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The UN World Food Programme (WFP) is the largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide, reaching around 80 million people with food assistance in 75 countries each year. To deal with the operational complexities inherent to its mandate, WFP has been developing tools to assist their decision makers with integrating the supply chain decisions across departments and functional areas. This paper describes a mixed integer linear programming model that simultaneously optimizes the food basket to be delivered, the sourcing plan, the routing plan, and the transfer modality of a long-term recovery operation for each month in a pre-defined time horizon. By connecting traditional supply chain elements to nutritional objectives, we made significant breakthroughs in the operational excellence of WFP's most complex operations, such as Iraq and Yemen. We show how we used optimization to reduce the operational costs in Iraq by 17%, while still supplying 98% of the nutritional targets. Additionally, we show how we are using optimization in Yemen to manage the scale-up of the existing operation from three to six million beneficiaries.

Many of the Programs, Funds and Specialized Agencies of the United Nations were founded in the aftermath of the Second World War. The purpose of the creation of these organizations has long since been replaced by new ones. This thesis addresses the challenges experienced today by three of the most prominent UN Specialized Agencies, Funds and Programs, FAO, UNICEF and WFP. The thesis' research question is whether the funding mechanism of an aid organization (voluntary vs. assessment) is more likely to have implications on its reform and change ability? Theories derived from institutionalism have served as theoretical framework to answer the research question. The method utilized in this research is a structured, focused comparison. The findings indicate that voluntary funded agencies are more prone to comply with changes to its modalities and practices. However, the situation of FAO has for some time been characterized by bad governance and low efficiency and is therefore not valid as a representative for the specialized agencies when it comes to changing ability adaptation.

Many of the Programs, Funds and Specialized Agencies of the United Nations were founded in the aftermath of the Second World War. The purpose of the creation of these organizations has long since been replaced by new ones. This thesis addresses the challenges experienced today by three of the most prominent UN Specialized Agencies, Funds and Programs, FAO, UNICEF and WFP. The thesis' research question is whether the funding mechanism of an aid organization (voluntary vs. assessment) is more likely to have implications on its reform and change ability? Theories derived from institutionalism have served as theoretical framework to answer the research question. The method utilized in this research is a structured, focused comparison. The findings indicate that voluntary funded agencies are more prone to comply with changes to its modalities and practices. However, the situation of FAO has for some time been characterized by bad governance and low efficiency and is therefore not valid as a representative for the specialized agencies when it comes to changing ability adaptation.

The purpose of this thesis is to understand how small scale farmers navigate the market to access and participate in the formal maize market to improve their revenue, utilising the case of the P4P program inKenya. The empirical material was collected during fieldwork in Kenya. Qualitative methods were found to be the most suitable for this thesis. The methods that was utilised were a case study strategy, semi structured interviews, focus groups, observations and analysis of secondary sources. In this study different approaches about farmers’ organisations (FO) and small scale farmers’ access to and participation in markets have been utilised to create an analytical context. The study found that food markets in developing countries are lacking in infrastructure, market information and bank credit. The dynamics of the Kenyan market are even more complicated due to its two different marketing channels. Using collective action has the farmers overcome many of these limitations. One change is in the farmers’ mind set from viewing agriculture as a hobby to a business. The farmers have been criticised for defaulting on their contracts, whereas WFP has been criticised delays in payments. Some FO:s have been more successful than others which are a reflection of the barriers within the P4P program itself.

The purpose of this thesis is to understand how small scale farmers navigate the market to access and participate in the formal maize market to improve their revenue, utilising the case of the P4P program inKenya. The empirical material was collected during fieldwork in Kenya. Qualitative methods were found to be the most suitable for this thesis. The methods that was utilised were a case study strategy, semi structured interviews, focus groups, observations and analysis of secondary sources. In this study different approaches about farmers’ organisations (FO) and small scale farmers’ access to and participation in markets have been utilised to create an analytical context. The study found that food markets in developing countries are lacking in infrastructure, market information and bank credit. The dynamics of the Kenyan market are even more complicated due to its two different marketing channels. Using collective action has the farmers overcome many of these limitations. One change is in the farmers’ mind set from viewing agriculture as a hobby to a business. The farmers have been criticised for defaulting on their contracts, whereas WFP has been criticised delays in payments. Some FO:s have been more successful than others which are a reflection of the barriers within the P4P program itself.

