area of 250 m2 was predetermined with the radius of 8.92 m for this study. Secondary data were collected through published and unpublished literature. Data were pooled and analyzed with SPSS software. The total biomass and carbon stock were calculated to be 1381.30 t/ha and 649.21 t/ha, respectively. The biomass and carbon stock were highest (563.12 t/ha and 242.42 t/ha) in 0-5% slope, and lowest in >20% of slope (334.75 t/ha and 143.60 t/ha). The difference of biomass and carbon in slopes may be due to the accumulation of more organic matter and other minerals in the less sloped areas through rainfall, landslide.

Legumes can be efficient to increase carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in the soil. Based on this, the objective of this study was to select the legumes plants with the greatest potential to accumulate C and N in the soil. The experiment was conducted in 2018, in Redenção, Ceará. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments and three repetitions. The treatments correspond to: control (soil without vegetation cover), straw, Mucuna pruriens, Mucuna pruriens, Dolichos lablab, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria junceaand Canavalia ensiformis. At flowering (67 days after sowing), the legumes were cut and left on the area. At 78 days after cutting, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm. We determined bulk density, particle density, porosity, total organic carbon (TOC), carbon stock (C stock), total nitrogen (TN), nitrogen stock (N stock) and C:N ratio. The cover crops did not change bulk density, particle density, porosity, TN, N stock and the C:N ratio, due to the sandysoil texture and short experimental period. However, they contributed to the increase in TOC contents. Legume plants are able to increase soil carbon stock even in the short time. The mucuna cinza (Mucuna pruriens)is the leguminous plant with the greatest potential to accumulate C in the soil. However, to maintain organic residue in the soil, the use of Crotalaria juncea is recommended., As leguminosas podem ser eficientes para aumentar os teores de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) no solo. Com base nisso, objetivou-se com o presente estudo selecionar plantas leguminosas com o maior potencial para acumular C e N no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em 2018, em Redenção, Ceará. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos correspondem a: controle (solo sem cobertura vegetal), palha, mucuna preta, mucuna cinza, lablab, feijão-guandu, crotalária e feijão-de-porco. No florescimento (aos 67 dias após a semeadura), as leguminosas foram cortadas e deixadas sobre a área. Aos 78 dias após o corte, amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm para determinação da densidade do solo (Ds) e de partículas (Dp), porosidade total (Pt), carbono orgânico total (COT), estoques de carbono (EstC) e nitrogênio (EstN), nitrogênio total (NT) e a relação de carbono com nitrogênio (C:N). As plantas de cobertura não alteraram Ds, Dp,Pt, NT e a relação C:N, em razão da textura arenosa do solo e curto período experimental. Porém, contribuíram para o aumento dos teores de COT. As plantas leguminosas são capazes de aumentar o estoque de carbono do solo mesmo em curto prazo. A mucuna cinza é a planta leguminosa com maior potencial para acumular C no solo. No entanto, para manutenção de resíduo orgânico no solo é recomendado o uso de Crotalaria juncea.

Los bosques poseen un rol clave en la mitigación del cambio climático ya que contribuyen a reducir los gases del efecto invernadero. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la diversidad, la biomasa y la captura de carbono de un bosque secundario de caldén (Prosopis caldenia) de la Argentina. Su importancia radica en ser una formación vegetal nativa y endémica que ha sido modificado a través de la historia por la valoración de sus recursos naturales. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se aplicó la metodología de REDD+ que consta de un inventario aleatorio de 10 parcelas circulares cuya superficie total es de 1 ha. Se seleccionó como área de estudio la Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, provincia de La Pampa. Los resultados determinaron que el bosque de caldén contiene 156,4 Mg/ha de biomasa y la captura de carbono que realiza es de 78,2 t/ha. Conocer este valor contribuye a comprender los servicios ecosistémicos de este bosque y la importancia de su conservación., Forests play a key role in mitigating climate change as they contribute to reducing greenhouse gases. This work aims to know the diversity, biomass and carbon sequestration of a secondary forest of caldén (Prosopis caldenia) in Argentina. Its importance lies in being a na-tive and endemic plant formation that has been modified throughout history by the valuation of its natural resources. To meet the objective, the REDD + methodology was applied, consisting of a random inventory of 10 circular plots with a total area of 1 ha. The Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, province of La Pampa, was selected as the study area. The results determined that the Caldén forest contains 156.4 Mg/ha of biomass and the carbon capture it performs is 78.2 t/ha. Knowing this value contributes to understanding the ecosystem services of this forest and the importance of its conservation.

