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In ancient times, rodents were a major problem causing economic losses and an epidemiological threat due to the bacteria and parasites they carried. Ancient authors primarily mentioned field mice and house mice, which ate the grain, contaminated the land and food intended for humans and animals, and caused damage within the house and farm buildings. Most of the advice preserved from those times was on how to exterminate rodents, with only few texts providing recommendations on how to protect farm buildings and grain from mice. Ancient poison formulas primarily relied on poisonous plants and were usually served in cake form or added to food. There are some differences within the recommended poisons. More toxic substances were used in the farmyard and outbuildings than in the houses, which probably has to do with the risk that these poisons, due to their composition, posed to people and especially children., In ancient times, rodents were a major problem causing economic losses and an epidemiological threat due to the bacteria and parasites they carried. Ancient authors primarily mentioned field mice and house mice, which ate the grain, contaminated the land and food intended for humans and animals, and caused damage within the house and farm buildings. Most of the advice preserved from those times was on how to exterminate rodents, with only few texts providing recommendations on how to protect farm buildings and grain from mice. Ancient poison formulas primarily relied on poisonous plants and were usually served in cake form or added to food. There are some differences within the recommended poisons. More toxic substances were used in the farmyard and outbuildings than in the houses, which probably has to do with the risk that these poisons, due to their composition, posed to people and especially children.

This paper examines El honrado hermano, a historical comedy by Lope de Vega set in Ancient Rome, from the construction of its four main characters. Our analysis shows that the protagonist couple, who are part of the victors –the Romans Horatio and Flavia – do not fulfill the typical features of the gallant and the lady in Lope, but rather it is the rival couple – Curiacio and Flavia – who assume these characteristics as their own. It is concluded that this situation – which is already potentially present in the main source of the play, Titus Livy’s History of Rome – has to do with a political reading of the play: the past of Rome is dramatized from a heroic perspective, but the positive vision is assumed by the losers of the conflict: the people of Alba Longa. The recognition and assumption of the defeated is proposed as a condition for the development of the empire, a reading that can be projected to the creation of a collective Hispanic identity., Este trabajo examina El honrado hermano, un drama histórico de Lope de Vega ambientada en la Antigua Roma, a partir de la construcción de sus cuatro personajes principales. Nuestro análisis muestra que la pareja protagonista, que forma parte de los vencedores —los romanos Horacio y Flavia— no cumplen con los rasgos típicos de galán y la dama en Lope, sino que son la pareja rival —Curiacio y Flavia— los que asumen como propias estas características. Se concluye que esta situación —que está potencialmente en la fuente principal de la obra, la Historia de Roma de Tito Livio— tiene que ver con una lectura política de la obra: el pasado de Roma se dramatiza desde una visión heroica, pero no plenamente positiva, que asumen los perdedores de la contienda: el pueblo albano. El reconocimiento y la asunción del derrotado se plantea como una condición para el desarrollo del imperio, una lectura que puede proyectarse a la creación de una identidad colectiva hispana.

The Roman villa of Rufio, built on the Augustan period, was occupied until the end of the 1st-beginning of 2nd century AD. This paper addresses one of the most fundamental, yet frequently almost invisible, part of the architectural forms of this complex, its structures erected with earth. Their study allows to interpret that they would have been rammed earth walls. This building technique can be difficult to identify in archaeological contexts and is not among the most highlighted in Roman architecture. Even though, it is known to have been applied throughout the Empire and also in different sites of the Italian Peninsula. The characteristics shown by the architectural remains of this villa during its excavation can be linked with seismic activity, being in a territory of high seismic risk where earthen architecture, together with other building elements, could have played a role in this during Roman times. The use of massive earth walls, the adoption of other building techniques and elements and a series of damages, displacements and deformations can be interpreted in a sequence of building phases, possibly motivated by different seismic events., La villa romaine de Rufio, construite à l’époque augustéenne, a été occupée jusqu’à la fin du Ier siècle-début du IIe siècle de notre ère. Cet article aborde l’une des parties les plus fondamentales, mais souvent presque invisibles, des formes architecturales de ce complexe, à savoir ses structures érigées en terre. Leur étude laisse supposer qu’il s’agissait de murs en terre battue. Cette technique de construction peut être difficile à identifier dans les contextes archéologiques, et ne figure pas parmi les plus mises en valeur dans l’architecture romaine. Pourtant, on sait qu’elle a été utilisée dans tout l’Empire et dans différents sites de la péninsule italienne. Les caractéristiques montrées par les vestiges architecturaux de cette villa lors de sa fouille peuvent être liées à l’activité sismique, étant donné qu’elle se trouve dans un territoire à haut risque sismique où l’architecture en terre, ainsi que d’autres éléments de construction, pourraient avoir joué un rôle dans ce sens au cours de l’époque romaine. L’utilisation de murs de terre massifs, l’adoption d’autres techniques et éléments de construction et une série de dommages, de déplacements et de déformations peuvent être interprétées comme une séquence de phases de construction, peut-être motivées par différents événements sismiques.

En la antigua Roma y en la Hispania romana, la esclavitud era una institución importante para el funcionamiento del Estado y la economía. Sin embargo, también existía la práctica de la manumisión, que permitía a algunos esclavos alcanzar la libertad y mejorar su situación social y económica. Estos hombres y mujeres liberados, llamados libertos, tenían una condición jurídica diferente a la de los ingenuos y ocupaban diversas funciones en la sociedad romana. En el caso de Hispania, la presencia de libertos se debía en gran medida a la explotación de las minas, la agricultura y el comercio. En este trabajo se analizará la situación de los libertos, su relación con sus antiguos amos y su integración en la sociedad, a través del análisis de diversas fuentes, usando la casuística hispana como caso de estudio preferente, In ancient Rome and Roman Hispania, slavery was an important institution for the functioning of the state and the economy. However, there was also the practice of manumission, which allowed some slaves to achieve freedom and improve their social and economic situation. These freed men and women, called liberti, had a different legal status than ingenui and occupied various functions in Roman society. In the case of Hispania, the presence of liberti was largely due to the exploitation of mines, agriculture, and trade. This work will analyze the situation of liberti, their relationship with their former masters, and their integration into society through the analysis of various sources, using the Hispanic case as a preferred study case., Grado en Historia

In Roman New Comedy, each role is a caricature informed by societal expectations: the passive matrona, the grouchy uir, the abused but patient young uxor, the egotistical adulescens, and the self-serving meretrix. Hecyra stands out among Terence’s plays because it is unclear whether he is reinforcing or deconstructing these familiar stereotypes. Most scholars focus on the role of women, who are more involved in this play than any other by Terence. They seem to drive the plot forward and have more information than the men, but at the same time, they might be said to placate their husbands and sacrifice for their children. This begs the question, “Are the women in Hecyra acting unusually?” This paper will examine the expectations of women in New Comedy in relation to scenes where women in Hecyra might be said to be contradicting their prescribed roles. This discussion will prove that the wives are not acting in unexpected ways. Although they are active characters, they behave as is proper for mothers and wives. The question then becomes, “Why do the Hecyra women appear to be acting unusually to us?” To answer this, it will be necessary to look critically at the ways in which the women interact with the Hecyra men. As a result, it will become clear that it is not the women, but Pamphilus, the adulescens, himself who is defying gender expectations.

