Author: "Walker, Cheryl L." / Database: OAIster - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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1. SMARCB1 regulates the hypoxic stress response in sickle cell trait

Author: Soeung, Melinda, Perelli, Luigi, Chen, Ziheng, Dondossola, Eleonora, Ho, I-Lin, Carbone, Federica, Zhang, Li, Khan, Hania, Le, Courtney N, Zhu, Cihui, Peoples, Michael D, Feng, Ningping, Jiang, Shan, Zacharias, Niki Millward, Minelli, Rosalba, Shapiro, Daniel D, Deem, Angela K, Gao, Sisi, Cheng, Emily H, Lucchetti, Donatella, Walker, Cheryl L, Carugo, Alessandro, Giuliani, Virginia, Heffernan, Timothy P, Viale, Andrea, Tannir, Nizar M, Draetta, Giulio F, Msaouel, Pavlo, Genovese, Giannicola, Lucchetti, Donatella (ORCID:0000-0001-8147-0079), Soeung, Melinda, Perelli, Luigi, Chen, Ziheng, Dondossola, Eleonora, Ho, I-Lin, Carbone, Federica, Zhang, Li, Khan, Hania, Le, Courtney N, Zhu, Cihui, Peoples, Michael D, Feng, Ningping, Jiang, Shan, Zacharias, Niki Millward, Minelli, Rosalba, Shapiro, Daniel D, Deem, Angela K, Gao, Sisi, Cheng, Emily H, Lucchetti, Donatella, Walker, Cheryl L, Carugo, Alessandro, Giuliani, Virginia, Heffernan, Timothy P, Viale, Andrea, Tannir, Nizar M, Draetta, Giulio F, Msaouel, Pavlo, Genovese, Giannicola, and Lucchetti, Donatella (ORCID:0000-0001-8147-0079)
Abstract: Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is an aggressive kidney cancer that almost exclusively develops in individuals with sickle cell trait (SCT) and is always characterized by loss of the tumor suppressor SMARCB1. Because renal ischemia induced by red blood cell sickling exacerbates chronic renal medullary hypoxia in vivo, we investigated whether the loss of SMARCB1 confers a survival advantage under the setting of SCT. Hypoxic stress, which naturally occurs within the renal medulla, is elevated under the setting of SCT. Our findings showed that hypoxia-induced SMARCB1 degradation protected renal cells from hypoxic stress. SMARCB1 wild-type renal tumors exhibited lower levels of SMARCB1 and more aggressive growth in mice harboring the SCT mutation in human hemoglobin A (HbA) than in control mice harboring wild-type human HbA. Consistent with established clinical observations, SMARCB1-null renal tumors were refractory to hypoxia-inducing therapeutic inhibition of angiogenesis. Further, reconstitution of SMARCB1 restored renal tumor sensitivity to hypoxic stress in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results demonstrate a physiological role for SMARCB1 degradation in response to hypoxic stress, connect the renal medullary hypoxia induced by SCT with an increased risk of SMARCB1-negative RMC, and shed light into the mechanisms mediating the resistance of SMARCB1-null renal tumors against angiogenesis inhibition therapies.
Published: 2023

2. Eye of the Beholder: Investigating the Interplay between Inquiry Role Diversification and Social Perspective Taking

Author: Walker, Cheryl L, Shore, Bruce M., Tabatabai, Diana, Walker, Cheryl L, Shore, Bruce M., and Tabatabai, Diana
Abstract: Students and teachers engage in specific roles in classrooms, and within inquiry classrooms, these roles tend to be more varied compared to traditional settings. Teachers may take on traditional student roles including the role of learner, and students, for example, take on the additional role of question asker, traditionally reserved for the role of a teacher. Several of these roles are specific to perspective taking, in particular, social perspective taking (SPT). SPT is critical to successful social interactions and, because group work occurs frequently within inquiry-based teaching and learning environments, a better understanding of SPT roles is required. SPT roles within two different inquiry classrooms were closely examined through audiorecorded group interactions. Additional data were collected in the form of questionnaires, interviews, student and teacher log responses, and field notes. Two teachers and eight students participated. Social perspective-taking roles were dynamic and susceptible to influences including the nature of the classroom activities and instructional choices, student personality differences, and group-work dynamics. All participants adopted SPT roles, however, students who played an active role in choosing their work partners and who were assigned a task that required a consideration of the audience’s understanding tended to adopt more Imagine Other roles as opposed to Imagine Self roles and also adopted more emotionally-based SPT roles compared to students in teacher-formed groups who were assigned more cognitively-based assignments. Implications for researchers, consultants, and students and teachers were discussed.
Published: 2013

3. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB): Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (Krüger Group) [research center], Klionsky, Daniel J., Abdalla, Fabio C., Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T., Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A., Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M., Al-Zeer, Munir A., Albert, Matthew L., Albin, Roger L., Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O., Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K., Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Arancia, Giuseppe, Aris, John P., Asanuma, Katsuhiko, Asare, Nana Y. O., Ashida, Hisashi, Askanas, Valerie, Askew, David S., Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K., Baehrecke, Eric H., Bahr, Ben A., Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A., Bampton, Edward T. W., Banhegyi, Gabor, Bartholomew, Clinton R., Bassham, Diane C., Bast, Robert C. Jr, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Bechet, Daniel M., Begley, Thomas J., Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J., Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sebastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S., Boise, Lawrence H., Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L., Bornhauser, Beat C., Bortoluci, Karina R., Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frederic, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michael, Bozhkov, Peter V., Brady, Nathan R., Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E., Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H., Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L., Brookes, Paul S., Brown, Eric J., Brumell, John H., Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T., Bulman, Dennis E., Bultman, Scott J., Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F., Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P., Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P., Cadwell, Ken, Cahova, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B., Carding, Simon R., Cardoso, Sandra M., Carew, Jennifer S., Carlin, Cathleen R., Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A. M., Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A., Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C., Chan, Edmond Y., Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S.-L., Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xihui, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H. K., Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H., Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V., Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M. K., Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E., Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T., Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R., Clague, Michael J., Clark, Robert S. B., Clarke, Peter G. H., Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A., Colombo, Maria I., Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R., Coombs, Graham H., Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P., Cregg, James M., Crespo, Jose L., Cronje, Marianne J., Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J., Czaja, Mark J., D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M., Davies, Faith E., De Felici, Massimo, de Groot, John F., de Haan, Cornelis A. M., De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M. D., Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jorn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D., Devenish, Rodney J., Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Diaz-Laviada, Ines, Diaz-Meco, Maria T., Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P., Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W., Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C., Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J., Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlene, Drew, Mark E., Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A., Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L., Edinger, Aimee L., Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N. Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S., Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M., Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farre, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G., Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fesus, Laszlo, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E., Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C., Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D., Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A., Fisher, Paul B., Flajolet, Marc, Florez-McClure, Maria L., Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A., Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H., Fox, Howard S., Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B., Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, Jose M., Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H., Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G., Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F., Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L., Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R., Gegg, Matthew E., Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E., Gewirtz, David A., Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M., Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N., Gibson, Spencer B., Gilkerson, Robert W., Ginger, Michael L., Ginsberg, Henry N., Golab, Jakub, Goligorsky, Michael S., Golstein, Pierre, Gomez-Manzano, Candelaria, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Celine, Gonzalez, Claudio D., Gonzalez, Ramon, Gonzalez-Estevez, Cristina, Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V., Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A., Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D., Green, Kim N., Gregorc, Ales, Gros, Frederic, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W., Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M., Gukovskaya, Anna S., Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B., Halayko, Andrew J., Hale, Amber N., Halonen, Sandra K., Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K., Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E., Harper, J. Wade, Harris, Adrian L., Harris, James, Harris, Steven D., Hashimoto, Makoto, Haspel, Jeffrey A., Hayashi, Shin-Ichiro, Hazelhurst, Lori A., He, Congcong, He, You-Wen, Hebert, Marie-Josee, Heidenreich, Kim A., Helfrich, Miep H., Helgason, Gudmundur V., Henske, Elizabeth P., Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K., Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A., Hocking, Lynne J., Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G., Hohfeld, Jorg, Holyoake, Tessa L., Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A., Hotamisligil, Gokhan S., Houwerzijl, Ewout J., Hoyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A., Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B., Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R., Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B., Hussain, Sabah N. A., Hussey, Patrick J., Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L., Ip, Nancy Y., Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M., Jaattela, Marja, Jackson, George R., Jackson, William T., Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X., Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jimenez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O., Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E., Johnson, Gail V. W., Jones, Nicola L., Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K., Joubert, Annie M., Juhasz, Gabor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O., Kampinga, Harm H., Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A., Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G., Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P., Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H., Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H., Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A. K. W., Kiger, Amy A., Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K., Kim, Peter K., Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C., King, Jason S., Kinsella, Timothy J., Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A., Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T., Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C. B., Koch, Jan C., Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I., Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I., Kouri Flores, Juan B., Kovacs, Attila L., Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Kramer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M., Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T., Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R., Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D., Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F., Laszlo, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josee N., Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A., Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J., Lee, Alvin J. X., Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A., Leiro, Jose, Lemasters, John J., Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S., Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V., Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P., Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J., Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D., Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P., Liton, Paloma B., Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A., Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A., Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T., Low, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frederic, Lukacs, Nicholas W., Lund, Anders H., Lynch-Day, Melinda A., Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, MacKeigan, Jeff P., Macleod, Kay F., Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V., Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stephen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L., Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J., Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Marino, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R., Martin, Seamus J., Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M., McConkey, David J., McConnell, Melanie J., McDermott, Catherine, McDonald, Christine, McInerney, Gerald M., McKenna, Sharon L., McLaughlin, Bethann, McLean, Pamela J., McMaster, Christopher R., McQuibban, G. Angus, Meijer, Alfred J., Meisler, Miriam H., Melendez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J., Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A., Menendez, Javier A., Menna-Barreto, Rubem F. S., Menon, Manoj B., Menzies, Fiona M., Mercer, Carol A., Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E., Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G., Meyer, Thomas F., Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A. M., Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K., Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M., Monteiro, Mervyn J., Moore, Michael N., Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I., Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C., Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E.-H., Muller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Munger, Karl, Munz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O., Murphy, Maureen E., Musaro, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I., Narendra, Derek P., Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T., Nazarko, Taras Y., Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G., Neufeld, Thomas P., Ney, Paul A., Nezis, Ioannis P., Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A., Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A., Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nurnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D., Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L., Oliver, F. Javier, Olsen, Laura J., Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F., Ostrander, Gary K., Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E., Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K., Parys, Jan B., Parzych, Katherine R., Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M., Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H., Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J., Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M., Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valerie, Pierron, Gerard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C., Poggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Pous, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Praetorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E., Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W., Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V. Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C., Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K., Reed, Bruce H., Reed, John C., Reggiori, Fulvio, Regnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S., Reiners, John J. Jr, Reiter, Russel J., Ren, Jun, Revuelta, Jose L., Rhodes, Christopher J., Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C., Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H. Peter, Rodriguez de Cordoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Barbel, Roninson, Igor B., Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M., Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M. A., Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P., Rubinsztein, David C., Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B. Rd, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M., Ryter, Stefan W., Sabatini, David M., Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M., Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M. J., Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A., Sanchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklos, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H. 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Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J., Wileman, Tom, Wiley, John W., Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Roger L., Williamson, Peter R., Wouters, Bradly G., Wu, Chenghan, Wu, Dao-Cheng, Wu, William K. 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D., Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jorn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D., Devenish, Rodney J., Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Diaz-Laviada, Ines, Diaz-Meco, Maria T., Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P., Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W., Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C., Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J., Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlene, Drew, Mark E., Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A., Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L., Edinger, Aimee L., Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N. 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W., Jones, Nicola L., Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K., Joubert, Annie M., Juhasz, Gabor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O., Kampinga, Harm H., Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A., Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G., Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P., Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H., Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H., Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A. K. W., Kiger, Amy A., Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K., Kim, Peter K., Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C., King, Jason S., Kinsella, Timothy J., Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A., Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T., Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C. B., Koch, Jan C., Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I., Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I., Kouri Flores, Juan B., Kovacs, Attila L., Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Kramer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M., Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T., Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R., Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D., Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F., Laszlo, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josee N., Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A., Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J., Lee, Alvin J. 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Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o
Published: 2012
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4. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author: Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB): Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (Krüger Group) [research center], Klionsky, Daniel J., Abdalla, Fabio C., Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T., Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A., Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M., Al-Zeer, Munir A., Albert, Matthew L., Albin, Roger L., Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O., Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K., Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Arancia, Giuseppe, Aris, John P., Asanuma, Katsuhiko, Asare, Nana Y. O., Ashida, Hisashi, Askanas, Valerie, Askew, David S., Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K., Baehrecke, Eric H., Bahr, Ben A., Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A., Bampton, Edward T. W., Banhegyi, Gabor, Bartholomew, Clinton R., Bassham, Diane C., Bast, Robert C. Jr, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Bechet, Daniel M., Begley, Thomas J., Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J., Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sebastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S., Boise, Lawrence H., Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L., Bornhauser, Beat C., Bortoluci, Karina R., Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frederic, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michael, Bozhkov, Peter V., Brady, Nathan R., Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E., Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H., Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L., Brookes, Paul S., Brown, Eric J., Brumell, John H., Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T., Bulman, Dennis E., Bultman, Scott J., Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F., Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P., Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P., Cadwell, Ken, Cahova, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B., Carding, Simon R., Cardoso, Sandra M., Carew, Jennifer S., Carlin, Cathleen R., Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A. 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W., Jones, Nicola L., Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K., Joubert, Annie M., Juhasz, Gabor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O., Kampinga, Harm H., Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A., Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G., Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P., Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H., Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H., Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A. K. 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X., Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A., Leiro, Jose, Lemasters, John J., Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S., Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V., Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P., Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J., Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D., Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P., Liton, Paloma B., Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A., Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A., Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T., Low, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frederic, Lukacs, Nicholas W., Lund, Anders H., Lynch-Day, Melinda A., Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, MacKeigan, Jeff P., Macleod, Kay F., Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V., Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stephen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L., Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J., Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Marino, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R., Martin, Seamus J., Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M., McConkey, David J., McConnell, Melanie J., McDermott, Catherine, McDonald, Christine, McInerney, Gerald M., McKenna, Sharon L., McLaughlin, Bethann, McLean, Pamela J., McMaster, Christopher R., McQuibban, G. 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M., Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K., Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M., Monteiro, Mervyn J., Moore, Michael N., Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I., Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C., Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E.-H., Muller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Munger, Karl, Munz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O., Murphy, Maureen E., Musaro, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I., Narendra, Derek P., Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T., Nazarko, Taras Y., Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G., Neufeld, Thomas P., Ney, Paul A., Nezis, Ioannis P., Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A., Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A., Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nurnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D., Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L., Oliver, F. Javier, Olsen, Laura J., Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F., Ostrander, Gary K., Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E., Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K., Parys, Jan B., Parzych, Katherine R., Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M., Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H., Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J., Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M., Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valerie, Pierron, Gerard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C., Poggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Pous, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Praetorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E., Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W., Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V. 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J., Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A., Sanchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklos, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H. V., Scharl, Michael, Schatzl, Hermann M., Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E., Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V., Schorderet, Daniel F., Schuller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K., Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O., Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J., Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M., Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J., Shelhamer, James H., Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S., Shore, Gordon C., Sibirny, Andriy A., Sidhu, Stan B., Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C. M., Simmons, Alison, Simon, Annabella, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A., Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A., Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M., Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P., Slack, Ruth S., Smaili, Soraya S., Smith, Duncan R., Soengas, Maria S., Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K., Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A., Spies, Claudia D., Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M., Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S., Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T., Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Bjorn, Stralfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S., Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J. 