Estimations of peatland carbon stocks often use generalised values for peat thickness and carbon content. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), a rapid technique for field data collection, has been increasingly demonstrated as an appropriate method of mapping peat thickness. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data as a method for understanding peatland surface elevation are also becoming more widely available. Reliable mapping and quantification of site-specific carbon stocks (e.g. upland raised bogs) is therefore, becoming increasingly feasible, providing a valuable contribution to regional, national and potentially global carbon stock assessments. This is particularly important because raised bogs, such as those found in South Wales are considerable carbon stores. They are, however, susceptible to climate warming owing to their southerly location within the UK. Accurate estimates of peatland carbon stocks has broader importance because world-wide peatland carbon stores are significant and threatened by climate change, posing a substantial challenge not only due to climate feedbacks if this stored carbon is released into the atmosphere, but also the impact on the other ecosystem services that they provide. Here, we assess the value of an integrated GPR, LiDAR and Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to improve estimation of regional carbon stocks. We apply the approach to three ombrotrophic raised bogs in South Wales, UK, selected for their conservation value and their topographically-confined raised bog form. GPR and LiDAR are found to be well suited, respectively, to mapping peat thickness at bog scale and surface elevation, thus allowing surface and basal topographies to be evaluated using GIS. In turn, this allows peat volumes to be estimated. For the first time, we record values between 55,200 m3 and 163,000 m3 for the sites considered here. The greater confidence in these peat volume estimates results from the ability to calibrate the GPR velocity using a

Los bosques poseen un rol clave en la mitigación del cambio climático ya que contribuyen a reducir los gases del efecto invernadero. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la diversidad, la biomasa y la captura de carbono de un bosque secundario de caldén (Prosopis caldenia) de la Argentina. Su importancia radica en ser una formación vegetal nativa y endémica que ha sido modificado a través de la historia por la valoración de sus recursos naturales. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se aplicó la metodología de REDD+ que consta de un inventario aleatorio de 10 parcelas circulares cuya superficie total es de 1 ha. Se seleccionó como área de estudio la Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, provincia de La Pampa. Los resultados determinaron que el bosque de caldén contiene 156,4 Mg/ha de biomasa y la captura de carbono que realiza es de 78,2 t/ha. Conocer este valor contribuye a comprender los servicios ecosistémicos de este bosque y la importancia de su conservación., Forests play a key role in mitigating climate change as they contribute to reducing greenhouse gases. This work aims to know the diversity, biomass and carbon sequestration of a secondary forest of caldén (Prosopis caldenia) in Argentina. Its importance lies in being a na-tive and endemic plant formation that has been modified throughout history by the valuation of its natural resources. To meet the objective, the REDD + methodology was applied, consisting of a random inventory of 10 circular plots with a total area of 1 ha. The Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, province of La Pampa, was selected as the study area. The results determined that the Caldén forest contains 156.4 Mg/ha of biomass and the carbon capture it performs is 78.2 t/ha. Knowing this value contributes to understanding the ecosystem services of this forest and the importance of its conservation.