This paper addresses evidence of the construction of earthen walls in the Roman villa of Gaius Iulius Rufio, a great archaeological complex located on Giano dell’Umbria (Perugia, Italy), beside the via Flaminia. The earthen structures identified were built in different parts of the villa, in the pars urbana as well as in the pars rustica, and would be present from the first building phase of the Augustan period, some of the walls corresponding to later re-buildings. These constructions had diverse degrees of preservation when they were brought to light during the excavations and have also been inferred from different indicators, as a result of the successive research carried out at the site. Despite the difficulties in the preservation and distinction of massive earth walls, evidence shows that these were central in the architecture of this villa, helping defy the prejudice against the idea of building with earth in these privileged habitats of the ancient Roman world., Il contributo tratta delle strutture murarie in terra della villa romana di Gaius Iulius Rufio, un grande complesso archeologico situato a Giano dell’Umbria (Perugia, Italia), accanto alla via Flaminia. Le strutture in terra sono attestate in diverse parti della villa, sia nella pars urbana che nella pars rustica, e sembrano presenti dalla prima fase di costruzione di età augustea, mentre alcuni muri corrispondono a ricostruzioni successive. Queste strutture presentavano un diverso grado di conservazione al momento della loro messa in luce durante gli scavi, e la loro esistenza è stata anche dedotta da diversi indicatori a seguito delle successive ricerche svolte nel sito. Malgrado le difficoltà nella loro conservazione e riconoscimento, le evidenze dimostrano che i muri in terra erano centrali nell’architettura della villa, e al contempo contribuiscono a sfatare il pregiudizio secondo cui l’edilizia in terra non era impiegata in questo tipo di contesti di lusso in età romana.

This article discusses the experience of disability in ancient Rome through the letters Ep. 1.12 and Ep. 8.18 of Pliny the Younger (1st-2nd centuries CE). The main characters of these letters, Corellius Rufus and Domitius Tullus, were two senators with reduced mobility and assisted in their daily tasks by relatives and enslaved people. Based on the methodology provided by Disability Studies, we analyse the agency of the subjects of study as disabled people, as well as the role that assistance played in their lives and how their environment conditioned their life decisions. Finally, we address Pliny the Younger's personal perspective and the bias this may entail when interpreting the meaning of the letters., Este artículo aborda la experiencia de la discapacidad en la antigua Roma a través de las cartas Ep. 1.12 y Ep. 8.18 de Plinio el Joven (ss. I-II n.e.). Los protagonistas de estas misivas, Corelio Rufo y Domicio Tulo, fueron dos senadores con movilidad limitada y asistidos en las tareas cotidianas por familiares y personas esclavizadas. Partiendo de la metodología proporcionada por los Estudios de Discapacidad, analizamos la agencia de los sujetos de estudio en cuanto que personas discapacitadas, así como el papel que la asistencia jugó en sus vidas y cómo su entorno condicionó sus decisiones vitales. Finalmente, abordamos la perspectiva personal de Plinio el Joven y el sesgo que ésta puede suponer a la hora de interpretar el significado de las cartas., Este artigo aborda a experiência da deficiência na Roma antiga através das cartas Ep. 1.12 e Ep. 8.18 de Plínio o Jovem (1ª-2ª c. n.e.). Os protagonistas destas cartas, Corélio Rufo e Domício Tulo, foram dois senadores com mobilidade limitada e assistidos em tarefas diárias por familiares e pessoas escravizadas. Com base na metodologia fornecida pelos Estudos sobre Deficiência, analisamos a agência dos sujeitos de estudo como pessoas com deficiência, bem como o papel que a assistência desempenhou nas suas vidas e como o seu ambiente condicionou as suas decisões de vida. Finalmente, abordamos a perspectiva pessoal de Plínio o Jovem e o preconceito que isto pode implicar ao interpretar o significado das letras.

This article analyses the important role that the archeological museums carried out in the construction of national identities during the 19th century. Specifically, it studies the cases of Spain and Italy, two Southern European countries with similar, but also different characteristics when it comes to the shaping of their identities. One of these was the restoration of the past Roman remains as the essence of identity of the common history. From the analysis of different Spanish and Italian study cases, it can be understood how the construction process of the Nation-state makes use of the re-readings of the past to fulfil the needs of the present. The re-readings of national history on behalf of the government involved the creation of new tales to unite society under the same characteristics and traits. In the 19th century Spain, the importance given to the archaeology and the need to create a common narrative for national cohesion led to the evocation of the “Roman Spain”. This expression came about as a 19th century idea to adapt the past and vindicate it by means of culture. The archaeological discoveries and literary productions of the 19th century helped to create an imaginary collective based on Roman Spain. 19th century Italy, after its Unification and the definitive installation of the capital in Rome, went through a rediscovery of its own classical past. Together with the Etruscan civilization, the Romans allowed Rome to become the cultural epicenter of the country again, justifying the reasons for it being the capital and strengthening the identity of the villages., Este artículo analiza el importante papel que desempeñaron los museos de arqueología en la construcción de las identidades nacionales durante el siglo XIX. En concreto, se estudian los casos de España e Italia, dos países de la Europa meridional con características similares pero divergentes en el proceso de conformación de sus identidades nacionales. Una de estas fue la repristinación de los restos del pasado romano como esencia identitaria de la historia común. A partir del análisis de diversos casos de estudio españoles e italianos, se comprende cómo el proceso de construcción del Estado-nación se sirve de las relecturas del pasado para favorecer las necesidades del presente. Las relecturas de la historia nacional por parte del oficialismo comportaron la elaboración de nuevos relatos para aunar a la sociedad bajo unas mismas características y rasgos. En la España del siglo XIX, la importancia dada a la arqueología y la necesidad de narrar una historia común para la cohesión de la nación conllevaron la evocación de la ‘España romana’. La propia expresión surgió como idea decimonónica para adaptar el pasado y reivindicarlo mediante la cultura. Los descubrimientos arqueológicos y la producción literaria del siglo XIX ayudaron a crear un imaginario colectivo basado en la Hispania romana. La Italia del Ochocientos, después de su Unificación y con la instalación definitiva de la capital en Roma, experimentó un redescubrimiento de su propio pasado clásico. Junto a la civilización etrusca, la romana permitió situar nuevamente a Roma en el epicentro cultural del país, justificar su capitalidad y fortalecer la identificación de los pueblos.

This paper explores historical evidence of restrictive eating, as well as binging and purging in the ancient world from 3100 BC to around 476 AD in order to draw comparisons with contemporary restrictive and binge eating disorders — namely, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It aims to analyze the causes of disordered eating over time with regard to societal norms and attitudes, examining the ways in which these disorders diverge between the ancient and modern worlds. Principally, this paper asserts that differences in the significance of body image on a societal level account for distinctions in the motivations of disordered eating within the ancient and modern worlds. There are, however, key parallels to behaviors that women exhibit with regard to disordered eating that can be attributed to the continuity of patriarchal structures between these two time periods.

