Search

The estrus cycle of bitches is divided into four phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus, during which different morphological changes, and also cyclic changes of estrogen and progesterone receptors are present. Several pathological changes can be differentiated on the endometrium, but one of these is the most important - cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which frequently develops into pyometra. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological characteristics, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors on the endometrium of mixed-breed bitches during the different phases of the estrus cycle, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. The uterus and ovaries of 36 mixed breed bitches in different phases of the estrus cycle and also with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and chronic purulent endometritis - pyometra were examined macroscopically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically for estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). During proestrus uterine cells showed a weak reaction for both estrogen and progesterone receptors, but during estrus a large number of uterine cells showed a strong reaction on estrogen receptors and moderate reaction on progesterone receptors. On the contrary, during diestrus the scores for the estrogen receptors decreased, while the progesterone receptors level increased - uterine cells expressed strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and moderate reaction for estrogen receptors. Uterine cells in cystic endometrial hyperplasia expressed a strong reaction for estrogen receptors, and moderate reaction for progesterone receptors, but on the other hand the uterine cells in the uterus with pyometra expressed a moderate to strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and a weak reaction for estrogen receptors. In further investigations it would be interesting to perform quantitative analysis for both estrogen and progesterone receptors during different phases of the estrus cycle and also

The estrus cycle of bitches is divided into four phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus, during which different morphological changes, and also cyclic changes of estrogen and progesterone receptors are present. Several pathological changes can be differentiated on the endometrium, but one of these is the most important - cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which frequently develops into pyometra. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological characteristics, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors on the endometrium of mixed-breed bitches during the different phases of the estrus cycle, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. The uterus and ovaries of 36 mixed breed bitches in different phases of the estrus cycle and also with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and chronic purulent endometritis - pyometra were examined macroscopically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically for estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). During proestrus uterine cells showed a weak reaction for both estrogen and progesterone receptors, but during estrus a large number of uterine cells showed a strong reaction on estrogen receptors and moderate reaction on progesterone receptors. On the contrary, during diestrus the scores for the estrogen receptors decreased, while the progesterone receptors level increased - uterine cells expressed strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and moderate reaction for estrogen receptors. Uterine cells in cystic endometrial hyperplasia expressed a strong reaction for estrogen receptors, and moderate reaction for progesterone receptors, but on the other hand the uterine cells in the uterus with pyometra expressed a moderate to strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and a weak reaction for estrogen receptors. In further investigations it would be interesting to perform quantitative analysis for both estrogen and progesterone receptors during different phases of the estrus cycle and also

