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Currently, health research increasingly involves diverse groups of stakeholders. Such collaborations occur on various levels, where in some cases, stakeholders become co-researchers. However, these stakeholders (e.g. patients) are not always trained in the necessary research skills. On the other hand, researchers are not trained to collaborate with stakeholders. While there is agreement that skill training should be offered as an integral part of participatory health, so far knowledge is lacking on what such a training should look like. This workshop aims to collect experiences from those who have either previously implemented stakeholder skill training or have experiences where stakeholder skill training was lacking but would have been beneficial, and facilitate the exchange of ideas between participants who are interested in the topic. The outcomes will be communicated in ways that are accessible for academic and non-academic stakeholders and will provide them with guidance for conducting stakeholder skill training.

Introduction: Families have a significant role in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors. However, it is not clear how actively families are involved when people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors are living in out-of-home care. This scoping review explored the frequency and type of family involvement in the application of a person-centered approach in the care for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors. Methods: Authors conducted electronic searches through six databases: Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar (2005 to 2019) and evaluated relevant publications. Results: Based on the 15 articles identified, only five articles report on family involvement. In addition, frequency of contact, and how family is involved appears to differ between different person-centered approaches. Conclusion: More active family involvement in person-centered approaches for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors is recommended.

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often report increased levels of perceived fatigue, which negatively influence their life. The current thesis studied fatigue in MS patients from different angles. The increased perceived fatigue in MS patients is multifactorial, and a combination of factors is necessary to explain the perceived fatigue. One of these factors is the fatigability of the muscle. The muscle fatigability is caused by both central and peripheral mechanisms. In MS patients the contribution of central factors is larger than in controls, and it seems to be stronger for SPMS patients than RRMS patients. This knowledge may influence future treatments. Muscle fatigability does not only affect physical output, but also a concurrent cognitive task. During a dual task. the greater the muscle fatigability, the stronger the effect on cognitive performance, especially in MS patients. Also, a more complex bimanual task versus a simple bimanual task reduces performance of MS patients more than that of controls. Furthermore, we found that dual tasks are executed differently by young and middle-aged participants. Middle-aged participants prepare less, which results in slower but more accurate responses.

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often report increased levels of perceived fatigue, which negatively influence their life. The current thesis studied fatigue in MS patients from different angles. The increased perceived fatigue in MS patients is multifactorial, and a combination of factors is necessary to explain the perceived fatigue. One of these factors is the fatigability of the muscle. The muscle fatigability is caused by both central and peripheral mechanisms. In MS patients the contribution of central factors is larger than in controls, and it seems to be stronger for SPMS patients than RRMS patients. This knowledge may influence future treatments. Muscle fatigability does not only affect physical output, but also a concurrent cognitive task. During a dual task. the greater the muscle fatigability, the stronger the effect on cognitive performance, especially in MS patients. Also, a more complex bimanual task versus a simple bimanual task reduces performance of MS patients more than that of controls. Furthermore, we found that dual tasks are executed differently by young and middle-aged participants. Middle-aged participants prepare less, which results in slower but more accurate responses.