In the ancient world, magic and magical practice was in fact hugely common between people and within the society, different types of magical material has been proved to be importent instrument during those mysterious events. But how we see those ancient materials and how we read them is still one of the key questions that we cannot answer with our modern understanding. Yet, it is not totally impossible to try to solve this type of question. This study will be concerned with ancient amulets from the Roman world, and the time period will draw on the imperial period in ancient Rome. The amulet can be categorized into different types, depending on what subject and motives they are focusing on, for example, amulet to protect mothers during the childbirth is one of the common type of protecting amulet for women, because mortality rate for both mother and the child was extremely high during the ancient period; there’s even amulets that protect people from evil spirits, such as the evil eye, which will be explained in one of the chapter. In this case, this study will be focusing on one type named “bullae”, which is speculated to be used only by roman children. It will be interpret with ancient literature and modern researches, so we may be able to investigate a part of how and why ancient people were using magical materials in their common life, also what it could tell us about the society of ancient Rome, and at last, in which ways do we know that this type of thing can be recognize as “amulet” instead of other types of jewellery.

This paper explores historical evidence of restrictive eating, as well as binging and purging in the ancient world from 3100 BC to around 476 AD in order to draw comparisons with contemporary restrictive and binge eating disorders — namely, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It aims to analyze the causes of disordered eating over time with regard to societal norms and attitudes, examining the ways in which these disorders diverge between the ancient and modern worlds. Principally, this paper asserts that differences in the significance of body image on a societal level account for distinctions in the motivations of disordered eating within the ancient and modern worlds. There are, however, key parallels to behaviors that women exhibit with regard to disordered eating that can be attributed to the continuity of patriarchal structures between these two time periods.

In the ancient world, magic and magical practice was in fact hugely common between people and within the society, different types of magical material has been proved to be importent instrument during those mysterious events. But how we see those ancient materials and how we read them is still one of the key questions that we cannot answer with our modern understanding. Yet, it is not totally impossible to try to solve this type of question. This study will be concerned with ancient amulets from the Roman world, and the time period will draw on the imperial period in ancient Rome. The amulet can be categorized into different types, depending on what subject and motives they are focusing on, for example, amulet to protect mothers during the childbirth is one of the common type of protecting amulet for women, because mortality rate for both mother and the child was extremely high during the ancient period; there’s even amulets that protect people from evil spirits, such as the evil eye, which will be explained in one of the chapter. In this case, this study will be focusing on one type named “bullae”, which is speculated to be used only by roman children. It will be interpret with ancient literature and modern researches, so we may be able to investigate a part of how and why ancient people were using magical materials in their common life, also what it could tell us about the society of ancient Rome, and at last, in which ways do we know that this type of thing can be recognize as “amulet” instead of other types of jewellery.

Los autores clásicos transmiten una imagen de la mujer romana bastante parcial y llena de tópicos negativos, dedicada fundamentalmente al cuidado del hogar y de los hijos. Toda aquella fémina que se saliera de este rígido esquema era duramente criticada por ello. En cambio, las fuentes epigráficas revelan una situación bien distinta, puesto que en ellas se conserva el recuerdo de mujeres realizando importantes y generosas donaciones hacia su comunidad, o bien siendo homenajeadas públicamente con la erección de estatuas honoríficas en los espacios más representativos de la ciudad. El objetivo de nuestro artículo será precisamente trasladar esa realidad transmitida por la epigrafía al aula de Educación Secundaria, en la que todavía hace falta aumentar la presencia de contenidos de género. A tal efecto, se han diseñado dos propuestas de actividades digitales para trabajar la historia de la mujer en la ciudad romana. Como se podrá comprobar, estos ejercicios no sólo contribuyen a paliar la carencia de los temas de género en los planes de estudios, sino que también resultan útiles para abordar otros conocimientos relacionados con la materia y simultáneamente desarrollar varias competencias gracias a su enfoque interdisciplinar., Roman woman’s picture emerged from the ancient authors is rather partial and plenty of negative clichés: they were basically devoted to take care of the home and children. Any woman out of this rigid scheme was harshly criticised for it. Nevertheless, epigraphic sources reveal a very different situation, since they record women bestowing generous donations to their community or being publicly honoured with honorific statues in the most important places in the town. The aim of our paper is to transfer this reality showed by epigraphy to the secondary school classroom, where there is still a need to increase the presence of gender content. With that purpose, two proposals for digital activities have been designed to work on the history of women in the Roman town. These activities not only contribute to diminish the lack of gender topics in the curriculum, but are also useful to approach other gender-related knowledge and simultaneously improve several competencies thanks to their interdisciplinary approach.

Los autores clásicos transmiten una imagen de la mujer romana bastante parcial y llena de tópicos negativos, dedicada fundamentalmente al cuidado del hogar y de los hijos. Toda aquella fémina que se saliera de este rígido esquema era duramente criticada por ello. En cambio, las fuentes epigráficas revelan una situación bien distinta, puesto que en ellas se conserva el recuerdo de mujeres realizando importantes y generosas donaciones hacia su comunidad, o bien siendo homenajeadas públicamente con la erección de estatuas honoríficas en los espacios más representativos de la ciudad. El objetivo de nuestro artículo será precisamente trasladar esa realidad transmitida por la epigrafía al aula de Educación Secundaria, en la que todavía hace falta aumentar la presencia de contenidos de género. A tal efecto, se han diseñado dos propuestas de actividades digitales para trabajar la historia de la mujer en la ciudad romana. Como se podrá comprobar, estos ejercicios no sólo contribuyen a paliar la carencia de los temas de género en los planes de estudios, sino que también resultan útiles para abordar otros conocimientos relacionados con la materia y simultáneamente desarrollar varias competencias gracias a su enfoque interdisciplinar., Roman woman’s picture emerged from the ancient authors is rather partial and plenty of negative clichés: they were basically devoted to take care of the home and children. Any woman out of this rigid scheme was harshly criticised for it. Nevertheless, epigraphic sources reveal a very different situation, since they record women bestowing generous donations to their community or being publicly honoured with honorific statues in the most important places in the town. The aim of our paper is to transfer this reality showed by epigraphy to the secondary school classroom, where there is still a need to increase the presence of gender content. With that purpose, two proposals for digital activities have been designed to work on the history of women in the Roman town. These activities not only contribute to diminish the lack of gender topics in the curriculum, but are also useful to approach other gender-related knowledge and simultaneously improve several competencies thanks to their interdisciplinary approach.

В статье изучается практика выпуска «серийных» монет на различных монетных дворах в период Римской империи на примере двенадцати подвигов Геракла (в римской интерпретации – Геркулеса). Под «серией» в данной статье подразумевается комплекс монет, независимо от металла и номинала, выпущенный в пределах правления одного римского императора, одного монетного двора и/или одного географического места, объединённых между собой одним героем или единой сюжетной линией. Установлено, что серии с подвигами Геракла во II-III в. н.э. чеканились во всех частях обширной римской державы и за её границами: от крайнего юга (г. Александрия, Египет) до севера (г. Пантикапей, Боспорское царство), от запада (г. Тарсус, Киликия) до востока (г. Колония Агриппина, «Галльская империя» Марка Постума). Серийный выпуск монет с Гераклом зафиксирован и на монетном дворе центра державы – г. Рим. Мифология Геракла, его «жизнь» и деяния, воспринятые римлянами у греков, пользовались невероятной популярностью во всех частях античного мира вплоть до его заката. Подтверждением этому, помимо всех видов изобразительного искусства и эпиграфики, служит обширный нумизматический материал. Цель настоящей работы – расширить и углубить знания читателя об античной нумизматике, представив её бесконечном многообразии, а также вызвать интерес к дальнейшему исследованию серийных выпусков античных монет. Статья снабжена обширным иллюстративным материалом., The article examines the practice of issuing "serial" coins at various mints during the Roman Empire on the example of the twelve labors of Heracles (in the Roman interpretation - Hercules). In this article, a "series" means a complex of coins, regardless of metal and denomination, issued within the reign of one Roman emperor, one mint and / or one geographical place, united by one hero or a single storyline. It was established that the series with the exploits of Heracles in the II-III centuries. AD were minted in all parts of the vast Roman state and beyond its borders: from the southernmost (Alexandria, Egypt) to the north (Panticapaeum, Bosporan kingdom), from the west (Tarsus, Cilicia) to the east (Colonia Agrippina, "Gallic Empire" by Mark Postumus). The serial issue of coins with Heracles was also recorded at the mint of the center of the state in Rome.

