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The Software Engineering (SE) community has been embracing the open science policy and encouraging researchers to disclose artifacts in their publications. However, the status and trends of artifact practice and quality remain unclear, lacking insights on further improvement. In this paper, we present an empirical study to characterize the research artifacts in SE publications. Specifically, we manually collect 1,487 artifacts from all 2,196 papers published in top-tier SE conferences (ASE, FSE, ICSE, and ISSTA) from 2017 to 2022. We investigate the common practices (e.g., URL location and format, storage websites), maintenance activities (e.g., last update time and URL validity), popularity (e.g., the number of stars on GitHub and characteristics), and quality (e.g., documentation and code smell) of these artifacts. Based on our analysis, we reveal a rise in publications providing artifacts. The usage of Zenodo for sharing artifacts has significantly increased. However, artifacts stored in GitHub tend to receive few stars, indicating a limited influence on real-world SE applications. We summarize the results and provide suggestions to different stakeholders in conjunction with current guidelines., Comment: Accepted by Journal of Systems and Software (JSS 2024). Please include JSS in any citations

In this study, an internal electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (IE-TENG) design is proposed to enhance the stability, durability, and long-term performance of TENGs. By embedding a mesh-structured metal electrode in the friction layer, the IE-TENG becomes more flexible, lightweight, and robust than the traditional external electrode TENG (EE-TENG). When using copper mesh internal electrodes with higher grid density, the greater output can be achieved by comparing a series of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-based IE-TENG. An equivalent output was obtained when using 60 copper mesh compared to EE-TENG, and the trend maintains for tribonegative low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and tribopositive polyamide (PA) polymers, which verifies the usability of the approach and the effective induction area of the internal electrode. The internal electrode design significantly enhanced the tolerance of the device to harsh environments and guaranteed excellent output stability. In addition, the IE-TENGs possess superior resistance to external interference and had about one time shorter saturation time for surface charges. As a demonstration, the IE-TENG can be used for collecting motion-sensing signals and detecting various sports activities. This study provides a novel strategy for the designing and customizing of highly integrated TENGs with enhanced durability for practical long-term applications.

In this study, an internal electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (IE-TENG) design is proposed to enhance the stability, durability, and long-term performance of TENGs. By embedding a mesh-structured metal electrode in the friction layer, the IE-TENG becomes more flexible, lightweight, and robust than the traditional external electrode TENG (EE-TENG). When using copper mesh internal electrodes with higher grid density, the greater output can be achieved by comparing a series of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-based IE-TENG. An equivalent output was obtained when using 60 copper mesh compared to EE-TENG, and the trend maintains for tribonegative low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and tribopositive polyamide (PA) polymers, which verifies the usability of the approach and the effective induction area of the internal electrode. The internal electrode design significantly enhanced the tolerance of the device to harsh environments and guaranteed excellent output stability. In addition, the IE-TENGs possess superior resistance to external interference and had about one time shorter saturation time for surface charges. As a demonstration, the IE-TENG can be used for collecting motion-sensing signals and detecting various sports activities. This study provides a novel strategy for the designing and customizing of highly integrated TENGs with enhanced durability for practical long-term applications.