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K., Wyttenbach, Andreas, Xavier, Ramnik J., Xi, Zhijun, Xia, Pu, Xiao, Gengfu, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xu, Da-Zhi, Xu, Jianzhen, Xu, Liang, Xu, Xiaolei, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamamoto, Akitsugu, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashita, Michiaki, Yan, Xianghua, Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Elizabeth, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Shi Yu, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Zhifen, Yao, Meng-Chao, Yao, Tso-Pang, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yen, Wei-Lien, Yin, Jia-Jing, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yoo, Ook-Joon, Yoon, Gyesoon, Yoon, Seung-Yong, Yorimitsu, Tomohiro, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yoshimoto, Kohki, You, Ho Jin, Youle, Richard J., Younes, Anas, Yu, Li, Yu, Long, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Wai Haung, Yuan, Zhi-Min, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Cheol-Heui, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Zacks, David, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zakeri, Zahra, Zeh, Herbert J. 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D., Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jorn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D., Devenish, Rodney J., Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Diaz-Araya, Guillermo, Diaz-Laviada, Ines, Diaz-Meco, Maria T., Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P., Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W., Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C., Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J., Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlene, Drew, Mark E., Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A., Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L., Edinger, Aimee L., Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N. 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X., Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A., Leiro, Jose, Lemasters, John J., Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S., Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V., Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P., Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J., Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D., Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P., Liton, Paloma B., Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A., Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A., Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, Lopez-Otin, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T., Low, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frederic, Lukacs, Nicholas W., Lund, Anders H., Lynch-Day, Melinda A., Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, MacKeigan, Jeff P., Macleod, Kay F., Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V., Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stephen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L., Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J., Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Marino, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R., Martin, Seamus J., Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M., McConkey, David J., McConnell, Melanie J., McDermott, Catherine, McDonald, Christine, McInerney, Gerald M., McKenna, Sharon L., McLaughlin, Bethann, McLean, Pamela J., McMaster, Christopher R., McQuibban, G. 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M., Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K., Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M., Monteiro, Mervyn J., Moore, Michael N., Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I., Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C., Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E.-H., Muller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Munger, Karl, Munz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O., Murphy, Maureen E., Musaro, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I., Narendra, Derek P., Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T., Nazarko, Taras Y., Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G., Neufeld, Thomas P., Ney, Paul A., Nezis, Ioannis P., Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A., Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A., Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nurnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D., Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L., Oliver, F. 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M., Simmons, Alison, Simon, Annabella, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A., Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A., Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M., Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P., Slack, Ruth S., Smaili, Soraya S., Smith, Duncan R., Soengas, Maria S., Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K., Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A., Spies, Claudia D., Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M., Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S., Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T., Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Bjorn, Stralfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S., Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J. Y., Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S., Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T., Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takacs-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J., Tan, Kevin S. W., Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A., Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S., Taylor, Gregory A., Taylor, J. 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Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o
Published: 2012
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5. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author: Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, 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Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, 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Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o
Published: 2012
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6. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author: Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC) ; CNRS - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Celullar and Molecular Medicine ; Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Estrogène, Expression génique et pathologies du Système Nerveux Central (E2SNC) ; Université de Franche-Comté - IFR133, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive ; INSERM - IFR50 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) - PRES Euro-Méditerranéen, Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba] ; University of Tsukuba, Gunma University ; Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology ; Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology ; Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory ; University of Hong-Kong, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI) ; CNRS - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II - École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Learning Sciences Lab ; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, University of California ; University of California, Physiopathologie du cancer du foie ; INSERM - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Emory University School of Medicine ; Emory University School of Medicine, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Biology ; University of Rome"Tor Vergata", Oxford University ; Oxford University, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences ; University of Strathclyde, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology ; University of Turin, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle (IGF) ; CNRS - INSERM - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, CNV ; University of Valparaiso, Section of Haemato-oncology ; Institute of cancer research, Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG) ; CNRS - École normale supérieure [ENS] - Paris, Brunel University ; Brunel University, University of New-Mexico ; University of New-Mexico, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas ; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology ; University of Cincinnati, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM) ; CNRS - Université Paris VII - Paris Diderot, Virologie humaine ; INSERM - IFR128 - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Lyon, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, (IIB-INTECH) ; Universidad Nacional de San Martin, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia ; University of Brescia, Immunité infection vaccination ; INSERM - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL) - IFR128, Dept of City and Regional Planning ; Peiking University, Montreal Neurological Institute ; McGill University, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences ; Tohoku University - Graduate School of Life Sciences, Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau (BCN) ; CNRS - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Faculty of Medicine ; University of Ottawa, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) ; INSERM - CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque - Université Montpellier I, Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT) ; CNRS - Cancéropôle du Grand Est, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) ; Université de Strasbourg, Département Digestif ; CHU Nice - Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M) ; INSERM - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology [Tsukuba] (AIST) ; National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - AIST (JAPAN), Department of Oncology ; John Radcliffe Hospital, School of Biochemistry and Immunology ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center ; University of Texas, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale ; CHU Nice, Department of Biochemistry ; University of Hong Kong, Danish Cancer Society ; Institute of Cancer Biology, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology (MHH) ; Hannover medical school, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute ; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Cell Biology, section Radiation & Stress Cell Biology ; UMCG, Univ. of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics ; Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Immunology ; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Immunology ; Institute for Immunology, Department of Neuroscience ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGphiMC) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; INSERM - Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, Apoptose, cancer et immunité ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, metabolomics platform ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Pôle de biologie ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes - Faculté de Médecine (UP5) ; Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Department of Molecular Neuroscience ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ; CERN, Center for Visual Information Technology (CVIT) ; International Institute of Information Technology, Massachusetts Institute of technology [Cambridge] (MIT) ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; University of Washington, Centre for Cancer Biology ; Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Jeune Equipe JE 2526 ; Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, Institut de Recherche Agronomique (Unité sous contrat USC-2018) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Facultad de Medicina ; Universidad de Chile, Institut de génétique moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC) ; IFR140 - Université de Rennes 1 - IRSET, Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, National Cheng Kung University [Taiwan] (NCKU) ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center ; University of Texas, School of Information science and engineering ; Lanzhou University, School of computer and information ; Hefei University, National Neuroscience Institute ; National Neuroscience Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS) ; NUS, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS) ; CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ENGEES, Institut Armand Frappier (IAF) ; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Central China Normal University ; Central China Normal University, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) ; Medical College Of Wisconsin - Emory University School of Medicine, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular ; Universidad de Oviedo - Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS) ; CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III - Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées [INSA] - Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer ; LNCC, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) ; Johns Hopkins University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB) ; Karl-Franzens University Graz, Department of Pediatrics ; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology ; Università degli Study di Napoli Federico II, Drug Research and Evaluation ; Istituto Superiore di Sanita‘, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE) ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM) ; CNRS - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de signalisation, biologie du développement et cancer (ISBDC) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Departments of Neurology ; Departments of Neurology, Vanderbilt University [Nashville] ; Vanderbilt University of Nashville, Departments of Pharmacology ; Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology [New Haven] ; Yale University School of Medicine - Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Anatomic Pathology Section, Department of Human Pathology and Oncology ; University of Siena, Harvard Medical School (HMS) ; Harvard University, Depts of Radiation Oncology and Pathology ; Wayne State University - Karmanos Cancer Institute, USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology ; University of Southern California, Department of Biology ; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics ; University of Athens, Department of Pathology ; Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas at San Antonio ; University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Translational Medicine ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry (IBC) ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Department of Biology ; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Génétique, physiopathologie et ingénierie du tissu osseux (GéPITOS) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Innovation Thérapeutique : du Fondamental au Médicament ; CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - MEDICEN - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Señalización Celular 4 ; Señalización Celular 4, Department of Molecular Biology ; University of Tuebingen, Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology ; Université de Lausanne, CC 101 ; Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht ; Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Service de dermatologie ; CHU Nice, Vieillissement, stress, inflammation ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, University of Cambridge (UK) (CAM) ; University of Cambridge (UK), The Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences ; University of Limerick, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Neurogenetics laboratory ; Neurogenetics laboratory, Department of Pathology ; Otto-von-Guericke University, Experimental Tumor Pathology ; University of Erlangen, Unit of Oculogenomics ; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology", Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ; University of Lausanne, Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin , ; Eye Hospital", Division of regenerative Medicine ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, ICBM ; Faculty of Medicine - University of Chile, Department of pathology ; Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery ; Royal North Shore Hospital, Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School ; University of New South Wales, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit ; John Radcliffe Hospital - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences ; University of Bern, Université de Genève ; Université de Genève, Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center ; Thomas Jefferson University, Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit ; University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Pediatric Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; Division of Cell Biology; and Linköping Diabetes Research Centre, Cancer Institute ; University College London, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics ; University of California, San Francisco, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of inflammation and ER-GenTech ; University of Ferrara, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology - Department of Microbiology ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Abramson Cancer Institute and Department of Cancer Biology ; University of Pennsylvania, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Immunité Innée et Signalisation ; Institut Pasteur de Paris, Istituto CSS Mendel ; Istituto CSS Mendel, Department of Medical and Surgical Pediatrics ; University Hospital, Messina, Department of Intensive care Medicine ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Cell Biology ; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research ; Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics ; University of Padova, Department of Chemistry ; Peking University, Department of Mathematics ; Shanghai University, Sch Mat Sci & Engn ; Aucune, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI) ; CNRS - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Institut d'électronique, de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie (IEMN) ; CNRS - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN) - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Nankai University ; Nankai University, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes ; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology ; Duke University, Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, 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Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, Shazib, Peter, Matthias, Peters, Godefridus J, Petersen, Morten, Petrovski, Goran, Phang, James M, Piacentini, Mauro, Pierre, Philippe, Pierrefite-Carle, Valérie, Pierron, Gérard, Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit, Piras, Antonio, Piri, Natik, Platanias, Leonidas C, Pöggeler, Stefanie, Poirot, Marc, Poletti, Angelo, Poüs, Christian, Pozuelo-Rubio, Mercedes, Prætorius-Ibba, Mette, Prasad, Anil, Prescott, Mark, Priault, Muriel, Produit-Zengaffinen, Nathalie, Progulske-Fox, Ann, Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula, Przedborski, Serge, Przyklenk, Karin, Puertollano, Rosa, Puyal, Julien, Qian, Shu-Bing, Qin, Liang, Qin, Zheng-Hong, Quaggin, Susan E, Raben, Nina, Rabinowich, Hannah, Rabkin, Simon W, Rahman, Irfan, Rami, Abdelhaq, Ramm, Georg, Randall, Glenn, Randow, Felix, Rao, V Ashutosh, Rathmell, Jeffrey C, Ravikumar, Brinda, Ray, Swapan K, Reed, Bruce H, Reed, John C, Reggiori, Fulvio, Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne, Reichert, Andreas S, Reiners, John J, Reiter, Russel J, Ren, Jun, Revuelta, José L, Rhodes, Christopher J, Ritis, Konstantinos, Rizzo, Elizete, Robbins, Jeffrey, Roberge, Michel, Roca, Hernan, Roccheri, Maria C, Rocchi, Stephane, Rodemann, H Peter, Rodríguez De Córdoba, Santiago, Rohrer, Bärbel, Roninson, Igor B, Rosen, Kirill, Rost-Roszkowska, Magdalena M, Rouis, Mustapha, Rouschop, Kasper M A, Rovetta, Francesca, Rubin, Brian P, Rubinsztein, David C, Ruckdeschel, Klaus, Rucker, Edmund B, Rudich, Assaf, Rudolf, Emil, Ruiz-Opazo, Nelson, Russo, Rossella, Rusten, Tor Erik, Ryan, Kevin M, Ryter, Stefan W, Sabatini, David M, Sadoshima, Junichi, Saha, Tapas, Saitoh, Tatsuya, Sakagami, Hiroshi, Sakai, Yasuyoshi, Salekdeh, Ghasem Hoseini, Salomoni, Paolo, Salvaterra, Paul M, Salvesen, Guy, Salvioli, Rosa, Sanchez, Anthony M J, Sánchez-Alcázar, José A, Sánchez-Prieto, Ricardo, Sandri, Marco, Sankar, Uma, Sansanwal, Poonam, Santambrogio, Laura, Saran, Shweta, Sarkar, Sovan, Sarwal, Minnie, Sasakawa, Chihiro, Sasnauskiene, Ausra, Sass, Miklós, Sato, Ken, Sato, Miyuki, Schapira, Anthony H V, Scharl, Michael, Schätzl, Hermann M, Scheper, Wiep, Schiaffino, Stefano, Schneider, Claudio, Schneider, Marion E, Schneider-Stock, Regine, Schoenlein, Patricia V, Schorderet, Daniel F, Schüller, Christoph, Schwartz, Gary K, Scorrano, Luca, Sealy, Linda, Seglen, Per O, Segura-Aguilar, Juan, Seiliez, Iban, Seleverstov, Oleksandr, Sell, Christian, Seo, Jong Bok, Separovic, Duska, Setaluri, Vijayasaradhi, Setoguchi, Takao, Settembre, Carmine, Shacka, John J, Shanmugam, Mala, Shapiro, Irving M, Shaulian, Eitan, Shaw, Reuben J, Shelhamer, James H, Shen, Han-Ming, Shen, Wei-Chiang, Sheng, Zu-Hang, Shi, Yang, Shibuya, Kenichi, Shidoji, Yoshihiro, Shieh, Jeng-Jer, Shih, Chwen-Ming, Shimada, Yohta, Shimizu, Shigeomi, Shintani, Takahiro, Shirihai, Orian S, Shore, Gordon C, Sibirny, Andriy A, Sidhu, Stan B, Sikorska, Beata, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M, Simmons, Alison, Simon, Anna Katharina, Simon, Hans-Uwe, Simone, Cristiano, Simonsen, Anne, Sinclair, David A, Singh, Rajat, Sinha, Debasish, Sinicrope, Frank A, Sirko, Agnieszka, Siu, Parco M, Sivridis, Efthimios, Skop, Vojtech, Skulachev, Vladimir P, Slack, Ruth S, Smaili, Soraya S, Smith, Duncan R, Soengas, Maria S, Soldati, Thierry, Song, Xueqin, Sood, Anil K, Soong, Tuck Wah, Sotgia, Federica, Spector, Stephen A, Spies, Claudia D, Springer, Wolfdieter, Srinivasula, Srinivasa M, Stefanis, Leonidas, Steffan, Joan S, Stendel, Ruediger, Stenmark, Harald, Stephanou, Anastasis, Stern, Stephan T, Sternberg, Cinthya, Stork, Björn, Strålfors, Peter, Subauste, Carlos S, Sui, Xinbing, Sulzer, David, Sun, Jiaren, Sun, Shi-Yong, Sun, Zhi-Jun, Sung, Joseph J Y, Suzuki, Kuninori, Suzuki, Toshihiko, Swanson, Michele S, Swanton, Charles, Sweeney, Sean T, Sy, Lai-King, Szabadkai, Gyorgy, Tabas, Ira, Taegtmeyer, Heinrich, Tafani, Marco, Takács-Vellai, Krisztina, Takano, Yoshitaka, Takegawa, Kaoru, Takemura, Genzou, Takeshita, Fumihiko, Talbot, Nicholas J, Tan, Kevin S W, Tanaka, Keiji, Tanaka, Kozo, Tang, Daolin, Tang, Dingzhong, Tanida, Isei, Tannous, Bakhos A, Tavernarakis, Nektarios, Taylor, Graham S, Taylor, Gregory A, Taylor, J Paul, Terada, Lance S, Terman, Alexei, Tettamanti, Gianluca, Thevissen, Karin, Thompson, Craig B, Thorburn, Andrew, Thumm, Michael, Tian, Fengfeng, Tian, Yuan, Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco, Tolkovsky, Aviva M, Tomino, Yasuhiko, Tönges, Lars, Tooze, Sharon A, Tournier, Cathy, Tower, John, Towns, Roberto, Trajkovic, Vladimir, Travassos, Leonardo H, Tsai, Ting-Fen, Tschan, Mario P, Tsubata, Takeshi, Tsung, Allan, Turk, Boris, Turner, Lorianne S, Tyagi, Suresh C, Uchiyama, Yasuo, Ueno, Takashi, Umekawa, Midori, Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika, Unni, Vivek K, Vaccaro, Maria I, Valente, Enza Maria, Van Den Berghe, Greet, Van Der Klei, Ida J, Van Doorn, Wouter, Van Dyk, Linda F, Van Egmond, Marjolein, Van Grunsven, Leo A, Vandenabeele, Peter, Vandenberghe, Wim P, Vanhorebeek, Ilse, Vaquero, Eva C, Velasco, Guillermo, Vellai, Tibor, Vicencio, Jose Miguel, Vierstra, Richard D, Vila, Miquel, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, Von Haefen, Clarissa, Votruba, Marcela, Wada, Keiji, Wade-Martins, Richard, Walker, Cheryl L, Walsh, Craig M, Walter, Jochen, Wan, Xiang-Bo, Wang, Aimin, Wang, Chenguang, Wang, Dawei, Wang, Fan, Wang, Fen, Wang, Guanghui, Wang, Haichao, Wang, Hong-Gang, Wang, Horng-Dar, Wang, Jin, Wang, Ke, Wang, Mei, Wang, Richard C, Wang, Xinglong, Wang, Xuejun, Wang, Ying-Jan, Wang, Yipeng, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zhigang Charles, Wang, Zhinong, Wansink, Derick G, Ward, Diane M, Watada, Hirotaka, Waters, Sarah L, Webster, Paul, Wei, Lixin, Weihl, Conrad C, Weiss, William A, Welford, Scott M, Wen, Long-Ping, Whitehouse, Caroline A, Whitton, J Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J, Wileman, Tom, Wiley, John W, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Roger L, Williamson, Peter R, Wouters, Bradly G, Wu, Chenghan, Wu, Dao-Cheng, Wu, William K K, Wyttenbach, Andreas, Xavier, Ramnik J, Xi, Zhijun, Xia, Pu, Xiao, Gengfu, 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Zheng, Xiaoxiang, Zhivotovsky, Boris, Zhong, Qing, Zhou, Cong-Zhao, Zhu, Changlian, Zhu, Wei-Guo, Zhu, Xiao-Feng, Zhu, Xiongwei, Zhu, Yuangang, Zoladek, Teresa, Zong, Wei-Xing, Zorzano, Antonio, Zschocke, Jürgen, and Zuckerbraun, Brian
Abstract: International audience, In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

7. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author: Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC) ; 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biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, 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Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, 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Miquel, Vindis, Cécile, Viola, Giampietro, Viscomi, Maria Teresa, Voitsekhovskaja, Olga V, Von Haefen, Clarissa, Votruba, Marcela, Wada, Keiji, Wade-Martins, Richard, Walker, Cheryl L, Walsh, Craig M, Walter, Jochen, Wan, Xiang-Bo, Wang, Aimin, Wang, Chenguang, Wang, Dawei, Wang, Fan, Wang, Fen, Wang, Guanghui, Wang, Haichao, Wang, Hong-Gang, Wang, Horng-Dar, Wang, Jin, Wang, Ke, Wang, Mei, Wang, Richard C, Wang, Xinglong, Wang, Xuejun, Wang, Ying-Jan, Wang, Yipeng, Wang, Zhen, Wang, Zhigang Charles, Wang, Zhinong, Wansink, Derick G, Ward, Diane M, Watada, Hirotaka, Waters, Sarah L, Webster, Paul, Wei, Lixin, Weihl, Conrad C, Weiss, William A, Welford, Scott M, Wen, Long-Ping, Whitehouse, Caroline A, Whitton, J Lindsay, Whitworth, Alexander J, Wileman, Tom, Wiley, John W, Wilkinson, Simon, Willbold, Dieter, Williams, Roger L, Williamson, Peter R, Wouters, Bradly G, Wu, Chenghan, Wu, Dao-Cheng, Wu, William K K, Wyttenbach, Andreas, Xavier, Ramnik J, Xi, Zhijun, Xia, Pu, Xiao, Gengfu, Xie, Zhiping, Xie, Zhonglin, Xu, Da-Zhi, Xu, Jianzhen, Xu, Liang, Xu, Xiaolei, Yamamoto, Ai, Yamamoto, Akitsugu, Yamashina, Shunhei, Yamashita, Michiaki, Yan, Xianghua, Yanagida, Mitsuhiro, Yang, Dun-Sheng, Yang, Elizabeth, Yang, Jin-Ming, Yang, Shi Yu, Yang, Wannian, Yang, Wei Yuan, Yang, Zhifen, Yao, Meng-Chao, Yao, Tso-Pang, Yeganeh, Behzad, Yen, Wei-Lien, Yin, Jia-Jing, Yin, Xiao-Ming, Yoo, Ook-Joon, Yoon, Gyesoon, Yoon, Seung-Yong, Yorimitsu, Tomohiro, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Yoshimori, Tamotsu, Yoshimoto, Kohki, You, Ho Jin, Youle, Richard J, Younes, Anas, Yu, Li, Yu, Long, Yu, Seong-Woon, Yu, Wai Haung, Yuan, Zhi-Min, Yue, Zhenyu, Yun, Cheol-Heui, Yuzaki, Michisuke, Zabirnyk, Olga, Silva-Zacarin, Elaine, Zacks, David, Zacksenhaus, Eldad, Zaffaroni, Nadia, Zakeri, Zahra, Zeh, Herbert J, Zeitlin, Scott O, Zhang, Hong, Zhang, Hui-Ling, Zhang, Jianhua, Zhang, Jing-Pu, Zhang, Lin, Zhang, Long, Zhang, Ming-Yong, Zhang, Xu Dong, Zhao, Mantong, Zhao, Yi-Fang, Zhao, Ying, Zhao, Zhizhuang J, 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biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, 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L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, 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Abstract: International audience, In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

8. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author: Molecular and Cellular Biology ; University of Leuven, Laboratoire d'Epigénétique et Cancer ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Department of Pharmacology ; Department of Pharmacology, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques ; INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (FEMTO-ST) ; CNRS - Université de Franche-Comté - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine ; Telethon Institute, Medical Genetics ; Federico II University, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics ; Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute ; Texas Children's Hospital, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC) ; CNRS - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Celullar and Molecular Medicine ; Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Estrogène, Expression génique et pathologies du Système Nerveux Central (E2SNC) ; Université de Franche-Comté - IFR133, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive ; INSERM - IFR50 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) ; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS) - PRES Euro-Méditerranéen, Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba] ; University of Tsukuba, Gunma University ; Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology ; Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology ; Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Department of Chemistry and HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory ; University of Hong-Kong, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI) ; CNRS - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II - École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Learning Sciences Lab ; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, University of California ; University of California, Physiopathologie du cancer du foie ; INSERM - Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, Emory University School of Medicine ; Emory University School of Medicine, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Biology ; University of Rome"Tor Vergata", Oxford University ; Oxford University, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences ; University of Strathclyde, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology ; University of Turin, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle (IGF) ; CNRS - INSERM - Université Montpellier I - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, CNV ; University of Valparaiso, Section of Haemato-oncology ; Institute of cancer research, Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG) ; CNRS - École normale supérieure [ENS] - Paris, Brunel University ; Brunel University, University of New-Mexico ; University of New-Mexico, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas ; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology ; University of Cincinnati, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM) ; CNRS - Université Paris VII - Paris Diderot, Virologie humaine ; INSERM - IFR128 - École Normale Supérieure (ENS) - Lyon, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, (IIB-INTECH) ; Universidad Nacional de San Martin, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology ; MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia ; University of Brescia, Immunité infection vaccination ; INSERM - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL) - IFR128, Dept of City and Regional Planning ; Peiking University, Montreal Neurological Institute ; McGill University, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences ; Tohoku University - Graduate School of Life Sciences, Biologie Cellulaire du Noyau (BCN) ; CNRS - Institut Pasteur de Paris, Faculty of Medicine ; University of Ottawa, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) ; INSERM - CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque - Université Montpellier I, Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT) ; CNRS - Cancéropôle du Grand Est, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) ; Université de Strasbourg, Département Digestif ; CHU Nice - Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M) ; INSERM - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology [Tsukuba] (AIST) ; National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology - AIST (JAPAN), Department of Oncology ; John Radcliffe Hospital, School of Biochemistry and Immunology ; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center ; University of Texas, Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale ; CHU Nice, Department of Biochemistry ; University of Hong Kong, Danish Cancer Society ; Institute of Cancer Biology, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology (MHH) ; Hannover medical school, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute ; Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Cell Biology, section Radiation & Stress Cell Biology ; UMCG, Univ. of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics ; Weizmann Institute of Science, Institute of Immunology ; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Immunology ; Institute for Immunology, Department of Neuroscience ; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGphiMC) ; CNRS - Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; INSERM - Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, Apoptose, cancer et immunité ; INSERM - Institut Gustave Roussy - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, metabolomics platform ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Pôle de biologie ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes - Faculté de Médecine (UP5) ; Université Paris V - Paris Descartes - PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Department of Molecular Neuroscience ; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ; CERN, Center for Visual Information Technology (CVIT) ; International Institute of Information Technology, Massachusetts Institute of technology [Cambridge] (MIT) ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; University of Washington, Centre for Cancer Biology ; Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Jeune Equipe JE 2526 ; Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, Institut de Recherche Agronomique (Unité sous contrat USC-2018) ; Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Facultad de Medicina ; Universidad de Chile, Institut de génétique moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM) ; CNRS - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Signalisation et Réponses aux Agents Infectieux et Chimiques (SeRAIC) ; IFR140 - Université de Rennes 1 - IRSET, Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud - Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, National Cheng Kung University [Taiwan] (NCKU) ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation ; INSERM - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Howard Hughes Medical Institute ; Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Southwestern Medical Center ; University of Texas, School of Information science and engineering ; Lanzhou University, School of computer and information ; Hefei University, National Neuroscience Institute ; National Neuroscience Institute, National University of Singapore (NUS) ; NUS, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS) ; CNRS - Université de Strasbourg - ENGEES, Institut Armand Frappier (IAF) ; Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Central China Normal University ; Central China Normal University, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) ; Medical College Of Wisconsin - Emory University School of Medicine, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular ; Universidad de Oviedo - Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes [Toulouse] (LAAS) ; CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III - Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées [INSA] - Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer ; LNCC, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) ; Johns Hopkins University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB) ; Karl-Franzens University Graz, Department of Pediatrics ; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology ; Università degli Study di Napoli Federico II, Drug Research and Evaluation ; Istituto Superiore di Sanita‘, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE) ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM) ; CNRS - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de signalisation, biologie du développement et cancer (ISBDC) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Departments of Neurology ; Departments of Neurology, Vanderbilt University [Nashville] ; Vanderbilt University of Nashville, Departments of Pharmacology ; Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology [New Haven] ; Yale University School of Medicine - Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Anatomic Pathology Section, Department of Human Pathology and Oncology ; University of Siena, Harvard Medical School (HMS) ; Harvard University, Depts of Radiation Oncology and Pathology ; Wayne State University - Karmanos Cancer Institute, USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology ; University of Southern California, Department of Biology ; University of Copenhagen, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics ; University of Athens, Department of Pathology ; Case Western Reserve University, University of Texas at San Antonio ; University of Texas at San Antonio, Institute of Translational Medicine ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry (IBC) ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Department of Biology ; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Génétique, physiopathologie et ingénierie du tissu osseux (GéPITOS) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Innovation Thérapeutique : du Fondamental au Médicament ; CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - INSERM - MEDICEN - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Hôpital Antoine Béclère ; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Señalización Celular 4 ; Señalización Celular 4, Department of Molecular Biology ; University of Tuebingen, Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Neurology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street ; Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease Columbia University 650 West 168th Street, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology ; Université de Lausanne, CC 101 ; Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht ; Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Service de dermatologie ; CHU Nice, Vieillissement, stress, inflammation ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI, University of Cambridge (UK) (CAM) ; University of Cambridge (UK), The Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences ; University of Limerick, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Neurogenetics laboratory ; Neurogenetics laboratory, Department of Pathology ; Otto-von-Guericke University, Experimental Tumor Pathology ; University of Erlangen, Unit of Oculogenomics ; Institute for Research in Ophthalmology", Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ; University of Lausanne, Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules-Gonin , ; Eye Hospital", Division of regenerative Medicine ; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, ICBM ; Faculty of Medicine - University of Chile, Department of pathology ; Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrine and Oncology Surgery ; Royal North Shore Hospital, Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and South Western Sydney Clinical School ; University of New South Wales, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit ; John Radcliffe Hospital - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences ; University of Bern, Université de Genève ; Université de Genève, Kimmel Cancer Center, and the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Center ; Thomas Jefferson University, Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit ; University of Genoa and G. Gaslini Pediatric Institute, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; Division of Cell Biology; and Linköping Diabetes Research Centre, Cancer Institute ; University College London, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics ; University of California, San Francisco, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of inflammation and ER-GenTech ; University of Ferrara, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology - Department of Microbiology ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG) ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Abramson Cancer Institute and Department of Cancer Biology ; University of Pennsylvania, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes ; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Immunité Innée et Signalisation ; Institut Pasteur de Paris, Istituto CSS Mendel ; Istituto CSS Mendel, Department of Medical and Surgical Pediatrics ; University Hospital, Messina, Department of Intensive care Medicine ; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Cell Biology ; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research ; Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics ; University of Padova, Department of Chemistry ; Peking University, Department of Mathematics ; Shanghai University, Sch Mat Sci & Engn ; Aucune, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI) ; CNRS - Université Lille II - Droit et santé - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Institut d'électronique, de microélectronique et de nanotechnologie (IEMN) ; CNRS - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du nunérique (ISEN) - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis - Université Lille I - Sciences et technologies, Nankai University ; Nankai University, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes ; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology ; Duke University, Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, Grose, Charles, Grunt, Thomas W, Gual, Philippe, Guan, Jun-Lin, Guan, Kun-Liang, Guichard, Sylvie M, Gukovskaya, Anna S, Gukovsky, Ilya, Gunst, Jan, Gustafsson, Asa B, Halayko, Andrew J, Hale, Amber N, Halonen, Sandra K, Hamasaki, Maho, Han, Feng, Han, Ting, Hancock, Michael K, Hansen, Malene, Harada, Hisashi, Harada, Masaru, Hardt, Stefan E, Harper, J Wade, Harris, Adrian L, Harris, James, Harris, Steven D, Hébert, Marie-Joseé, Heidenreich, Kim A, Helfrich, Miep H, Helgason, Gudmundur V, Henske, Elizabeth P, Herman, Brian, Herman, Paul K, Hetz, Claudio, Hilfiker, Sabine, Hill, Joseph A, Hocking, Lynne J, Hofman, Paul, Hofmann, Thomas G, Höhfeld, Jörg, Holyoake, Tessa L, Hong, Ming-Huang, Hood, David A, Hotamisligil, Gökhan S, Houwerzijl, Ewout J, Høyer-Hansen, Maria, Hu, Bingren, Hu, Chien-An A, Hu, Hong-Ming, Hua, Ya, Huang, Canhua, Huang, Ju, Huang, Shengbing, Huang, Wei-Pang, Huber, Tobias B, Huh, Won-Ki, Hung, Tai-Ho, Hupp, Ted R, Hur, Gang Min, Hurley, James B, Hussain, Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, 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Karl-Franzens University Graz, Department of Pediatrics ; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Experimental Pharmacology ; Università degli Study di Napoli Federico II, Drug Research and Evaluation ; Istituto Superiore di Sanita‘, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE) ; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ; Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - Montpellier (ISEM) ; CNRS - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques, Institut de signalisation, biologie du développement et cancer (ISBDC) ; CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), Departments of Neurology ; Departments of Neurology, Vanderbilt University [Nashville] ; Vanderbilt University of Nashville, Departments of Pharmacology ; Departments of Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology [New Haven] ; Yale 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Modélisation, Information & Systèmes (MIS) ; Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Institute of Modern Physics ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province ; ganzu Province, Institute of Computing Technology [Biejing] (ICT) ; Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ; ESRF, Plant Physiology Laboratory ; Chinese Academy of Sciences - Botanical Institute of South china, Division of Biopharmaceutics ; Leiden University, The Institute of Environmental Medicine [Stockholm] (IMM) ; Karolinska Institutet, Institut de biochimie et biophysique moléculaire et cellulaire (IBBMC) ; CNRS - Université Paris XI - Paris Sud, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation ; University of Gothenburg - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, department of genetics - Institute of biochemistry and biophysics ; institute of biochemistry an biophysics - polish academic of sciences, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular ; Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat de Biologia - Institute for Research in Biomedicine - CIBERDEM, Chaperones Research Group ; Chaperones Research Group, Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, Bay, Boon-Huat, Beau, Isabelle, Béchet, Daniel M, Begley, Thomas J, Behl, Christian, Behrends, Christian, Bekri, Soumeya, Bellaire, Bryan, Bendall, Linda J, Benetti, Luca, Berliocchi, Laura, Bernardi, Henri, Bernassola, Francesca, Besteiro, Sébastien, Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid, Bi, Xiaoning, Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine, Blum, Janice S, Boise, Lawrence H, Bonaldo, Paolo, Boone, David L, Bornhauser, Beat C, Bortoluci, Karina R, Bossis, Ioannis, Bost, Frédéric, Bourquin, Jean-Pierre, Boya, Patricia, Boyer-Guittaut, Michaël, Bozhkov, Peter V, Brady, Nathan R, Brancolini, Claudio, Brech, Andreas, Brenman, Jay E, Brennand, Ana, Bresnick, Emery H, Brest, Patrick, Bridges, Dave, Bristol, Molly L, Brookes, Paul S, Brown, Eric J, Brumell, John H, Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola, Brunk, Ulf T, Bulman, Dennis E, Bultman, Scott J, Bultynck, Geert, Burbulla, Lena F, Bursch, Wilfried, Butchar, Jonathan P, Buzgariu, Wanda, Bydlowski, Sergio P, Cadwell, Ken, Cahová, Monika, Cai, Dongsheng, Cai, Jiyang, Cai, Qian, Calabretta, Bruno, Calvo-Garrido, Javier, Camougrand, Nadine, Campanella, Michelangelo, Campos-Salinas, Jenny, Candi, Eleonora, Cao, Lizhi, Caplan, Allan B, Carding, Simon R, Cardoso, Sandra M, Carew, Jennifer S, Carlin, Cathleen R, Carmignac, Virginie, Carneiro, Leticia A M, Carra, Serena, Caruso, Rosario A, Casari, Giorgio, Casas, Caty, Castino, Roberta, Cebollero, Eduardo, Cecconi, Francesco, Celli, Jean, Chaachouay, Hassan, Chae, Han-Jung, Chai, Chee-Yin, Chan, David C, Chan, Edmond Y, Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung, Che, Chi-Ming, Chen, Ching-Chow, Chen, Guang-Chao, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Chen, Min, Chen, Quan, Chen, Steve S-L, Chen, Wenli, Chen, Xi, Chen, Xiangmei, Chen, Xiequn, Chen, Ye-Guang, Chen, Yingyu, Chen, Yongqiang, Chen, Yu-Jen, Chen, Zhixiang, Cheng, Alan, Cheng, Christopher H K, Cheng, Yan, Cheong, Heesun, Cheong, Jae-Ho, Cherry, Sara, Chess-Williams, Russ, Cheung, Zelda H, Chevet, Eric, Chiang, Hui-Ling, Chiarelli, Roberto, Chiba, Tomoki, Chin, Lih-Shen, Chiou, Shih-Hwa, Chisari, Francis V, Cho, Chi Hin, Cho, Dong-Hyung, Choi, Augustine M K, Choi, Dooseok, Choi, Kyeong Sook, Choi, Mary E, Chouaib, Salem, Choubey, Divaker, Choubey, Vinay, Chu, Charleen T, Chuang, Tsung-Hsien, Chueh, Sheau-Huei, Chun, Taehoon, Chwae, Yong-Joon, Chye, Mee-Len, Ciarcia, Roberto, Ciriolo, Maria R, Clague, Michael J, Clark, Robert S B, Clarke, Peter G H, Clarke, Robert, Codogno, Patrice, Coller, Hilary A, Colombo, María I, Comincini, Sergio, Condello, Maria, Condorelli, Fabrizio, Cookson, Mark R, Coombs, Graham H, Coppens, Isabelle, Corbalan, Ramon, Cossart, Pascale, Costelli, Paola, Costes, Safia, Coto-Montes, Ana, Couve, Eduardo, Coxon, Fraser P, Cregg, James M, Crespo, José L, Cronjé, Marianne J, Cuervo, Ana Maria, Cullen, Joseph J, Czaja, Mark J, D'Amelio, Marcello, Darfeuille-Michaud, Arlette, Davids, Lester