This study investigates the cognomina of Roman women. The cognomen was the latest component of the Roman onomastic system and in the course of the early first century CE it came to be the most important individual name of Roman citizens. Roman women, unlike men, did not normally bear any individualizing first names and most women during the Republic (509–27 BCE) had only their father’s gentile name in the feminine form. Through the emergence of the female cognomen, all Roman women eventually came to have an individual name and, consequently, a genuine individual identity in the public eye. The thesis offers, on the one hand, a comprehensive investigation on the typology of female cognomina and the various ways they could be formed; and on the other hand, a survey on how these cognomina could be chosen and for what reasons. These practices are investigated over a time period of c. 400 years (c. 100 BCE – 300 CE), in different geographical regions throughout the Roman Empire (with emphasis on the city of Rome and the Italian peninsula), and in different social strata. The material consists of written primary sources, mostly of inscriptions in Latin and Greek but also of testimonies of ancient authors. The study consists of five main chapters. Chapter 1 describes the scope, methods, sources, and scholarly framework of the study and offers a general description of the Roman onomastic system and the cognomen. Chapter 2 explores the types, variety, and formal and semantic aspects of female cognomina. Chapter 3 investigates the early chronology and the emergence of the cognomen in women’s nomenclature, presenting and analyzing the earliest datable evidence. Chapter 4 provides a survey of the various possibilities for choosing a cognomen, but also a survey of the non-use of cognomina in the imperial period. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of the thesis with a concluding analysis.

Gender Archaeology was consolidated as a field of study in the 20th century, between feminist actions that dialogue with the human sciences, as well by the development of the post-processual current in Archaeology. From the study of archaeological sources within these perspectives, it was understood that female subjectivities were diverse over time, and that there was not always passive acceptance of patriarchal logic, an argument dictated by the modern science. The importance of material culture for the construction of knowledge about Roman women is highlighted, given that classical studies have, for a long time, been permeated by masculinizing perspectives. Therefore, a selection of parietal paintings from the roman city of Pompeii is showed, which demonstrate roles and experiences developed by Roman women who disengage themselves from a strictly patriarchal reading of antiquity., A Arqueologia de Gênero se consolidou como campo de estudo no século XX, em meio às ações feministas que atingiam as ciências humanas, bem como pelo desenvolvimento da corrente pós-processualista na Arqueologia. A partir do estudo das fontes arqueológicas dentro dessas perspectivas, compreendeu-se que as subjetividades femininas foram diversas ao longo do tempo, e que nem sempre houve aceitação passiva à lógica patriarcal, argumento até então ditado pelas correntes cientificistas modernas. Destaca-se a importância da cultura material para a construção dos saberes sobre as mulheres romanas, haja vista que as pesquisas clássicas se mantiveram, por muito tempo, permeadas por perspectivas masculinizantes. Para tanto, é trazida uma seleção de pinturas parietais da cidade de Pompeia, as quais demonstram papéis e vivências desenvolvidos pelas mulheres romanas que se desvinculem de uma leitura estritamente patriarcal da antiguidade., La arqueología del género se consolidó en el siglo XX, en medio a las acciones feministas que alcanzan las ciencias humanas, así como por lo desarollo de la corriente de estudios pos processualista en la Arqueología. A partir del estudio de las fuentes arqueológicas en dialogo con estas perspectivas, se entendió que las subjetividades femininas fueron diversas a lo largo del tiempo, y que ni siempre hubo una aceptación passiva de la logica patriarcal, argumento hasta entonces defendido por las corrientes de estudio modernas. Destaca-se la importancia de la cultura material para a construcción de lo conocimiento acerca de las mujeres romanas, puesto que los estudios clássicos estuvieron, por mucho tiempo, cercados por perspectivas masculinas. Por tanto, se trae una selección de pinturas parietales de la ciudad de Pompeya, que demuestran experiencias de las mujeres romanas que se desvinculan de una lectura estrictamente patriarcal de la antiguedad.

L’apologeta cristiano Marco Minucio Felice, vissuto in un periodo non meglio precisato tra la metà del II e l’inizio del III secolo, nel suo Octavius, un dialogo ambientato sulla spiaggia di Ostia che ha per protagonisti lo stesso scrittore, Cecilio e Ottavio, paragonando l’insegnamento di Cristo con quello degli dèi pagani, scrive: Voi esponete i vostri figli appena nati alle fiere e agli uccelli, o strangolandoli li sopprimete con misera morte; vi sono quelle che ingurgitando dei medicamenti soffocano ancora nelle proprie viscere il germe destinato a divenir creatura umana e commettono un infanticidio prima di aver partorito. E questo apprendete dai vostri dèi, Saturno infatti non espose i propri figli, ma addirittura li divorò".... from introduction.

This study investigates the cognomina of Roman women. The cognomen was the latest component of the Roman onomastic system and in the course of the early first century CE it came to be the most important individual name of Roman citizens. Roman women, unlike men, did not normally bear any individualizing first names and most women during the Republic (509–27 BCE) had only their father’s gentile name in the feminine form. Through the emergence of the female cognomen, all Roman women eventually came to have an individual name and, consequently, a genuine individual identity in the public eye. The thesis offers, on the one hand, a comprehensive investigation on the typology of female cognomina and the various ways they could be formed; and on the other hand, a survey on how these cognomina could be chosen and for what reasons. These practices are investigated over a time period of c. 400 years (c. 100 BCE – 300 CE), in different geographical regions throughout the Roman Empire (with emphasis on the city of Rome and the Italian peninsula), and in different social strata. The material consists of written primary sources, mostly of inscriptions in Latin and Greek but also of testimonies of ancient authors. The study consists of five main chapters. Chapter 1 describes the scope, methods, sources, and scholarly framework of the study and offers a general description of the Roman onomastic system and the cognomen. Chapter 2 explores the types, variety, and formal and semantic aspects of female cognomina. Chapter 3 investigates the early chronology and the emergence of the cognomen in women’s nomenclature, presenting and analyzing the earliest datable evidence. Chapter 4 provides a survey of the various possibilities for choosing a cognomen, but also a survey of the non-use of cognomina in the imperial period. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of the thesis with a concluding analysis.