Los bosques poseen un rol clave en la mitigación del cambio climático ya que contribuyen a reducir los gases del efecto invernadero. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la diversidad, la biomasa y la captura de carbono de un bosque secundario de caldén (Prosopis caldenia) de la Argentina. Su importancia radica en ser una formación vegetal nativa y endémica que ha sido modificado a través de la historia por la valoración de sus recursos naturales. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se aplicó la metodología de REDD+ que consta de un inventario aleatorio de 10 parcelas circulares cuya superficie total es de 1 ha. Se seleccionó como área de estudio la Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, provincia de La Pampa. Los resultados determinaron que el bosque de caldén contiene 156,4 Mg/ha de biomasa y la captura de carbono que realiza es de 78,2 t/ha. Conocer este valor contribuye a comprender los servicios ecosistémicos de este bosque y la importancia de su conservación., Forests play a key role in mitigating climate change as they contribute to reducing greenhouse gases. This work aims to know the diversity, biomass and carbon sequestration of a secondary forest of caldén (Prosopis caldenia) in Argentina. Its importance lies in being a na-tive and endemic plant formation that has been modified throughout history by the valuation of its natural resources. To meet the objective, the REDD + methodology was applied, consisting of a random inventory of 10 circular plots with a total area of 1 ha. The Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, province of La Pampa, was selected as the study area. The results determined that the Caldén forest contains 156.4 Mg/ha of biomass and the carbon capture it performs is 78.2 t/ha. Knowing this value contributes to understanding the ecosystem services of this forest and the importance of its conservation.

This study was conducted to assess biomass and carbon stock along slopes in Depard community forest, Manahari-6, Makwanpur district of Nepal. In Nepal, carbon stock estimation has been less practiced in community forest. A random sampling method was applied in this study to collect biophysical data i.e. DBH and height by non-destructive method to estimate the quantity of tree biomass and carbon stock. 21 sample plots with 1% sampling intensity were established within the study area. The circular area of 250 m2 was predetermined with the radius of 8.92 m for this study. Secondary data were collected through published and unpublished literature. Data were pooled and analyzed with SPSS software. The total biomass and carbon stock were calculated to be 1381.30 t/ha and 649.21 t/ha, respectively. The biomass and carbon stock were highest (563.12 t/ha and 242.42 t/ha) in 0-5% slope, and lowest in >20% of slope (334.75 t/ha and 143.60 t/ha). The difference of biomass and carbon in slopes may be due to the accumulation of more organic matter and other minerals in the less sloped areas through rainfall, landslide.

This study was conducted to assess biomass and carbon stock along slopes in Depard community forest, Manahari-6, Makwanpur district of Nepal. In Nepal, carbon stock estimation has been less practiced in community forest. A random sampling method was applied in this study to collect biophysical data i.e. DBH and height by non-destructive method to estimate the quantity of tree biomass and carbon stock. 21 sample plots with 1% sampling intensity were established within the study area. The circular area of 250 m2 was predetermined with the radius of 8.92 m for this study. Secondary data were collected through published and unpublished literature. Data were pooled and analyzed with SPSS software. The total biomass and carbon stock were calculated to be 1381.30 t/ha and 649.21 t/ha, respectively. The biomass and carbon stock were highest (563.12 t/ha and 242.42 t/ha) in 0-5% slope, and lowest in >20% of slope (334.75 t/ha and 143.60 t/ha). The difference of biomass and carbon in slopes may be due to the accumulation of more organic matter and other minerals in the less sloped areas through rainfall, landslide.

Legumes can be efficient to increase carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents in the soil. Based on this, the objective of this study was to select the legumes plants with the greatest potential to accumulate C and N in the soil. The experiment was conducted in 2018, in Redenção, Ceará. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments and three repetitions. The treatments correspond to: control (soil without vegetation cover), straw, Mucuna pruriens, Mucuna pruriens, Dolichos lablab, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria junceaand Canavalia ensiformis. At flowering (67 days after sowing), the legumes were cut and left on the area. At 78 days after cutting, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm. We determined bulk density, particle density, porosity, total organic carbon (TOC), carbon stock (C stock), total nitrogen (TN), nitrogen stock (N stock) and C:N ratio. The cover crops did not change bulk density, particle density, porosity, TN, N stock and the C:N ratio, due to the sandysoil texture and short experimental period. However, they contributed to the increase in TOC contents. Legume plants are able to increase soil carbon stock even in the short time. The mucuna cinza (Mucuna pruriens)is the leguminous plant with the greatest potential to accumulate C in the soil. However, to maintain organic residue in the soil, the use of Crotalaria juncea is recommended., As leguminosas podem ser eficientes para aumentar os teores de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) no solo. Com base nisso, objetivou-se com o presente estudo selecionar plantas leguminosas com o maior potencial para acumular C e N no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em 2018, em Redenção, Ceará. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos correspondem a: controle (solo sem cobertura vegetal), palha, mucuna preta, mucuna cinza, lablab, feijão-guandu, crotalária e feijão-de-porco. No florescimento (aos 67 dias após a semeadura), as leguminosas foram cortadas e deixadas sobre a área. Aos 78 dias após o corte, amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm para determinação da densidade do solo (Ds) e de partículas (Dp), porosidade total (Pt), carbono orgânico total (COT), estoques de carbono (EstC) e nitrogênio (EstN), nitrogênio total (NT) e a relação de carbono com nitrogênio (C:N). As plantas de cobertura não alteraram Ds, Dp,Pt, NT e a relação C:N, em razão da textura arenosa do solo e curto período experimental. Porém, contribuíram para o aumento dos teores de COT. As plantas leguminosas são capazes de aumentar o estoque de carbono do solo mesmo em curto prazo. A mucuna cinza é a planta leguminosa com maior potencial para acumular C no solo. No entanto, para manutenção de resíduo orgânico no solo é recomendado o uso de Crotalaria juncea.