M, Davies, Faith E, De Felici, Massimo, De Groot, John F, De Haan, Cornelis A M, De Martino, Luisa, De Milito, Angelo, De Tata, Vincenzo, Debnath, Jayanta, Degterev, Alexei, Dehay, Benjamin, Delbridge, Lea M D, Demarchi, Francesca, Deng, Yi Zhen, Dengjel, Jörn, Dent, Paul, Denton, Donna, Deretic, Vojo, Desai, Shyamal D, Devenish, Rodney J, Di Gioacchino, Mario, Di Paolo, Gilbert, Di Pietro, Chiara, Díaz-Araya, Guillermo, Díaz-Laviada, Inés, Diaz-Meco, Maria T, Diaz-Nido, Javier, Dikic, Ivan, Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma P, Ding, Wen-Xing, Distelhorst, Clark W, Diwan, Abhinav, Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan, Dokudovskaya, Svetlana, Dong, Zheng, Dorsey, Frank C, Dosenko, Victor, Dowling, James J, Doxsey, Stephen, Dreux, Marlène, Drew, Mark E, Duan, Qiuhong, Duchosal, Michel A, Duff, Karen, Dugail, Isabelle, Durbeej, Madeleine, Duszenko, Michael, Edelstein, Charles L, Edinger, Aimee L, Egea, Gustavo, Eichinger, Ludwig, Eissa, N Tony, Ekmekcioglu, Suhendan, El-Deiry, Wafik S, Elazar, Zvulun, Elgendy, Mohamed, Ellerby, Lisa M, Eng, Kai Er, Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart, Engelender, Simone, Erenpreisa, Jekaterina, Escalante, Ricardo, Esclatine, Audrey, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Espert, Lucile, Espina, Virginia, Fan, Huizhou, Fan, Jia, Fan, Qi-Wen, Fan, Zhen, Fang, Shengyun, Fang, Yongqi, Fanto, Manolis, Fanzani, Alessandro, Farkas, Thomas, Farré, Jean-Claude, Faure, Mathias, Fechheimer, Marcus, Feng, Carl G, Feng, Jian, Feng, Qili, Feng, Youji, Fésüs, László, Feuer, Ralph, Figueiredo-Pereira, Maria E, Fimia, Gian Maria, Fingar, Diane C, Finkbeiner, Steven, Finkel, Toren, Finley, Kim D, Fiorito, Filomena, Fisher, Edward A, Fisher, Paul B, Flajolet, Marc, Florez-Mcclure, Maria L, Florio, Salvatore, Fon, Edward A, Fornai, Francesco, Fortunato, Franco, Fotedar, Rati, Fowler, Daniel H, Fox, Howard S, Franco, Rodrigo, Frankel, Lisa B, Fransen, Marc, Fuentes, José M, Fueyo, Juan, Fujii, Jun, Fujisaki, Kozo, Fujita, Eriko, Fukuda, Mitsunori, Furukawa, Ruth H, Gaestel, Matthias, Gailly, Philippe, Gajewska, Malgorzata, Galliot, Brigitte, Galy, Vincent, Ganesh, Subramaniam, Ganetzky, Barry, Ganley, Ian G, Gao, Fen-Biao, Gao, George F, Gao, Jinming, Garcia, Lorena, Garcia-Manero, Guillermo, Garcia-Marcos, Mikel, Garmyn, Marjan, Gartel, Andrei L, Gatti, Evelina, Gautel, Mathias, Gawriluk, Thomas R, Gegg, Matthew E, Geng, Jiefei, Germain, Marc, Gestwicki, Jason E, Gewirtz, David A, Ghavami, Saeid, Ghosh, Pradipta, Giammarioli, Anna M, Giatromanolaki, Alexandra N, Gibson, Spencer B, Gilkerson, Robert W, Ginger, Michael L, Goncu, Ebru, Gongora, Céline, Gonzalez, Claudio D, Gonzalez, Ramon, González-Estévez, Cristina, González-Polo, Rosa Ana, Gonzalez-Rey, Elena, Gorbunov, Nikolai V, Gorski, Sharon, Goruppi, Sandro, Gottlieb, Roberta A, Gozuacik, Devrim, Granato, Giovanna Elvira, Grant, Gary D, Green, Kim N, Gregorc, Aleš, Gros, Frédéric, 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Sabah N A, Hussey, Patrick J, Hwang, Jung Jin, Hwang, Seungmin, Ichihara, Atsuhiro, Ilkhanizadeh, Shirin, Inoki, Ken, Into, Takeshi, Iovane, Valentina, Iovanna, Juan L, Ip, Nancy Y, Isaka, Yoshitaka, Ishida, Hiroyuki, Isidoro, Ciro, Isobe, Ken-Ichi, Iwasaki, Akiko, Izquierdo, Marta, Izumi, Yotaro, Jaakkola, Panu M, Jäättelä, Marja, Jackson, George R, Jackson, William T, Janji, Bassam, Jendrach, Marina, Jeon, Ju-Hong, Jeung, Eui-Bae, Jiang, Hong, Jiang, Hongchi, Jiang, Jean X, Jiang, Ming, Jiang, Qing, Jiang, Xuejun, Jiménez, Alberto, Jin, Meiyan, Jin, Shengkan, Joe, Cheol O, Johansen, Terje, Johnson, Daniel E, Johnson, Gail V W, Jones, Nicola L, Joseph, Bertrand, Joseph, Suresh K, Joubert, Annie M, Juhász, Gábor, Juillerat-Jeanneret, Lucienne, Jung, Chang Hwa, Jung, Yong-Keun, Kaarniranta, Kai, Kaasik, Allen, Kabuta, Tomohiro, Kadowaki, Motoni, Kagedal, Katarina, Kamada, Yoshiaki, Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O, Kampinga, Harm H, Kanamori, Hiromitsu, Kang, Chanhee, Kang, Khong Bee, Kang, Kwang Il, Kang, Rui, Kang, Yoon-A, Kanki, Tomotake, Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi, Kanno, Haruo, Kanthasamy, Anumantha G, Kanthasamy, Arthi, Karantza, Vassiliki, Kaushal, Gur P, Kaushik, Susmita, Kawazoe, Yoshinori, Ke, Po-Yuan, Kehrl, John H, Kelekar, Ameeta, Kerkhoff, Claus, Kessel, David H, Khalil, Hany, Kiel, Jan A K W, Kiger, Amy A, Kihara, Akio, Kim, Deok Ryong, Kim, Do-Hyung, Kim, Dong-Hou, Kim, Eun-Kyoung, Kim, Hyung-Ryong, Kim, Jae-Sung, Kim, Jeong Hun, Kim, Jin Cheon, Kim, John K, Kim, Peter K, Kim, Seong Who, Kim, Yong-Sun, Kim, Yonghyun, Kimchi, Adi, Kimmelman, Alec C, King, Jason S, Kinsella, Timothy J, Kirkin, Vladimir, Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A, Kitamoto, Katsuhiko, Kitazato, Kaio, Klein, Ludger, Klimecki, Walter T, Klucken, Jochen, Knecht, Erwin, Ko, Ben C B, Koch, Jan C, Koga, Hiroshi, Koh, Jae-Young, Koh, Young Ho, Koike, Masato, Komatsu, Masaaki, Kominami, Eiki, Kong, Hee Jeong, Kong, Wei-Jia, Korolchuk, Viktor I, Kotake, Yaichiro, Koukourakis, Michael I, Kouri Flores, Juan B, Kovács, Attila L, Kraft, Claudine, Krainc, Dimitri, Krämer, Helmut, Kretz-Remy, Carole, Krichevsky, Anna M, Kroemer, Guido, Krüger, Rejko, Krut, Oleg, Ktistakis, Nicholas T, Kuan, Chia-Yi, Kucharczyk, Roza, Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Raj, Kumar, Sharad, Kundu, Mondira, Kung, Hsing-Jien, Kurz, Tino, Kwon, Ho Jeong, La Spada, Albert R, Lafont, Frank, Lamark, Trond, Landry, Jacques, Lane, Jon D, Lapaquette, Pierre, Laporte, Jocelyn F, László, Lajos, Lavandero, Sergio, Lavoie, Josée N, Layfield, Robert, Lazo, Pedro A, Le, Weidong, Le Cam, Laurent, Ledbetter, Daniel J, Lee, Alvin J X, Lee, Byung-Wan, Lee, Gyun Min, Lee, Jongdae, Lee, Ju-Hyun, Lee, Michael, Lee, Myung-Shik, Lee, Sug Hyung, Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Legembre, Patrick, Legouis, Renaud, Lehmann, Michael, Lei, Huan-Yao, Lei, Qun-Ying, Leib, David A, Leiro, José, Lemasters, John J, Lemoine, Antoinette, Lesniak, Maciej S, Lev, Dina, Levenson, Victor V, Levine, Beth, Levy, Efrat, Li, Faqiang, Li, Jun-Lin, Li, Lian, Li, Sheng, Li, Weijie, Li, Xue-Jun, Li, Yan-Bo, Li, Yi-Ping, Liang, Chengyu, Liang, Qiangrong, Liao, Yung-Feng, Liberski, Pawel P, Lieberman, Andrew, Lim, Hyunjung J, Lim, Kah-Leong, Lim, Kyu, Lin, Chiou-Feng, Lin, Fu-Cheng, Lin, Jian, Lin, Jiandie D, Lin, Kui, Lin, Wan-Wan, Lin, Weei-Chin, Lin, Yi-Ling, Linden, Rafael, Lingor, Paul, Lippincott-Schwartz, Jennifer, Lisanti, Michael P, Liton, Paloma B, Liu, Bo, Liu, Chun-Feng, Liu, Kaiyu, Liu, Leyuan, Liu, Qiong A, Liu, Wei, Liu, Young-Chau, Liu, Yule, Lockshin, Richard A, Lok, Chun-Nam, Lonial, Sagar, Loos, Benjamin, Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel, López-Otín, Carlos, Lossi, Laura, Lotze, Michael T, Lőw, Peter, Lu, Binfeng, Lu, Bingwei, Lu, Bo, Lu, Zhen, Luciano, Frédéric, Lukacs, Nicholas W, Lund, Anders H, Lynch-Day, Melinda A, Ma, Yong, Macian, Fernando, Mackeigan, Jeff P, Macleod, Kay F, Madeo, Frank, Maiuri, Luigi, Maiuri, Maria Chiara, Malagoli, Davide, Malicdan, May Christine V, Malorni, Walter, Man, Na, Mandelkow, Eva-Maria, Manon, Stéphen, Manov, Irena, Mao, Kai, Mao, Xiang, Mao, Zixu, Marambaud, Philippe, Marazziti, Daniela, Marcel, Yves L, Marchbank, Katie, Marchetti, Piero, Marciniak, Stefan J, Marcondes, Mateus, Mardi, Mohsen, Marfe, Gabriella, Mariño, Guillermo, Markaki, Maria, Marten, Mark R, Martin, Seamus J, Martinand-Mari, Camille, Martinet, Wim, Martinez-Vicente, Marta, Masini, Matilde, Matarrese, Paola, Matsuo, Saburo, Matteoni, Raffaele, Mayer, Andreas, Mazure, Nathalie M, Mcconkey, David J, Mcconnell, Melanie J, Mcdermott, Catherine, Mcdonald, Christine, Mcinerney, Gerald M, Mckenna, Sharon L, Mclaughlin, Bethann, Mclean, Pamela J, Mcmaster, Christopher R, Mcquibban, G Angus, Meijer, Alfred J, Meisler, Miriam H, Meléndez, Alicia, Melia, Thomas J, Melino, Gerry, Mena, Maria A, Menendez, Javier A, Menna-Barreto, Rubem F S, Menon, Manoj B, Menzies, Fiona M, Mercer, Carol A, Merighi, Adalberto, Merry, Diane E, Meschini, Stefania, Meyer, Christian G, Meyer, Thomas F, Miao, Chao-Yu, Miao, Jun-Ying, Michels, Paul A M, Michiels, Carine, Mijaljica, Dalibor, Milojkovic, Ana, Minucci, Saverio, Miracco, Clelia, Miranti, Cindy K, Mitroulis, Ioannis, Miyazawa, Keisuke, Mizushima, Noboru, Mograbi, Baharia, Mohseni, Simin, Molero, Xavier, Mollereau, Bertrand, Mollinedo, Faustino, Momoi, Takashi, Monastyrska, Iryna, Monick, Martha M, Monteiro, Mervyn J, Moore, Michael N, Mora, Rodrigo, Moreau, Kevin, Moreira, Paula I, Moriyasu, Yuji, Moscat, Jorge, Mostowy, Serge, Mottram, Jeremy C, Motyl, Tomasz, Moussa, Charbel E-H, Müller, Sylke, Muller, Sylviane, Münger, Karl, Münz, Christian, Murphy, Leon O, Murphy, Maureen E, Musarò, Antonio, Mysorekar, Indira, Nagata, Eiichiro, Nagata, Kazuhiro, Nahimana, Aimable, Nair, Usha, Nakagawa, Toshiyuki, Nakahira, Kiichi, Nakano, Hiroyasu, Nakatogawa, Hitoshi, Nanjundan, Meera, Naqvi, Naweed I, Narendra, Derek P, Narita, Masashi, Navarro, Miguel, Nawrocki, Steffan T, Nazarko, Taras Y, Nemchenko, Andriy, Netea, Mihai G, Neufeld, Thomas P, Ney, Paul A, Nezis, Ioannis P, Nguyen, Huu Phuc, Nie, Daotai, Nishino, Ichizo, Nislow, Corey, Nixon, Ralph A, Noda, Takeshi, Noegel, Angelika A, Nogalska, Anna, Noguchi, Satoru, Notterpek, Lucia, Novak, Ivana, Nozaki, Tomoyoshi, Nukina, Nobuyuki, Nürnberger, Thorsten, Nyfeler, Beat, Obara, Keisuke, Oberley, Terry D, Oddo, Salvatore, Ogawa, Michinaga, Ohashi, Toya, Okamoto, Koji, Oleinick, Nancy L, Oliver, F Javier, Olsen, Laura J, Olsson, Stefan, Opota, Onya, Osborne, Timothy F, Ostrander, Gary K, Otsu, Kinya, Ou, Jing-Hsiung James, Ouimet, Mireille, Overholtzer, Michael, Ozpolat, Bulent, Paganetti, Paolo, Pagnini, Ugo, Pallet, Nicolas, Palmer, Glen E, Palumbo, Camilla, Pan, Tianhong, Panaretakis, Theocharis, Pandey, Udai Bhan, Papackova, Zuzana, Papassideri, Issidora, Paris, Irmgard, Park, Junsoo, Park, Ohkmae K, Parys, Jan B, Parzych, Katherine R, Patschan, Susann, Patterson, Cam, Pattingre, Sophie, Pawelek, John M, Peng, Jianxin, Perlmutter, David H, Perrotta, Ida, Perry, George, Pervaiz, 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Abstract: International audience, In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

9. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

Author: Klionsky, Daniel J, Abdalla, Fabio C, Abeliovich, Hagai, Abraham, Robert T, Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham, Adeli, Khosrow, Agholme, Lotta, Agnello, Maria, Agostinis, Patrizia, Aguirre-Ghiso, Julio A, Ahn, Hyung Jun, Ait-Mohamed, Ouardia, Ait-Si-Ali, Slimane, Akematsu, Takahiko, Akira, Shizuo, Al-Younes, Hesham M, Al-Zeer, Munir A, Albert, Matthew L, Albin, Roger L, Alegre-Abarrategui, Javier, Aleo, Maria Francesca, Alirezaei, Mehrdad, Almasan, Alexandru, Almonte-Becerril, Maylin, Amano, Atsuo, Amaravadi, Ravi, Amarnath, Shoba, Amer, Amal O, Andrieu-Abadie, Nathalie, Anantharam, Vellareddy, Ann, David K, Anoopkumar-Dukie, Shailendra, Aoki, Hiroshi, Apostolova, Nadezda, Auberger, Patrick, Baba, Misuzu, Backues, Steven K, Baehrecke, Eric H, Bahr, Ben A, Bai, Xue-Yuan, Bailly, Yannick, Baiocchi, Robert, Baldini, Giulia, Balduini, Walter, Ballabio, Andrea, Bamber, Bruce A, Bampton, Edward T W, Bánhegyi, Gábor, Bartholomew, Clinton R, Bassham, Diane C, Bast, Robert C, Batoko, Henri, 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Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused o

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1. SMARCB1 regulates the hypoxic stress response in sickle cell trait

2. Eye of the Beholder: Investigating the Interplay between Inquiry Role Diversification and Social Perspective Taking

3. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

4. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

5. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

6. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

7. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

8. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

9. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

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