Gender Archaeology was consolidated as a field of study in the 20th century, between feminist actions that dialogue with the human sciences, as well by the development of the post-processual current in Archaeology. From the study of archaeological sources within these perspectives, it was understood that female subjectivities were diverse over time, and that there was not always passive acceptance of patriarchal logic, an argument dictated by the modern science. The importance of material culture for the construction of knowledge about Roman women is highlighted, given that classical studies have, for a long time, been permeated by masculinizing perspectives. Therefore, a selection of parietal paintings from the roman city of Pompeii is showed, which demonstrate roles and experiences developed by Roman women who disengage themselves from a strictly patriarchal reading of antiquity., A Arqueologia de Gênero se consolidou como campo de estudo no século XX, em meio às ações feministas que atingiam as ciências humanas, bem como pelo desenvolvimento da corrente pós-processualista na Arqueologia. A partir do estudo das fontes arqueológicas dentro dessas perspectivas, compreendeu-se que as subjetividades femininas foram diversas ao longo do tempo, e que nem sempre houve aceitação passiva à lógica patriarcal, argumento até então ditado pelas correntes cientificistas modernas. Destaca-se a importância da cultura material para a construção dos saberes sobre as mulheres romanas, haja vista que as pesquisas clássicas se mantiveram, por muito tempo, permeadas por perspectivas masculinizantes. Para tanto, é trazida uma seleção de pinturas parietais da cidade de Pompeia, as quais demonstram papéis e vivências desenvolvidos pelas mulheres romanas que se desvinculem de uma leitura estritamente patriarcal da antiguidade., La arqueología del género se consolidó en el siglo XX, en medio a las acciones feministas que alcanzan las ciencias humanas, así como por lo desarollo de la corriente de estudios pos processualista en la Arqueología. A partir del estudio de las fuentes arqueológicas en dialogo con estas perspectivas, se entendió que las subjetividades femininas fueron diversas a lo largo del tiempo, y que ni siempre hubo una aceptación passiva de la logica patriarcal, argumento hasta entonces defendido por las corrientes de estudio modernas. Destaca-se la importancia de la cultura material para a construcción de lo conocimiento acerca de las mujeres romanas, puesto que los estudios clássicos estuvieron, por mucho tiempo, cercados por perspectivas masculinas. Por tanto, se trae una selección de pinturas parietales de la ciudad de Pompeya, que demuestran experiencias de las mujeres romanas que se desvinculan de una lectura estrictamente patriarcal de la antiguedad.

This study investigates the cognomina of Roman women. The cognomen was the latest component of the Roman onomastic system and in the course of the early first century CE it came to be the most important individual name of Roman citizens. Roman women, unlike men, did not normally bear any individualizing first names and most women during the Republic (509–27 BCE) had only their father’s gentile name in the feminine form. Through the emergence of the female cognomen, all Roman women eventually came to have an individual name and, consequently, a genuine individual identity in the public eye. The thesis offers, on the one hand, a comprehensive investigation on the typology of female cognomina and the various ways they could be formed; and on the other hand, a survey on how these cognomina could be chosen and for what reasons. These practices are investigated over a time period of c. 400 years (c. 100 BCE – 300 CE), in different geographical regions throughout the Roman Empire (with emphasis on the city of Rome and the Italian peninsula), and in different social strata. The material consists of written primary sources, mostly of inscriptions in Latin and Greek but also of testimonies of ancient authors. The study consists of five main chapters. Chapter 1 describes the scope, methods, sources, and scholarly framework of the study and offers a general description of the Roman onomastic system and the cognomen. Chapter 2 explores the types, variety, and formal and semantic aspects of female cognomina. Chapter 3 investigates the early chronology and the emergence of the cognomen in women’s nomenclature, presenting and analyzing the earliest datable evidence. Chapter 4 provides a survey of the various possibilities for choosing a cognomen, but also a survey of the non-use of cognomina in the imperial period. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of the thesis with a concluding analysis.

Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists in direct patient care concerning optimizing medicines and promoting health awareness and disease prevention. The whereabouts of the field can be traced to Scribonius Largus, a renowned physician and pharmacist in ancient Rome. Although Largus served as an imperial physician, he has also been an exemplary pharmacist authoring a comprehensive pharmacognosy textbook and dedicated a big part of his life to improving pharmacotherapy and advancing ethics in the field. Revisiting his contributions provides valuable lessons for contemporary clinical pharmacists.

Clinical pharmacy involves pharmacists in direct patient care concerning optimizing medicines and promoting health awareness and disease prevention. The whereabouts of the field can be traced to Scribonius Largus, a renowned physician and pharmacist in ancient Rome. Although Largus served as an imperial physician, he has also been an exemplary pharmacist authoring a comprehensive pharmacognosy textbook and dedicated a big part of his life to improving pharmacotherapy and advancing ethics in the field. Revisiting his contributions provides valuable lessons for contemporary clinical pharmacists.

Looking for the Roman essence, review of: Walburg Boppert, Christine Ertel, Die Gräberstraße von Mainz-Weisenau. Eine italische Gräberstraße des 1. Jhs.n. Chr im römischen Mainz [The Alley of Tombs from Mainz-Weisenau. An Italian Street of Tombs from the First Cent. AD], W poszukiwaniu rzymskości, rec. książki: Walburg Boppert, Christine Ertel, Die Gräberstraße von Mainz-Weisenau. Eine italische Gräberstraße des 1. Jhs. n. Chr im römischen Mainz

This study investigates the cognomina of Roman women. The cognomen was the latest component of the Roman onomastic system and in the course of the early first century CE it came to be the most important individual name of Roman citizens. Roman women, unlike men, did not normally bear any individualizing first names and most women during the Republic (509–27 BCE) had only their father’s gentile name in the feminine form. Through the emergence of the female cognomen, all Roman women eventually came to have an individual name and, consequently, a genuine individual identity in the public eye. The thesis offers, on the one hand, a comprehensive investigation on the typology of female cognomina and the various ways they could be formed; and on the other hand, a survey on how these cognomina could be chosen and for what reasons. These practices are investigated over a time period of c. 400 years (c. 100 BCE – 300 CE), in different geographical regions throughout the Roman Empire (with emphasis on the city of Rome and the Italian peninsula), and in different social strata. The material consists of written primary sources, mostly of inscriptions in Latin and Greek but also of testimonies of ancient authors. The study consists of five main chapters. Chapter 1 describes the scope, methods, sources, and scholarly framework of the study and offers a general description of the Roman onomastic system and the cognomen. Chapter 2 explores the types, variety, and formal and semantic aspects of female cognomina. Chapter 3 investigates the early chronology and the emergence of the cognomen in women’s nomenclature, presenting and analyzing the earliest datable evidence. Chapter 4 provides a survey of the various possibilities for choosing a cognomen, but also a survey of the non-use of cognomina in the imperial period. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of the thesis with a concluding analysis.

This study investigates the cognomina of Roman women. The cognomen was the latest component of the Roman onomastic system and in the course of the early first century CE it came to be the most important individual name of Roman citizens. Roman women, unlike men, did not normally bear any individualizing first names and most women during the Republic (509–27 BCE) had only their father’s gentile name in the feminine form. Through the emergence of the female cognomen, all Roman women eventually came to have an individual name and, consequently, a genuine individual identity in the public eye. The thesis offers, on the one hand, a comprehensive investigation on the typology of female cognomina and the various ways they could be formed; and on the other hand, a survey on how these cognomina could be chosen and for what reasons. These practices are investigated over a time period of c. 400 years (c. 100 BCE – 300 CE), in different geographical regions throughout the Roman Empire (with emphasis on the city of Rome and the Italian peninsula), and in different social strata. The material consists of written primary sources, mostly of inscriptions in Latin and Greek but also of testimonies of ancient authors. The study consists of five main chapters. Chapter 1 describes the scope, methods, sources, and scholarly framework of the study and offers a general description of the Roman onomastic system and the cognomen. Chapter 2 explores the types, variety, and formal and semantic aspects of female cognomina. Chapter 3 investigates the early chronology and the emergence of the cognomen in women’s nomenclature, presenting and analyzing the earliest datable evidence. Chapter 4 provides a survey of the various possibilities for choosing a cognomen, but also a survey of the non-use of cognomina in the imperial period. Chapter 5 summarizes the key findings of the thesis with a concluding analysis.