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parameters of intraoperative and postoperative pain in bitches undergoing laparoscopic or conventional ovariectomy. The study was conducted on 20 healthy, adult bitches of medium and large breeds. All the bitches were subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Carprofen was applied preoperatively, and general anaesthesia was carried out with a combination of medetomidine, propofol and sevoflurane. The bitches were divided into two groups of 10 individuals each. The first group underwent conventional ovariectomy while the second one was subjected to the laparoscopic procedure. The intensity of intraoperative pain was estimated at different time points by measuring changes in heart and respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and body temperature. A multifactor pain scale was used to assess the intensity of postoperative pain. Dogs in the group which was scheduled for conventional ovariectomy (COV group) responded to painful intra-operative stimuli with increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure and body temperature decrease was detected in COV group. Laparoscopic ovariectomy induced less intra- and postoperative pain when compared to conventional ovariectomy. Beside that, the total anaesthesia time and postoperative recovery were shorter in dogs that underwent laparascopic ovariectomy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parameters of intraoperative and postoperative pain in bitches undergoing laparoscopic or conventional ovariectomy. The study was conducted on 20 healthy, adult bitches of medium and large breeds. All the bitches were subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Carprofen was applied preoperatively, and general anaesthesia was carried out with a combination of medetomidine, propofol and sevoflurane. The bitches were divided into two groups of 10 individuals each. The first group underwent conventional ovariectomy while the second one was subjected to the laparoscopic procedure. The intensity of intraoperative pain was estimated at different time points by measuring changes in heart and respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and body temperature. A multifactor pain scale was used to assess the intensity of postoperative pain. Dogs in the group which was scheduled for conventional ovariectomy (COV group) responded to painful intra-operative stimuli with increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure and body temperature decrease was detected in COV group. Laparoscopic ovariectomy induced less intra- and postoperative pain when compared to conventional ovariectomy. Beside that, the total anaesthesia time and postoperative recovery were shorter in dogs that underwent laparascopic ovariectomy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parameters of intraoperative and postoperative pain in bitches undergoing laparoscopic or conventional ovariectomy. The study was conducted on 20 healthy, adult bitches of medium and large breeds. All the bitches were subjected to the same anesthetic protocol. Carprofen was applied preoperatively, and general anaesthesia was carried out with a combination of medetomidine, propofol and sevoflurane. The bitches were divided into two groups of 10 individuals each. The first group underwent conventional ovariectomy while the second one was subjected to the laparoscopic procedure. The intensity of intraoperative pain was estimated at different time points by measuring changes in heart and respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and body temperature. A multifactor pain scale was used to assess the intensity of postoperative pain. Dogs in the group which was scheduled for conventional ovariectomy (COV group) responded to painful intra-operative stimuli with increased heart rate and respiratory rate. Arterial blood pressure and body temperature decrease was detected in COV group. Laparoscopic ovariectomy induced less intra- and postoperative pain when compared to conventional ovariectomy. Beside that, the total anaesthesia time and postoperative recovery were shorter in dogs that underwent laparascopic ovariectomy.

This essay is about the female characters in the books of Hemingway. Are they as simple as some critics say, or are they more complex beings, and which ones of the women in the life of Hemingway, can be noticed in his female characters? In the work with this essay, biographies of Hemingway as well as a few of his novels have been studied. The selected novels are Farewell to Arms, Across the River and into the Trees, The Sun also rises and the short story The Snows of Kilimanjaro. The selection was based on the fact that these stories contain good female characters. The result of the essay is that I don´t think that it is possible to divide the female characters in the works of Hemingway, in two categories. I think that they are more complex beings and a reflection of their time.

This essay is about the female characters in the books of Hemingway. Are they as simple as some critics say, or are they more complex beings, and which ones of the women in the life of Hemingway, can be noticed in his female characters? In the work with this essay, biographies of Hemingway as well as a few of his novels have been studied. The selected novels are Farewell to Arms, Across the River and into the Trees, The Sun also rises and the short story The Snows of Kilimanjaro. The selection was based on the fact that these stories contain good female characters. The result of the essay is that I don´t think that it is possible to divide the female characters in the works of Hemingway, in two categories. I think that they are more complex beings and a reflection of their time.

Atallah F.A., Silva R.S., Ramos M.L.M., Oliveira A.L.A., França T.N. & Brito M.F. [Postoperative complications in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy in Rio de Janeiro]. Complicações pós-cirúrgicas em cadelas submetidas a ovário-histerectomia no Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 35(Supl.1):61- 69, 2013. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 25959-215, Brasil. E-mail: fabiane-vet@hotmail.com The aim was to evaluate the postoperative complications in 20 bitches previously submitted to ovariohysterectomy in Rio de Janeiro city, to correct these complications by surgery, and to correlate the findings in preoperative diagnostic exams with those found during exploratory laparotomy. The bitches were evaluated until the third month after consultation. They were submitted to clinical and laboratory exams, and to ultrasound of the pelvic and abdominal regions. The most important complications found were fistulas, granuloma, adherence, ovarian remnants, hydronephrosis, and hydroureter. The complications after OVH appeared immediately after surgery up to eight years. This study revealed that mistakes occur frequently in several scales during the veterinary practice and may cause alterations in organs and lead to death., Esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar e corrigir cirurgicamente as complicações pós-operatórias em 20 cadelas anteriormente submetidas à ovário-histerectomia na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, bem como correlacionar as alterações observadas nos exames diagnósticos pré-operatórios com as observadas durante a laparotomia exploratória. Os animais foram avaliados até o terceiro mês. As cadelas foram submetidas a exames clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem das regiões pélvica e abdominal. As complicações mais importantes relacionadas aos sistemas genito-urinário e digestório como fístulas, granulomas, aderências, ovário remanescente, hidronefrose e hidroureter também foram confirmadas na laparotomia exploratória. O período de aparecimento das complicações após a OVH variou desde o pós-operatório imediato até oito anos. Esse estudo identificou que esses erros são corriqueiramente cometidos no exercício da Medicina Veterinária e podem provocar severas alterações que podem culminar até com a morte do animal.