Background: National and international institutions periodically demand information on forest indicators that are used for global reporting. Among other aspects, the carbon accumulated in the biomass of forest species must be reported. For this purpose, one of the main sources of data is the National Forest Inventory (NFI), which together with statistical empirical approaches and updating procedures can even allow annual estimates of the requested indicators. Methods: Stand level biomass models, relating the dry weight of the biomass with the stand volume were developed for the five main pine species in the Iberian Peninsula (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster). The dependence of the model on aridity and/or mean tree size was explored, as well as the importance of including the stand form factor to correct model bias. Furthermore, the capability of the models to estimate forest carbon stocks, updated for a given year, was also analysed. Results: The strong relationship between stand dry weight biomass and stand volume was modulated by the mean tree size, although the effect varied among the five pine species. Site humidity, measured using the Martonne aridity index, increased the biomass for a given volume in the cases of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus halepensis and Pinus nigra. Models that consider both mean tree size and stand form factor were more accurate and less biased than those that do not. The models developed allow carbon stocks in the main Iberian Peninsula pine forests to be estimated at stand level with biases of less than 0.2 Mg∙ha− 1. Conclusions: The results of this study reveal the importance of considering variables related with environmental conditions and stand structure when developing stand dry weight biomass models. The described methodology together with the models developed provide a precise tool that can be used for quantifying biomass and carbon stored in the Spanish pine forests in specific years whe

The food sector plays a crucial role in exceeding several planetary boundaries. Currently, humanity has the challenge to stay between these boundaries. Food forests are an approach for improving ecosystems in soil quality, sequestering carbon and enhancing biodiversity while providing food. However, this concept is yet nearly unstudied in temperate regions. Accordingly, this study attempted to investigate aboveground and belowground storage, carbon fluxes, and the build-up rate in the transition from grassland to a food forest through an in-depth case study in a temperate region. In order to analyse all key carbon pools, a plotless method was applied for the coppice, hedgerows, fruit and nut-bearing trees, and a plot-based method for the grass, herbs, litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). Overall, the results showed exponential growth in aboveground carbon in the living biomass, though remarkably different patterns for SOC over the first 5.5 years. The ground layer (e.g. grass, herbs, and litter) is a significant source of aboveground carbon in young food forests (95% in year 3.5 to 36% in year 5.5). The trees compartments showed an exponential increase, and the total stored carbon biomass in the food forests at the age of 5.5 is 6.0 t C ha-1 yr-1. The SOC differed over the years, which is 115 t C ha-1 in the grassland and depicts 78 to 136 t C ha-1in year 5.5. Finally, the food forest has the potential to sequester around 4.4 t C ha-1 yr-1 in above and belowground biomass, functioning as active carbon sinks already within the first five years of the case study. Coppice and hedgerows have proven to be vital in sequestering carbon in living biomass. Further research should investigate older food forests in temperate regions while bearing in mind the potential of coppices and hedgerows. In addition, a better understanding of belowground carbon is essential for assessing the net carbon impact of carbon farming initiatives, as the soil stores most of the carbon.