2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

The Arch of Constantine is a spectacular monument embedded in a densely developed urban landscape, situated at the foot of the north-eastern slopes of the Palatine Hill, at the entrance to the Forum Romanum’s Sacred Way. Its design and the different stages of construction, as well as the spatial and soci- etal context, cause problems in interpretation for which many solutions have been proposed. In recent decades, scholars, if not focusing on the building process, tend to judge the Arch on the basis of its iconographic program, e.g. by distilling a meaning from the use of spolia in its design. While archaeological and art-historical excavations have studied the building process and sculptural programme, this chapter will depart from previous works on the Arch in its historical context, providing some new approaches for its architectural forms and inscriptions.1 As a triumphal monument, dedicated by the senate in Rome, it celebrated a recently arrived victorious ruler after the defeat of an enemy.

Today modern scholars only have few records left that discusses the plebeian women from the Roman society. One group that is known are females who appeared on the Roman stage as dancers and actresses. This paper serves to discuss those two groups. It will focus on the Roman authors attitudes towards female actresses and dancers during the 1 century BC from two points of views: terminology and descriptions. The study will prioritize text passages from three ancient Roman authors during the investigative time-period with focus on three women: Volumnia Cytheris, Dionysia, and Arbuscula. These women, could if successful, integrate the elite society and gain richness and reputation. They often had names and terminology that represented and identified them to a specific social class in the Roman society. These women’s lives, have mostly during the 21 centuries, been discussed and debated from different gender and class aspects with focus to increase our understanding about them. A discussion this paper tends to contribute to.

In Ancient Rome, the role of birds in everyday life and myth was one of critical importance. This thesis examines birds in their assigned roles of divine messengers, heralds, hunting quarry, domestic flocks, and companion animals, focusing primarily on the transitional period of 100 BCE to 100 CE within the Italian peninsula. It asserts that Roman relations with birds in these capacities can only be understood if art and literature are cross-checked against modern ornithological knowledge and faunal assemblages. In this way it is proven that a ‘bird’s-eye view’ of history is an effective method for interpreting and understanding Roman cultural beliefs and social stratification.

Today modern scholars only have few records left that discusses the plebeian women from the Roman society. One group that is known are females who appeared on the Roman stage as dancers and actresses. This paper serves to discuss those two groups. It will focus on the Roman authors attitudes towards female actresses and dancers during the 1 century BC from two points of views: terminology and descriptions. The study will prioritize text passages from three ancient Roman authors during the investigative time-period with focus on three women: Volumnia Cytheris, Dionysia, and Arbuscula. These women, could if successful, integrate the elite society and gain richness and reputation. They often had names and terminology that represented and identified them to a specific social class in the Roman society. These women’s lives, have mostly during the 21 centuries, been discussed and debated from different gender and class aspects with focus to increase our understanding about them. A discussion this paper tends to contribute to.

In 1911, the Danish physician Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938) sustained to have found signs of hyperthyroidism in a marble head of a Roman woman that he observed in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. It could be one of the first examples of a clinical diagnosis of an endocrine disease in an ancient statue.

Historians, mostly engaging with written evidence, have argued that the Christianisation of the Roman Empire resulted in changes in both attitudes and behaviour towards children, resulting in a decrease in their maltreatment by society. I begin with a working hypothesis that this attitude-change was real and resulted in a reduction in the maltreatment of children; and that this reduction in maltreatment is evident in the literature. The approach to investigating this hypothesis belongs to the emerging field of digital humanities: by using programming techniques developed in the field of sentiment analysis, I create two sentiment-analysis like tools, one a lexicon-based approach, the other an application of a naive bayes machine learning approach. The latter is favoured as more accurate. The tool is used to automatically tag sentences, extracted from a corpus of texts written between 100 B.C and 600 A.D, that mention children, as to whether the sentences feature the maltreatment of children or not. The results are then quantitively analysed with reference to the year in which the text was written, with no statistically significant result found. However, the high accuracy of the tool in tagging sentences, at above 88%, suggests that similar tools may be able to play an important role, alongside traditional research techniques, in historical and social-science research in the future.

Historians, mostly engaging with written evidence, have argued that the Christianisation of the Roman Empire resulted in changes in both attitudes and behaviour towards children, resulting in a decrease in their maltreatment by society. I begin with a working hypothesis that this attitude-change was real and resulted in a reduction in the maltreatment of children; and that this reduction in maltreatment is evident in the literature. The approach to investigating this hypothesis belongs to the emerging field of digital humanities: by using programming techniques developed in the field of sentiment analysis, I create two sentiment-analysis like tools, one a lexicon-based approach, the other an application of a naive bayes machine learning approach. The latter is favoured as more accurate. The tool is used to automatically tag sentences, extracted from a corpus of texts written between 100 B.C and 600 A.D, that mention children, as to whether the sentences feature the maltreatment of children or not. The results are then quantitively analysed with reference to the year in which the text was written, with no statistically significant result found. However, the high accuracy of the tool in tagging sentences, at above 88%, suggests that similar tools may be able to play an important role, alongside traditional research techniques, in historical and social-science research in the future.

