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Marine isoprene plays a crucial role in the formation of secondary organic aerosol within the remote marine boundary layer. Due to scarce field measurements of oceanic isoprene and limited laboratory-based studies of isoprene production, assessing the importance of marine isoprene on atmospheric chemistry and climate is challenging. Calculating in-field isoprene production rates is a crucial step to predict marine isoprene concentrations and the subsequent emissions to the atmosphere. The distribution, sources, and dominant environmental factors of isoprene were determined in the Northwest Pacific Ocean in 2019. The nutrient enrichment in the Kuroshio Oyashio Extension (KOE) surface seawater, driven by the upwelling and atmospheric deposition, promoted the growth of phytoplankton and elevated the isoprene concentration. This was confirmed by observed responses of isoprene to nutrients and aerosol dust additions in a ship-based incubation experiment, where the isoprene concentrations increased by 70% (t = 4.417, p < 0.001) and 35% (t = 2.387, p < 0.05), respectively. Biogenic isoprene production rates in the deck incubation experiments were positively related to chlorophyll a, temperature, and solar radiation, with an average production of 7.33 +/- 4.27 pmol L (-1) day (-1). Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter was likely an abiotic source of isoprene, contributing to approximately 14% of the total production. Driven by high isoprene production and extreme physical disturbance, the KOE showed very high emissions of isoprene of 46.0 +/- 13.0 nmol m(-2) day (-1), which led to a significant influence on the oxidative capacity of the local atmosphere.

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) has been recently identified as a risk gene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of TBK1 mutations to Chinese ALS patients. We sequenced the coding regions of TBK1 in a cohort of Chinese ALS patients, including 271 sporadic ALS patients and 23 familial ALS patients. Two potentially pathogenic mutations, L62P and I334T, were identified in two independent sporadic ALS patients, accounting for 0.7% of total ALS cases. Both mutations were absent from our 384 healthy controls and public single nucleotide polymorphisms databases. In conclusion, we propose that TBK1 is not a frequent causal gene in Chinese ALS patients.

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) has been recently identified as a risk gene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of TBK1 mutations to Chinese ALS patients. We sequenced the coding regions of TBK1 in a cohort of Chinese ALS patients, including 271 sporadic ALS patients and 23 familial ALS patients. Two potentially pathogenic mutations, L62P and I334T, were identified in two independent sporadic ALS patients, accounting for 0.7% of total ALS cases. Both mutations were absent from our 384 healthy controls and public single nucleotide polymorphisms databases. In conclusion, we propose that TBK1 is not a frequent causal gene in Chinese ALS patients.

In this paper, we consider a relay-assisted cognitive cellular downlink system dynamically accessing a spectrum licensed to a primary network, thereby improving the efficiency of spectrum usage. A cluster-based relay-assisted architecture is proposed, where relay stations are employed for minimizing the interference to users in the primary network and achieving fairness for cell-edge users. Based on this architecture, an optimal solution is derived for jointly controlling data rate, transmission power, and subband allocation to optimize the weighted sum goodput where proportional fair scheduling (PFS) is included as a special case. As shown by simulations, the proposed solution achieves significant throughput gains and better user fairness compared with existing designs.

In this paper, we consider a relay-assisted cognitive cellular downlink system dynamically accessing a spectrum licensed to a primary network, thereby improving the efficiency of spectrum usage. A cluster-based relay-assisted architecture is proposed, where relay stations are employed for minimizing the interference to users in the primary network and achieving fairness for cell-edge users. Based on this architecture, an optimal solution is derived for jointly controlling data rate, transmission power, and subband allocation to optimize the weighted sum goodput where proportional fair scheduling (PFS) is included as a special case. As shown by simulations, the proposed solution achieves significant throughput gains and better user fairness compared with existing designs.

In this paper, we consider a relay-assisted cognitive cellular downlink system dynamically accessing a spectrum licensed to a primary network, thereby improving the efficiency of spectrum usage. A cluster-based relay-assisted architecture is proposed, where relay stations are employed for minimizing the interference to users in the primary network and achieving fairness for cell-edge users. Based on this architecture, an optimal solution is derived for jointly controlling data rate, transmission power, and subband allocation to optimize the weighted sum goodput where proportional fair scheduling (PFS) is included as a special case. As shown by simulations, the proposed solution achieves significant throughput gains and better user fairness compared with existing designs.