Los bosques poseen un rol clave en la mitigación del cambio climático ya que contribuyen a reducir los gases del efecto invernadero. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer la diversidad, la biomasa y la captura de carbono de un bosque secundario de caldén (Prosopis caldenia) de la Argentina. Su importancia radica en ser una formación vegetal nativa y endémica que ha sido modificado a través de la historia por la valoración de sus recursos naturales. Para cumplir con el objetivo, se aplicó la metodología de REDD+ que consta de un inventario aleatorio de 10 parcelas circulares cuya superficie total es de 1 ha. Se seleccionó como área de estudio la Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, provincia de La Pampa. Los resultados determinaron que el bosque de caldén contiene 156,4 Mg/ha de biomasa y la captura de carbono que realiza es de 78,2 t/ha. Conocer este valor contribuye a comprender los servicios ecosistémicos de este bosque y la importancia de su conservación., Forests play a key role in mitigating climate change as they contribute to reducing greenhouse gases. This work aims to know the diversity, biomass and carbon sequestration of a secondary forest of caldén (Prosopis caldenia) in Argentina. Its importance lies in being a na-tive and endemic plant formation that has been modified throughout history by the valuation of its natural resources. To meet the objective, the REDD + methodology was applied, consisting of a random inventory of 10 circular plots with a total area of 1 ha. The Reserva Provincial Laguna Guatraché, province of La Pampa, was selected as the study area. The results determined that the Caldén forest contains 156.4 Mg/ha of biomass and the carbon capture it performs is 78.2 t/ha. Knowing this value contributes to understanding the ecosystem services of this forest and the importance of its conservation.

Spatially resolved estimates of change in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are necessary for supporting national and international policies aimed at achieving land degradation neutrality and climate change mitigation. In this work we report on the development, implementation and application of a data-driven, statistical method for mapping SOC stocks in space and time, using Argentina as a pilot. We used quantile regression forest machine learning to predict annual SOC stock at 0–30 cm depth at 250 m resolution for Argentina between 1982 and 2017. The model was calibrated using over 5,000 SOC stock values from the 36-year time period and 35 environmental covariates. We preprocessed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dynamic covariates using a temporal low-pass filter to allow the SOC stock for a given year to depend on the NDVI of the current as well as preceding years. Predictions had modest temporal variation, with an average decrease for the entire country from 2.55 to 2.48 kg C m−2 over the 36-year period (equivalent to a decline of 211 Gg C, 3.0% of the total 0–30 cm SOC stock in Argentina). The Pampa region had a larger estimated SOC stock decrease from 4.62 to 4.34 kg C m−2 (5.9%) during the same period. For the 2001–2015 period, predicted temporal variation was seven-fold larger than that obtained using the Tier 1 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Prediction uncertainties turned out to be substantial, mainly due to the limited number and poor spatial and temporal distribution of the calibration data, and the limited explanatory power of the covariates. Cross-validation confirmed that SOC stock prediction accuracy was limited, with a mean error of 0.03 kg C m−2 and a root mean squared error of 2.04 kg C m−2. In spite of the large uncertainties, this work showed that machine learning methods can be used for space–time SOC mapping and may yield valuable information to lan

This paper sheds light on the state of our knowledge of relationships between plant diversity and tropical forests ecosystem services. We systematically reviewed the empirical evidence of relationships between three ecosystem services: carbon stock and sequestration, timber provisioning and non-timber forest product (NTFP) provisioning, and three dimensions of plant diversity: taxonomic, functional and structural. We carried out meta-analyses to assess their validity across spatial scales and plot sizes. We found that indicators of all three dimensions of plant diversity have reported relationships with at least two of the studied ecosystem services, but there has been limited and inconsistent use of plant diversity indicators and little attention for relationships with timber and NTFP services. Nevertheless, we found that tree species richness showed robust significant positive correlations with carbon stock across the tropics, and that the geographical extent of the study area had a significant negative effect on the strength of this relationship, where the strength of the relationship decreased with increasing geographical extent. This paper reveals a knowledge gap for services other than carbon stock and shows that at local to regional spatial scales, synergies can be achieved between policies focused on biodiversity conservation and maintenance of carbon stocks.

