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This paper compares two proposed alternatives to conventional instruction caches: a scratchpad memory (SPM) and a method cache. The comparison considers the true worst-case execution time (WCET) and the estimated WCET bound of programs using either an SPM or a method cache, using large numbers of randomly generated programs. For these programs, we find that a method cache is preferable to an SPM if the true WCET is used, because it leads to execution times that are no greater than those for SPM, and are often lower. However, we also find that analytical pessimism is a significant problem for a method cache. If WCET bounds are derived by analysis, the WCET bounds for an instruction SPM are often lower than the bounds for a method cache. This means that an SPM may be preferable in practical systems.

WCET analysis models for superscalar out-of-order CPUs generally need to be pessimistic in order to account for a wide range of possible dynamic behavior. CPU hardware modifications could be used to constrain operations to known execution paths called traces, permitting exploitation of instruction level parallelism with guaranteed timing. Previous implementations of traces have used microcode to constrain operations, but other possibilities exist. A new implementation strategy (virtual traces) is introduced here. In this paper the benefits and costs of traces are discussed. Advantages of traces include a reduction in pessimism in WCET analysis, with the need to accurately model CPU internals removed. Disadvantages of traces include a reduction of peak throughput of the CPU, a need for deterministic memory and a potential increase in the complexity of WCET models.

WCET analysis models for superscalar out-of-order CPUs generally need to be pessimistic in order to account for a wide range of possible dynamic behavior. CPU hardware modifications could be used to constrain operations to known execution paths called traces, permitting exploitation of instruction level parallelism with guaranteed timing. Previous implementations of traces have used microcode to constrain operations, but other possibilities exist. A new implementation strategy (virtual traces) is introduced here. In this paper the benefits and costs of traces are discussed. Advantages of traces include a reduction in pessimism in WCET analysis, with the need to accurately model CPU internals removed. Disadvantages of traces include a reduction of peak throughput of the CPU, a need for deterministic memory and a potential increase in the complexity of WCET models.