Esta monografía analiza los factores que obstaculizan el alcance de la cooperación de la FAO y el PMA en la lucha contra el hambre en India, entre el 2003 y el 2007, a partir de las teorías: Neoliberalismo Institucional y Regímenes Internacionales de R. Keohane, además de algunos conceptos de W. Easterly, This monograph analyzes the factors that hamper the extent of cooperation, of FAO and WFP in the fight against hunger in India, in the study period 2003-2007, from the theories: Neoliberal Institutional and International regimes from R. O. Keohane, besides some concepts from W. Easterly

Ruttningen av trafik i IP-nätverk sker ofta med hjälp av bågvikter som bestämmer vilken väg trafiken tar (kortastevägruttning). Problemet här är att avgöra ifall det existerar en uppsättning vikter givet ett önskat ruttningsschema. Den hör rapporten undersöker prestandan hos ett antal modeller och optimeringsprogram avsedda att lösa denna typ av problem som ofta kallas inversa kortastevägruttningsproblemet. Undersökningen visar att det existerar en stor skillnad mellan modellerna och optimeringsprogrammen och att modellen baserad på cykelbaser löst med CPLEXdualopt lösaren är snabbast., The routing of traffic in IP networks is often done with a set of weights that determinewhich way the traffic will go (shortest path routing). The problem here is todetermine if there exists a set of weights for a desired routing pattern. This thesis willinvestigate the performance of a number of different models and solvers for solvingthis type of problem which is usually called the inverse shortest path routing (ISPR)problem. The models tested are the same as described in [1]. The different solversused are mainly the linear CPLEX solvers but also a few multi commodity networksolvers. The tests showed that there is a big performance difference between the models andsolvers and that the cycle bases model solved with the CPLEX dualopt solver wasthe fastest overall.

This is a field study conducted in Mozambique of the empowerment of small-scale farmers within the initial process of commercialization. The WFP initiative named Purchase for Progress intend to purchasing crops locally directly from farmer organizations. The study’s aim is capturing the farmers’ perceived empowerment, defined as access to purposive choices, through a theoretical framework where opportunity structure and asset-based agency interactively determines empowerment. Opportunity structure is the structure of which actors operate, while assets are interrelated resources determining agency; one’s ability to act upon self-defined goals. Based on material generated from focus group and semi-structured interviews, main findings point to poor access to warehousing, transport and inputs (credit, chemicals and training) resulting in lack of incentives for commercialization. Signs of assets as capacity to aspire, access to contracting, possibility of negotiations point to enabling agency and existence of choice to sales, also the use of this choice. However much remains on the road towards empowerment, achievement of choice, as farmers identify continued obstacles in price fluctuations, lack of support and need for assets such as credit, tools, techniques and training. One may produce and sell but to make commercialization transformative towards empowerment one needs support for assets to increase low productivity.

This is a field study conducted in Mozambique of the empowerment of small-scale farmers within the initial process of commercialization. The WFP initiative named Purchase for Progress intend to purchasing crops locally directly from farmer organizations. The study’s aim is capturing the farmers’ perceived empowerment, defined as access to purposive choices, through a theoretical framework where opportunity structure and asset-based agency interactively determines empowerment. Opportunity structure is the structure of which actors operate, while assets are interrelated resources determining agency; one’s ability to act upon self-defined goals. Based on material generated from focus group and semi-structured interviews, main findings point to poor access to warehousing, transport and inputs (credit, chemicals and training) resulting in lack of incentives for commercialization. Signs of assets as capacity to aspire, access to contracting, possibility of negotiations point to enabling agency and existence of choice to sales, also the use of this choice. However much remains on the road towards empowerment, achievement of choice, as farmers identify continued obstacles in price fluctuations, lack of support and need for assets such as credit, tools, techniques and training. One may produce and sell but to make commercialization transformative towards empowerment one needs support for assets to increase low productivity.