Augustus has been represented in many ways in Western culture, but we must point out that in the big and small screen (except for some more recent productions), the audiovisual narratives about him are less common than those dedicated to other political leaders in Rome. Throughout the twentieth century, films set in Classical Antiquity emerged within a framework of late appropriation of the eighteenth century visual and literary culture, integrating narratives and images about Augustus that anticipated his filmic appearance. On one hand, representations of Imperial Rome on the screen tended to show a globalized and multicultural society and projected vague ideas of melting pot or American pax; on the other, we have seen recreations that balance between authenticity, entertainment and moralizing attitudes. Between these boundaries, various narratives and audiovisual compositions have been shaped around the historical figure of Augustus, which, in our opinion, must be reinterpreted within the framework of the so-called Studies of Reception, Film Studies and the History of Culture itself., Augusto tem sido representado de formas diversas na cultura ocidental, mas devemos assinalar que, no grande e no pequeno ecrã (excetuando algumas produções mais recentes), as narrativas audiovisuais a seu respeito são menos comuns do que as dedicadas a outros líderes políticos de Roma. Ao longo do século XX, o filme histórico sobre a Antiguidade Clássica surgiu num quadro de apropriação tardia de uma cultura visual e literária oitocentista que incorporou narrativas e figurações sobre Augusto em referências prenunciadoras da sua aparição fílmica. Por um lado, as representações dos inícios de Roma imperial no ecrã tenderam a mostrar uma sociedade globalizada e multicultural e projetaram ideologias difusas de melting pot ou pax americana; por outro, têm-se apreciado recriações que oscilam entre uma pretendida autenticidade, o entretenimento e a moralização de costumes. Entre estas fronteiras se têm moldado variadas narrativas e composições audiovisuais em torno da figura histórica de Augusto que, em nossa opinião, devem ser reinterpretadas no quadro dos denominados Estudos de Receção, dos Estudos Fílmicos e da própria História da Cultura., Augusto ha sido representado de distintas maneras en la cultura occidental, pero debemos señalar que, en la gran y la pequeña pantalla (a excepción de algunas producciones más recientes), las narrativas audiovisuales al respecto son menos comunes que las dedicadas a otros líderes de Roma. A lo largo del siglo XX, la película histórica sobre la Antigüedad Clásica surgió en un marco de apropiación tardía de una cultura visual y literaria ochocentista que incorporó narrativas y figuraciones sobre Augusto en referencias anunciadoras de su aparición cinematográfica. Por una parte, las representaciones de los comienzos de la Roma imperial en la pantalla se han inclinado a enseñar una sociedad globalizada y multicultural, proyectando asimismo ideologías difusas de melting pot o paxnortemericana; por otra, se han valorizado reinvenciones que oscilan entre una deseada autenticidad, el entretenimiento e la moralización de las costumbres. Entre estas fronteras se han moldeado narrativas variadas y composiciones audiovisuales en torno a la figura histórica de Augusto, que, en nuestra opinión, deben ser reinterpretadas en el marco de los denominados Estudios de Recepción, de los Estudios Fílmicos y de la propia Historia de la Cultura.

El antiguo Derecho Romano ha proporcionado, entre sus muchas reglas para proteger la belleza de la ciudad, una serie de normas que protegen a colecciones privadas. Colecciones de arte privadas, sino también de las bibliotecas enteras, eran una fuente de orgullo para todos los ciudadanos y, como tal, tenía que permanecer en la ciudad donde estaban y se prohibió su movimiento como su división, también hereditaria. La propuesta tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de estas antiguas normas de protección de las colecciones privadas como la base para la conservación y transmisión de importantes obras de arte hasta la actualidad. Se analizarán con precisión las diversas leyes antiguas y su importancia para la protección de las colecciones privadas, The ancient Roman Law has provided, in its many laws for the protection of the beauty of a city, a number of rules that safeguard private collections. Private art collections, but also entire libraries, were a source of pride for all citizens and, as such, had to remain in their own city and was prohibited any movement and also their division, even if hereditary by last will and testament. The proposal aims to emphasize the importance of these ancient standards for the protection of private collections as a base for the preservation and the transmission of important works of art to the present. Several ancient laws will be carefully analyzed take into consideration their importance for the protection of private collections

Between the 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE, ancient Roman spaces, both public and private, served as museums that met religious, political, and social needs. Museums in the sense that they were places that acquired and exhibited art and objects; however, the purposes of these museums were strongly linked to where they were located and that space's uses. In religious contexts such as temples, shrines, and sanctuaries, art served primarily as votive offerings. Public buildings like the Atrium Libertatis displayed collections that commemorated important military victories and furthered political agendas. Other spaces, such as the Templum Pacis, served religious and political purposes simultaneously. Spoils of war dedicated to the god(s) associated with the military victory were exhibited alongside artworks to memorialize the military victor's piousness and achievements. Private collections were shaped by the interests of the collector and became popular due to practices in Pergamon and other Hellenistic courts. Owners of domus- and villa-style homes, like the master of the Villa of Papyri in Herculaneum, collected and displayed art to present themselves as culturally educated, upper-class men. Many of these homes even incorporated architectural, decorative, and literary elements to display their high status and facilitate reflective thinking and philosophical discussions. Since ancient times, museums have served to present a multitude of ideas, invite dialogue, and inspire an interest in culture.

El antiguo Derecho Romano ha proporcionado, entre sus muchas reglas para proteger la belleza de la ciudad, una serie de normas que protegen a colecciones privadas. Colecciones de arte privadas, sino también de las bibliotecas enteras, eran una fuente de orgullo para todos los ciudadanos y, como tal, tenía que permanecer en la ciudad donde estaban y se prohibió su movimiento como su división, también hereditaria. La propuesta tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de estas antiguas normas de protección de las colecciones privadas como la base para la conservación y transmisión de importantes obras de arte hasta la actualidad. Se analizarán con precisión las diversas leyes antiguas y su importancia para la protección de las colecciones privadas, The ancient Roman Law has provided, in its many laws for the protection of the beauty of a city, a number of rules that safeguard private collections. Private art collections, but also entire libraries, were a source of pride for all citizens and, as such, had to remain in their own city and was prohibited any movement and also their division, even if hereditary by last will and testament. The proposal aims to emphasize the importance of these ancient standards for the protection of private collections as a base for the preservation and the transmission of important works of art to the present. Several ancient laws will be carefully analyzed take into consideration their importance for the protection of private collections

El antiguo Derecho Romano ha proporcionado, entre sus muchas reglas para proteger la belleza de la ciudad, una serie de normas que protegen a colecciones privadas. Colecciones de arte privadas, sino también de las bibliotecas enteras, eran una fuente de orgullo para todos los ciudadanos y, como tal, tenía que permanecer en la ciudad donde estaban y se prohibió su movimiento como su división, también hereditaria. La propuesta tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de estas antiguas normas de protección de las colecciones privadas como la base para la conservación y transmisión de importantes obras de arte hasta la actualidad. Se analizarán con precisión las diversas leyes antiguas y su importancia para la protección de las colecciones privadas, The ancient Roman Law has provided, in its many laws for the protection of the beauty of a city, a number of rules that safeguard private collections. Private art collections, but also entire libraries, were a source of pride for all citizens and, as such, had to remain in their own city and was prohibited any movement and also their division, even if hereditary by last will and testament. The proposal aims to emphasize the importance of these ancient standards for the protection of private collections as a base for the preservation and the transmission of important works of art to the present. Several ancient laws will be carefully analyzed take into consideration their importance for the protection of private collections

Between the 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE, ancient Roman spaces, both public and private, served as museums that met religious, political, and social needs. Museums in the sense that they were places that acquired and exhibited art and objects; however, the purposes of these museums were strongly linked to where they were located and that space's uses. In religious contexts such as temples, shrines, and sanctuaries, art served primarily as votive offerings. Public buildings like the Atrium Libertatis displayed collections that commemorated important military victories and furthered political agendas. Other spaces, such as the Templum Pacis, served religious and political purposes simultaneously. Spoils of war dedicated to the god(s) associated with the military victory were exhibited alongside artworks to memorialize the military victor's piousness and achievements. Private collections were shaped by the interests of the collector and became popular due to practices in Pergamon and other Hellenistic courts. Owners of domus- and villa-style homes, like the master of the Villa of Papyri in Herculaneum, collected and displayed art to present themselves as culturally educated, upper-class men. Many of these homes even incorporated architectural, decorative, and literary elements to display their high status and facilitate reflective thinking and philosophical discussions. Since ancient times, museums have served to present a multitude of ideas, invite dialogue, and inspire an interest in culture.