The approach is presented for estimating carbon fluxes in harvested wood products in accordance with the Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The effect of harvested wood products on carbon balance is described., Представлен подход для оценки потоков углерода в заготовленных лесоматериалах согласно руководящим принципам Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата. Описано влияние заготовленных лесоматериалов на баланс углерода.

A growing number of initiatives at global, regional and national scales propose to plant millions, billions or even trillions of trees as a simple solution to resolve complex environmental problems. However, tree planting is much more complicated than it seems. We summarize the multifaceted decision‐making process needed and offer guidelines to increase the success of the proposed ambitious efforts to increase tree cover world‐wide. Given the varied definitions of and motivations for tree planting, it is critical that stakeholders work together to clearly define the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of each project. Then a series of questions must be addressed about where and how (e.g. planting trees vs. allowing for natural forest regrowth) to most effectively achieve these goals and minimize unintended negative consequences, as well as how, when and by whom success of efforts will be evaluated. Key guidelines to successfully increase tree cover include: (a) first addressing the underlying drivers of deforestation; (b) integrating decision‐making across scales from local to global; (c) tailoring tree planting strategies to clearly stated project goals and planning, adaptively managing and evaluating success over a sufficiently long timeframe; (d) focusing on the forest ecosystem as a whole, and not just the trees; (e) coordinating different land uses and (f) involving stakeholders at all stages of the planning process. Synthesis and applications. Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well‐being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time‐scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio‐ecological complexities.

A growing number of initiatives at global, regional and national scales propose to plant millions, billions or even trillions of trees as a simple solution to resolve complex environmental problems. However, tree planting is much more complicated than it seems. We summarize the multifaceted decision‐making process needed and offer guidelines to increase the success of the proposed ambitious efforts to increase tree cover world‐wide. Given the varied definitions of and motivations for tree planting, it is critical that stakeholders work together to clearly define the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of each project. Then a series of questions must be addressed about where and how (e.g. planting trees vs. allowing for natural forest regrowth) to most effectively achieve these goals and minimize unintended negative consequences, as well as how, when and by whom success of efforts will be evaluated. Key guidelines to successfully increase tree cover include: (a) first addressing the underlying drivers of deforestation; (b) integrating decision‐making across scales from local to global; (c) tailoring tree planting strategies to clearly stated project goals and planning, adaptively managing and evaluating success over a sufficiently long timeframe; (d) focusing on the forest ecosystem as a whole, and not just the trees; (e) coordinating different land uses and (f) involving stakeholders at all stages of the planning process. Synthesis and applications. Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well‐being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time‐scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio‐ecological complexities.