Ruttningen av trafik i IP-nätverk sker ofta med hjälp av bågvikter som bestämmer vilken väg trafiken tar (kortastevägruttning). Problemet här är att avgöra ifall det existerar en uppsättning vikter givet ett önskat ruttningsschema. Den hör rapporten undersöker prestandan hos ett antal modeller och optimeringsprogram avsedda att lösa denna typ av problem som ofta kallas inversa kortastevägruttningsproblemet. Undersökningen visar att det existerar en stor skillnad mellan modellerna och optimeringsprogrammen och att modellen baserad på cykelbaser löst med CPLEXdualopt lösaren är snabbast., The routing of traffic in IP networks is often done with a set of weights that determinewhich way the traffic will go (shortest path routing). The problem here is todetermine if there exists a set of weights for a desired routing pattern. This thesis willinvestigate the performance of a number of different models and solvers for solvingthis type of problem which is usually called the inverse shortest path routing (ISPR)problem. The models tested are the same as described in [1]. The different solversused are mainly the linear CPLEX solvers but also a few multi commodity networksolvers. The tests showed that there is a big performance difference between the models andsolvers and that the cycle bases model solved with the CPLEX dualopt solver wasthe fastest overall.

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan ruoka-apua Suomen kehityspolitiikan osana. Aihetta ei ole tutkittu aikaisemmin, joten työni on perustutkimusta. Lähtökohtana on sen selvittäminen, miksi Suomi antaa ruoka-apua ja millainen kehityspolitiikan väline se on Suomelle ollut. Pääasiallinen tutkimusmenetelmäni on ollut ulkoasiainministeriön arkistomateriaalin analysointi. Arkistomateriaalin perusteella olen rekonstruoinut kuvan Suomen ruoka-apupolitiikasta: toiminnan lähtökohdista, perusteluista ja ehdoista sekä avun määrästä, koostumuksesta ja suuntaamisesta. Arkistotutkimukseni rikastuttamiseksi olen tehnyt 3 avointa haastattelua ulkoasianministeriössä ja maa-ja metsätalousministeriössä. Koska ruoka-avusta ei ole juuri keskusteltu Suomessa taustoitan analyysiani katsauksella kansainväliseen ruoka-apupolitiikkaan ja erityisesti Suomen ruoka-avun kanavan Maailman elintarvikeohjelma WFP:n toimintaan. Työni teoreettisena viitekehyksenä ovat Juhani Koposen ja Lauri Siitosen näkemykset Suomen kehityspolitiikan muotoutumisesta. Tutkimuksestani selviää, että Suomen ruoka-apupolitiikka kuvastaa varsin tarkasti kulloinkin maamme kehityspolitiikkaa yleisellä tasolla ohjanneita motiiveja. Suomi aloitti ruoka-avun antamisen vuonna 1963, jolloin YK:n alaisen maailman elintarvikeohjelman perustaminen teki ruoka-avun antamisen pienemmillekin maille mahdolliseksi ja toivottavaksi. Kehitysaputoiminta antoi Suomelle tilaisuuden esiintyä länsimaana ja näin tehdä eroa Neuvostoliittoon. Ruoka-apu oli tähän erityisen suotuisa väline, sillä samalla maa vapautui maataloustuotannon ylijäämistä. Ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä ruoka-apu nähtiinkin Suomessa selkeästi myös kotimaisten maataloustuotteiden markkinointikanavana. Suomi antoi vuoteen 2001 ruoka-apunsa pääosin kotimaisina elintarvikkeina. Viime vuosikymmeninä, Suomen liityttyä Euroopan unioniin ja identifioituessa siihen, kotimaisten tuotteiden vientimahdollisuudet ruoka-apuna ovat heikentyneet ja huomio on kohdistunut avun kehitysvaikutuksiin. Sitte, Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler., Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library., Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.