El antiguo Derecho Romano ha proporcionado, entre sus muchas reglas para proteger la belleza de la ciudad, una serie de normas que protegen a colecciones privadas. Colecciones de arte privadas, sino también de las bibliotecas enteras, eran una fuente de orgullo para todos los ciudadanos y, como tal, tenía que permanecer en la ciudad donde estaban y se prohibió su movimiento como su división, también hereditaria. La propuesta tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de estas antiguas normas de protección de las colecciones privadas como la base para la conservación y transmisión de importantes obras de arte hasta la actualidad. Se analizarán con precisión las diversas leyes antiguas y su importancia para la protección de las colecciones privadas, The ancient Roman Law has provided, in its many laws for the protection of the beauty of a city, a number of rules that safeguard private collections. Private art collections, but also entire libraries, were a source of pride for all citizens and, as such, had to remain in their own city and was prohibited any movement and also their division, even if hereditary by last will and testament. The proposal aims to emphasize the importance of these ancient standards for the protection of private collections as a base for the preservation and the transmission of important works of art to the present. Several ancient laws will be carefully analyzed take into consideration their importance for the protection of private collections

El antiguo Derecho Romano ha proporcionado, entre sus muchas reglas para proteger la belleza de la ciudad, una serie de normas que protegen a colecciones privadas. Colecciones de arte privadas, sino también de las bibliotecas enteras, eran una fuente de orgullo para todos los ciudadanos y, como tal, tenía que permanecer en la ciudad donde estaban y se prohibió su movimiento como su división, también hereditaria. La propuesta tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de estas antiguas normas de protección de las colecciones privadas como la base para la conservación y transmisión de importantes obras de arte hasta la actualidad. Se analizarán con precisión las diversas leyes antiguas y su importancia para la protección de las colecciones privadas, The ancient Roman Law has provided, in its many laws for the protection of the beauty of a city, a number of rules that safeguard private collections. Private art collections, but also entire libraries, were a source of pride for all citizens and, as such, had to remain in their own city and was prohibited any movement and also their division, even if hereditary by last will and testament. The proposal aims to emphasize the importance of these ancient standards for the protection of private collections as a base for the preservation and the transmission of important works of art to the present. Several ancient laws will be carefully analyzed take into consideration their importance for the protection of private collections

El antiguo Derecho Romano ha proporcionado, entre sus muchas reglas para proteger la belleza de la ciudad, una serie de normas que protegen a colecciones privadas. Colecciones de arte privadas, sino también de las bibliotecas enteras, eran una fuente de orgullo para todos los ciudadanos y, como tal, tenía que permanecer en la ciudad donde estaban y se prohibió su movimiento como su división, también hereditaria. La propuesta tiene como objetivo destacar la importancia de estas antiguas normas de protección de las colecciones privadas como la base para la conservación y transmisión de importantes obras de arte hasta la actualidad. Se analizarán con precisión las diversas leyes antiguas y su importancia para la protección de las colecciones privadas, The ancient Roman Law has provided, in its many laws for the protection of the beauty of a city, a number of rules that safeguard private collections. Private art collections, but also entire libraries, were a source of pride for all citizens and, as such, had to remain in their own city and was prohibited any movement and also their division, even if hereditary by last will and testament. The proposal aims to emphasize the importance of these ancient standards for the protection of private collections as a base for the preservation and the transmission of important works of art to the present. Several ancient laws will be carefully analyzed take into consideration their importance for the protection of private collections

The thesis explores the meaning and function of tears in Roman political culture during the Republic and the Early Empire in various historical settings: mourning, the law court, and in different political contexts where power, authority, and subjection were expressed or exercised. This is carried through by reading representations of weeping in Greek and Latin literary works in different genres, written by different authors. The study demonstrates that while tears and weeping were a common occurrence in Roman politics, the appropriateness and meaning of tears varied by literary context and variables in the historical context (like status, gender, and communicative context). The study also discusses the question of change over and time and argues that the advent of the Emperor impacted weeping and that both an increased appreciation of tears as well as self-control were available as responses for the elite.

[ES] El objetivo de este artículo es analizar una serie de iniciativas concretas que tuvieron lugar en España entre 1938 y 1940 como eco local del Bimilenario de Augusto celebrado en Italia. En todos estos actos el protagonismo de Falange, uno de los principales partidos fascistas entonces, fue fundamental, tanto en la dirección política como en la organización práctica. Los falangistas mantenían relaciones con los dirigentes mussolinianos y uno de los temas preferidos en su propaganda era la hermandad italo-española, que se remontaba a su común pasado romano y católico. En los primeros años del nuevo régimen franquista, esta ideología clasicista, en particular en torno a la figura de Augusto y la antigua Roma imperial, contribuyo a la conformación de la nueva identidad nacional, basada en un pasado glorioso y dirigida por el nuevo líder carismático., [EN] This paper aims to analyse several events in Spain between 1938 and 1940 as local echoes of the bimillenary of Augustus in Italy. In all these events a fundamental role was played by Falange, one of Spain’s leading fascist groups of the time, both in terms of intellectual direction and practical organisation. They had ties with the Mussolinian leaders and intellectuals, and one of the recurring themes in their propaganda was the fraternity between Italy and Spain which they dated back to a common, ancient Roman and Catholic past. In the first years of Franco’s new regime this classicist ideology, in particular the link with Augustus and ancient imperial Rome, contributed to the building of a new national identity, based on a glorious past and conducted by a new charismatic leader.

22 мая 2017 года на историческом факультете МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова состоялся круглый стол «Проблемы перевода римских авторов на русский язык в наше время», в рамках которого была проведена презентация новой двуязычной серии Bibliotheca antiqua.

In the present article we analyze the graphic novel Pax Romana (Jonathan Hickman 2007) as a representation of the positions of the philosophy of history of the Enlightenment. The predominant discourse of the majority of the characters and the plot, we argue, is comparable with the History´s conception of positivism and Marxism. We establish that, in this visionary piece of the ninth art, the illustrated philosophy of the history prevails over the Christian philosophy of history, even when great portion of the action thread lies on characters that represent the leadership of the Catholic Church. The miniseries finale evidences the triumph, through the time travels, of the objectives of the Enlightment; the propagation of Reason, science, Progress and well-being to the entire world. Amazingly, as the time travels are planned by the Vatican, it is left out the basic structure of the Christian philosophy of history; primarily, that the idea that the Kingdom of God will not be on Earth but in a metaphysical place in the End of Time., En el presente artículo analizamos la novela gráfica Pax Romana (Jonathan Hickman 2007) como una representación de las posturas de la filosofía de la historia de la Ilustración. El discurso prevaleciente en la mayoría de los personajes y en la trama, argumentamos, es equiparable con la concepción de la Historia del positivismo y el marxismo. Establecemos que, en esta visionaria muestra del noveno arte, la filosofía de la historia ilustrada prevalece sobre la filosofía de la historia cristiana, pese a que gran parte del hilo argumental haya recaído en personajes que representan la dirigencia de la Iglesia Católica. El desenlace de la miniserie evidencia el triunfo, a través de los viajes en el tiempo, de las metas de la Ilustración, como lo son la difusión de la Razón, la ciencia, el Progreso y el bienestar en todo el orbe. Sorpresivamente, en tanto que los viajes en el tiempo son planificados por el Vaticano, se dejan a un lado los presupuestos básicos de la filosofía de la historia cristiana, principalmente la idea de que el Reino de Dios no se dará en la Tierra sino en un lugar metafísico, en el Final de los Tiempos