Studies have demonstrated that certain MOS compartments are capable of detecting transformations in soil C contents with management. The reductions in these compartments are larger than those observed, the total C content of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the carbon stock of the densimetric fractions in different systems, the study carried out in the eastern Amazonia, Northeast of Pará, in Igarapé-Açu, Yellow Latosol soil, in experimental areas of the communities of Cumaru, Nova Olinda rural) and UFRA-FEIGA. The systems of use consist of T1 CC (Cumaru Capoeira), T2 CSQT (Cumaru without crushed burning), T3 CQ (Cumaru burning), T4 UFC (UFRA Capoeira), T5 UFSQT (UFRA without crushed burning), T6UFQ (UFRA burning) T7 SAF 1 C (SAF Capoeira Plantio), T8 SAF 1 PT (SAF planted crushed) T9 SAF 2 C (SAF Capoeira) T10 SAF 2 QP (SAF burned and planted). Soils were sampled at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm. The densimetrics fractions were separated for the determination of carbon contents by combustion in the LECO CHN-S TRUSTEC elemental analyzer. The variables were submitted to analysis of variance, compared with the SNK test with the SISVAR statistical program (FERREIRA, 2011). The fraction that stored carbon was the free light in the systems where there was no burning, with its sensitivity of the soil management system, where there was a greater stirring of this fraction if it was less present. The light, free fraction concentrated by storing more carbon than the occluded fraction in function of its different mechanisms and chemical composition., Estudos têm demonstrado que determinados compartimentos da MOS são capazes de detectar transformações nos conteúdos de C no solo com manejo. As reduções nestes compartimentos são maiores que as observadas, o conteúdo total de C do solo. O objetivo foi avaliar estoque de carbono das frações densimétricas em diferentes sistemas, o estudo realizado na Amazônia Oriental, Nordeste do Pará, em Igarapé-Açu, solo Latossolo Amarelo, em áreas experimentais das comunidades de Cumaru, Nova Olinda (em propriedades de pequenos produtores rurais) e UFRA-FEIGA. Os sistemas de uso consistem T1 CC(Cumaru Capoeira), T2 CSQT (Cumaru sem queima triturado), T3 CQ(Cumaru queima), T4 UFC (UFRA Capoeira), T5 UFSQT (UFRA sem queima triturado), T6UFQ (UFRA queima), T7 SAF 1 CT (SAF Capoeira Plantio), T8 SAF 1 PT(SAF plantio triturado) T9 SAF 2 C (SAF Capoeira) T10 SAF 2 QP(SAF queimado e plantio). Retirou-se amostras dos solos nas profundidades 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm e 10-20 cm. Separou-se as frações densimétricas para a determinação de teores de carbono por combustão em analisador elementar LECO CHN-S TRUSTEC, as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância, comparadas pelo teste de SNK com programa estatístico SISVAR (FERREIRA, 2011). A fração que estocou carbono foi a leve livre nos sistemas onde não ocorreram queima, com sua sensibilidade do sistema de manejo do solo, onde houve maior revolvimento desta fração se fez menos presente. A fração leve, livre concentrou estocando mais carbono que a fração oclusa em função dos seus diferentes mecanismos e composição química.

Food forests are a type of agroforestry designed to mimic natural forests, aimed at being low maintenance, biologically sustainable, resilient to climate change and highly efficient. This study has estimated the carbon stock of the understorey in a well-established, 0.64 ha peri-urban food forest in Devon, UK. Through various field measurements and the use of 23 allometric equations, above-ground biomass (AGB) was calculated, and below-ground biomass (BGB) was estimated based on a root-to-shoot ratio of 0.26. The corresponding carbon stock was calculated based on carbon content analysis of shrub samples of 31 species. The understorey was estimated to store 3.69 Mg C ha−1, corresponding to 8.54% of the total living carbon stock of 43.22 Mg C ha−1 stored within the food forest of the Agroforestry Research Trust. This study demonstrates that the often-overlooked understorey constitutes a notable addition to the living biomass carbon stock especially in temperate food forests with dense understoreys.

Tropical countries are now facing increasing global pressure to conserve tropical forests, while having to maintain cultivated lands (particularly shifting cultivation) for the subsistence of local people. To accomplish the effective conservation of tropical forests in harmony with subsistence shifting cultivation, we evaluated the influence of shifting cultivation on ecosystem services (i.e., biodiversity and carbon stock) at a landscape level based on three land-use scenarios. The study focus was the upland area between the Kinabalu Park and the Crocker Range Park in Sabah, northern Borneo, where local people conduct shifting cultivation for their subsistence. In this area, vegetation patches of various stages of secondary succession admix with shifting-cultivation lands. An earlier study in the same site depicted significant relationships between the stand ages of vegetation patches (which form a sere of secondary succession after the abandonment of cultivated land) and the above-ground biomass (i.e., carbon stock) and species composition of the stands. We incorporated these significant relationships to a stand-age estimation algorithm that had been developed earlier. We first mapped current (as of 2010) spatial patterns of the above-ground biomass and plant-community composition for the whole landscape. Subsequently, we simulated the spatiotemporal patterns of the above-ground biomass and plant-community distribution using three land-use scenarios: (1) reducing the area of shifting cultivation by one half and protecting the rest of the area; (2) shortening the minimum fallow period from 7 to 4 years while maintaining the same area of cultivation; and (3) elongating the minimum fallow period from 7 to 10 years while maintaining the same area of cultivation. Results indicated that land use based on scenario 2 could increase the carbon stock while maintaining the cultivation area. Our methods were effective in mapping the structure and composition of highly dynamic