Práca popisuje postup návrhu a tvorby ovládača pre značkovanie sieťovej premávky kvôli zabezpečeniu kvality služby. Na začiatku sú popísané a porovnané rôzne technológie použiteľné pre tvorbu takéhoto ovládača a následne je vybraný vhodný kandidát pre použitie. Ďalej sa práca venuje návrhu ovládača podľa zadania a vytvára podrobnejší súbor požiadaviek. Tie ovplyvňujú samotný dizajn ovládača. Pri návrhu sa práca sústreďuje na kritériá ako minimalizácia vplyvu ovládača na parametre sieťovej premávky a minimálna záťaž na systém. Okrem ovládača je vytvorené aplikačné rozhranie pre jeho riadenie z režimu používateľa a jedná sa tak o systém úplne zabezpečujúci značkovanie premávky. V závere je popísaná vytvorená implementácia ovládača a aplikačné rozhranie z pohľadu programátora aplikácií využívajúcich poskytnuté rozhranie., This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.

Práca popisuje postup návrhu a tvorby ovládača pre značkovanie sieťovej premávky kvôli zabezpečeniu kvality služby. Na začiatku sú popísané a porovnané rôzne technológie použiteľné pre tvorbu takéhoto ovládača a následne je vybraný vhodný kandidát pre použitie. Ďalej sa práca venuje návrhu ovládača podľa zadania a vytvára podrobnejší súbor požiadaviek. Tie ovplyvňujú samotný dizajn ovládača. Pri návrhu sa práca sústreďuje na kritériá ako minimalizácia vplyvu ovládača na parametre sieťovej premávky a minimálna záťaž na systém. Okrem ovládača je vytvorené aplikačné rozhranie pre jeho riadenie z režimu používateľa a jedná sa tak o systém úplne zabezpečujúci značkovanie premávky. V závere je popísaná vytvorená implementácia ovládača a aplikačné rozhranie z pohľadu programátora aplikácií využívajúcich poskytnuté rozhranie., This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.

Diplomová práca sa zaoberá vytvorením nástroja, ktorý dokáže detekovať novo-vytvorené sieťové spojenia na úrovni kernelu a vo webových prehliadačoch. Vysvetľuje teoretické základy a metódy monitorovania sieťového toku. Približuje ako funguje vytváranie sieťových spojení v operačných systémoch Linux a Microsoft Windows so zameraním sa na sockety, a taktiež ponúka možnosti monitorovania sieťových spojení vo webových prehliadačoch. Vytváranie sieťových spojení je detekované pomocou technológie BCC, kde sú monitorované priamo systémové volania, ktoré majú na starosti vytvorenie nového sieťového pripojenia. Monitorovanie sieťovej prevádzky vytvorenej webovými prehliadačmi je implementované cez prehliadačové rozšírenie webRequest. Nástroj má za úlohu anotovanie tejto prevádzky spojením informácií z prehliadačového rozšírenia s informáciami o nových sieťových spojeniach., The thesis deals with the creation of a tool that can detect newly created network connections at the kernel level and in web browsers. It explains the theoretical foundations and methods of the network flow monitoring. It also describes how creating network connections works in the Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems, with a special focus on sockets, and it offers options for monitoring network connections in web browsers, too. The creation of network connections is detected using BCC technology, where the system calls responsible for creating a new network connection are directly monitored. Monitoring of network traffic generated by web browsers is implemented through the browser extension webRequest. The main task of the tool is annotating this traffic by combining the information from the browser extension with the information about new network connections.

Práca popisuje postup návrhu a tvorby ovládača pre značkovanie sieťovej premávky kvôli zabezpečeniu kvality služby. Na začiatku sú popísané a porovnané rôzne technológie použiteľné pre tvorbu takéhoto ovládača a následne je vybraný vhodný kandidát pre použitie. Ďalej sa práca venuje návrhu ovládača podľa zadania a vytvára podrobnejší súbor požiadaviek. Tie ovplyvňujú samotný dizajn ovládača. Pri návrhu sa práca sústreďuje na kritériá ako minimalizácia vplyvu ovládača na parametre sieťovej premávky a minimálna záťaž na systém. Okrem ovládača je vytvorené aplikačné rozhranie pre jeho riadenie z režimu používateľa a jedná sa tak o systém úplne zabezpečujúci značkovanie premávky. V závere je popísaná vytvorená implementácia ovládača a aplikačné rozhranie z pohľadu programátora aplikácií využívajúcich poskytnuté rozhranie., This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.