Atallah F.A., Silva R.S., Ramos M.L.M., Oliveira A.L.A., França T.N. & Brito M.F. [Postoperative complications in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy in Rio de Janeiro]. Complicações pós-cirúrgicas em cadelas submetidas a ovário-histerectomia no Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 35(Supl.1):61- 69, 2013. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Horto, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 25959-215, Brasil. E-mail: fabiane-vet@hotmail.com The aim was to evaluate the postoperative complications in 20 bitches previously submitted to ovariohysterectomy in Rio de Janeiro city, to correct these complications by surgery, and to correlate the findings in preoperative diagnostic exams with those found during exploratory laparotomy. The bitches were evaluated until the third month after consultation. They were submitted to clinical and laboratory exams, and to ultrasound of the pelvic and abdominal regions. The most important complications found were fistulas, granuloma, adherence, ovarian remnants, hydronephrosis, and hydroureter. The complications after OVH appeared immediately after surgery up to eight years. This study revealed that mistakes occur frequently in several scales during the veterinary practice and may cause alterations in organs and lead to death., Esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar e corrigir cirurgicamente as complicações pós-operatórias em 20 cadelas anteriormente submetidas à ovário-histerectomia na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, bem como correlacionar as alterações observadas nos exames diagnósticos pré-operatórios com as observadas durante a laparotomia exploratória. Os animais foram avaliados até o terceiro mês. As cadelas foram submetidas a exames clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem das regiões pélvica e abdominal. As complicações mais importantes relacionadas aos sistemas genito-urinário e digestório como fístulas, granulomas, aderências, ovário remanescente, hidronefrose e hidroureter também foram confirmadas na laparotomia exploratória. O período de aparecimento das complicações após a OVH variou desde o pós-operatório imediato até oito anos. Esse estudo identificou que esses erros são corriqueiramente cometidos no exercício da Medicina Veterinária e podem provocar severas alterações que podem culminar até com a morte do animal.

Vaginal mucosa of bitches is not sterile environment, and a large number of pathogen and normal bacterial fl ora can be found in vaginal smear. The vaginal fl ora of bitches contains a large variety of bacterial species, including both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The microorganisms most commonly isolated are E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Microccocus spp. The aim of the study was to determine vaginal, cervical and uterine bacterial fl ora at healthy bitches at the different stages of the oestrus cycle. Vaginal, cervical and uterine smears were obtained from 38 healthy bitches (Juvenile=5, Anoestrus=16, Proestrus=6, Oestrus=4, Metoestrus=2 and Pregnant=5). Vaginal smears were collected before ovariohysterectomy, while uterine and cervical smears were collected during the operation. The most commonly isolated microorganisms in vaginal smears were Proteus spp. (34.61%), Staphylococcus aureus (30.77%), while Staphylococcus intermedius, Micrococcus spp. and E. coli were isolated in 7.69%, and Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Yeast in 3.85%. Uterine smears were sterile, and in only one cervical sample was isolated and identifi ed Proteus spp. Bacterial isolation at healthy bitches is very important, because vaginal fl ora of bitches contains many different microorganisms and each of them can become pathogenic when an enabling condition is created, which consequently can cause infl ammation of genital tract, septicaemia, abortion, puerperal disorders and have an infl uence on the future fertility.

So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not. The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.

So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not. The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.