Práca popisuje postup návrhu a tvorby ovládača pre značkovanie sieťovej premávky kvôli zabezpečeniu kvality služby. Na začiatku sú popísané a porovnané rôzne technológie použiteľné pre tvorbu takéhoto ovládača a následne je vybraný vhodný kandidát pre použitie. Ďalej sa práca venuje návrhu ovládača podľa zadania a vytvára podrobnejší súbor požiadaviek. Tie ovplyvňujú samotný dizajn ovládača. Pri návrhu sa práca sústreďuje na kritériá ako minimalizácia vplyvu ovládača na parametre sieťovej premávky a minimálna záťaž na systém. Okrem ovládača je vytvorené aplikačné rozhranie pre jeho riadenie z režimu používateľa a jedná sa tak o systém úplne zabezpečujúci značkovanie premávky. V závere je popísaná vytvorená implementácia ovládača a aplikačné rozhranie z pohľadu programátora aplikácií využívajúcich poskytnuté rozhranie., This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.

Práca popisuje postup návrhu a tvorby ovládača pre značkovanie sieťovej premávky kvôli zabezpečeniu kvality služby. Na začiatku sú popísané a porovnané rôzne technológie použiteľné pre tvorbu takéhoto ovládača a následne je vybraný vhodný kandidát pre použitie. Ďalej sa práca venuje návrhu ovládača podľa zadania a vytvára podrobnejší súbor požiadaviek. Tie ovplyvňujú samotný dizajn ovládača. Pri návrhu sa práca sústreďuje na kritériá ako minimalizácia vplyvu ovládača na parametre sieťovej premávky a minimálna záťaž na systém. Okrem ovládača je vytvorené aplikačné rozhranie pre jeho riadenie z režimu používateľa a jedná sa tak o systém úplne zabezpečujúci značkovanie premávky. V závere je popísaná vytvorená implementácia ovládača a aplikačné rozhranie z pohľadu programátora aplikácií využívajúcich poskytnuté rozhranie., This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.

Práca popisuje postup návrhu a tvorby ovládača pre značkovanie sieťovej premávky kvôli zabezpečeniu kvality služby. Na začiatku sú popísané a porovnané rôzne technológie použiteľné pre tvorbu takéhoto ovládača a následne je vybraný vhodný kandidát pre použitie. Ďalej sa práca venuje návrhu ovládača podľa zadania a vytvára podrobnejší súbor požiadaviek. Tie ovplyvňujú samotný dizajn ovládača. Pri návrhu sa práca sústreďuje na kritériá ako minimalizácia vplyvu ovládača na parametre sieťovej premávky a minimálna záťaž na systém. Okrem ovládača je vytvorené aplikačné rozhranie pre jeho riadenie z režimu používateľa a jedná sa tak o systém úplne zabezpečujúci značkovanie premávky. V závere je popísaná vytvorená implementácia ovládača a aplikačné rozhranie z pohľadu programátora aplikácií využívajúcich poskytnuté rozhranie., This thesis describes the approach in designing and implementing a driver marking network traffic for quality of service provision. In the beginning distinct technologies usable for the driver development are discussed and compared to each other while the most suiting candidate is chosen for driver development. Next the thesis discusses the design of the driver according to specification and depicts a list of more specific requirements affecting the driver design itself. The focus point in design is the least possible impact on network traffic performance and the running system itself. In addition to the driver an application programming interface usable from user mode is designed and so the system as a whole ensures the marking of network traffic entirely. In the end the created driver architecture is described and the application programming interface is described in terms of use.