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Background: Migrant women at risk of social exclusion often experience health inequities based on gender, country of origin or socioeconomic status. Traditional health promotion programs designed for this population have focused on covering their basic needs or modifying lifestyle behaviors. The salutogenic model of health could offer a new perspective enabling health promotion programs to reduce the impact of health inequities. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a salutogenic health promotion program focused on the empowerment of migrant women at risk of social exclusion. Methods: A four-session salutogenic health promotion program was conducted over a period of 6 months. In a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design, an ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 26 women to collect sociodemographic data, together with 5 validated instruments: Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence (SOC-13), Duke-UNC-11 (perceived social support), Quality of Life Short Form-36 (SF-36), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, and the Cohen et al. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression models were performed. Statistical tests were considered significant with a two-tailed p value < 0.05.ResultsParticipants had a low initial SOC-13 score (60.36; SD 8.16), which did not show significant change after the health promotion program. Perceived social support (37.07; SD 6.28) and mental quality of life also remained unchanged, while physical quality of life increased from 50.84 (SD 4.60) to 53.08 (SD 5.31) (p = 0.049). Self-esteem showed an increasing trend from 30.14 (SD 4.21) to 31.92 (SD 4.38) (p = 0.120). Perceived stress decreased from 20.57 (SD 2.91) to 18.38 (SD 3.78) (p = 0.016). A greater effect was observed at the end of the program in women with lower initial scores for SOC-13 and quality of life and higher initial scores of perceived stress. Conclusions: The health promotion program reduced perceived stress, increased physical quality of life

Antecedentes: Los factores de riesgo psicosocial, especialmente el estrés laboral, afectan negativamente a la salud psicosocial de los profesores. La profesión docente se ha considerado un colectivo con alto riesgo de padecer burnout o el síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo lo que supone una disminución de la calidad de vida de los docentes. Este efecto, según autores, podría estar mediado por la edad. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los niveles de salud psicosocial de un grupo de profesores en función de su edad. Método: La muestra del estudio está formada por 74 profesores (11 hombres y 63 mujeres) de educación primaria y secundaria con una edad media de 38.16 años, divididos en cuatro rangos de edad utilizados previamente en otras investigaciones (de 20-30 años con 20 sujetos; de 31-40 años formado por 22 sujetos, de 41-50 años con 22 sujetos; de 51-65 compuesto por 10 sujetos). Todos ellos contestaron cuestionarios de burnout, job strain y satisfacción laboral. Resultados: Los resultados muestran como el grupo de profesores de 31-40 años obtiene mayores niveles de agotamiento que el grupo 41-50 años (p=0.024). Sin embargo este grupo muestra mayor nivel de satisfacción laboral con los servicios recibidos con respecto al grupo 51-65 años (p=0.012). Por último, también se dan diferencias en la variable uso de habilidades, de la escala Job Strain, entre los rangos de edad 20-30 y 51-65 (p=0.010). Conclusiones: Las puntuaciones más altas registradas, en la variable uso de habilidades, por el grupo más joven indica que la preparación universitaria recibida les permite afrontar mejor las exigencias del puesto. Los profesores con edades comprendidas entre los 31 y 40 años obtienen mayor satisfacción laboral con los servicios recibidos y además registran mayor agotamiento que el resto de los grupos., Background: Psychosocial risk factors, especially job stress, negatively affect the psychosocial health of teachers. The teaching profession has been considered a group at high risk of burnout which means a decrease in the quality of life of teachers. This effect, according to the authors, could be mediated by the age. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the levels of psychosocial health of a group of teachers based on their age. Method: The sample consists of 74 teachers (11 men and 63 women) of primary and secondary education with an average age 38.16 years, divided in four age ranges previously used in other studies (20-30 years with 20 subject; 31-40 years compound of 22 subjects; 41-50 years with 22 subjects; 51-65 compound of 10 subjects). All they answered questionnaires about burnout, job strain and job satisfaction. Results: The results showed that teachers of the group of 31-40-years obtained higher levels of exhaustion that the group 41-50 years (p=0.024). However this group showed higher level of job satisfaction with the services received with respect to the group 51-65 years old (p=0.012). Finally, differences in the variable use of skills, Job Strain scale, also exist between the age ranges 20-30 and 51-65 (p=0.010). Conclusions: The highest scores showed, in the variable use of skills, for the younger group could indicate that the received university training enables them to better meet the demands of the job. Teachers aged between 31 and 40 years scored hight in job satisfaction with the services received and also have more exhaustion than the rest of the groups.

Antecedentes: Los factores de riesgo psicosocial, especialmente el estrés laboral, afectan negativamente a la salud psicosocial de los profesores. La profesión docente se ha considerado un colectivo con alto riesgo de padecer burnout o el síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo lo que supone una disminución de la calidad de vida de los docentes. Este efecto, según autores, podría estar mediado por la edad. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los niveles de salud psicosocial de un grupo de profesores en función de su edad. Método: La muestra del estudio está formada por 74 profesores (11 hombres y 63 mujeres) de educación primaria y secundaria con una edad media de 38.16 años, divididos en cuatro rangos de edad utilizados previamente en otras investigaciones (de 20-30 años con 20 sujetos; de 31-40 años formado por 22 sujetos, de 41-50 años con 22 sujetos; de 51-65 compuesto por 10 sujetos). Todos ellos contestaron cuestionarios de burnout, job strain y satisfacción laboral. Resultados: Los resultados muestran como el grupo de profesores de 31-40 años obtiene mayores niveles de agotamiento que el grupo 41-50 años (p=0.024). Sin embargo este grupo muestra mayor nivel de satisfacción laboral con los servicios recibidos con respecto al grupo 51-65 años (p=0.012). Por último, también se dan diferencias en la variable uso de habilidades, de la escala Job Strain, entre los rangos de edad 20-30 y 51-65 (p=0.010). Conclusiones: Las puntuaciones más altas registradas, en la variable uso de habilidades, por el grupo más joven indica que la preparación universitaria recibida les permite afrontar mejor las exigencias del puesto. Los profesores con edades comprendidas entre los 31 y 40 años obtienen mayor satisfacción laboral con los servicios recibidos y además registran mayor agotamiento que el resto de los grupos., Background: Psychosocial risk factors, especially job stress, negatively affect the psychosocial health of teachers. The teaching profession has been considered a group at high risk of burnout which means a decrease in the quality of life of teachers. This effect, according to the authors, could be mediated by the age. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the levels of psychosocial health of a group of teachers based on their age. Method: The sample consists of 74 teachers (11 men and 63 women) of primary and secondary education with an average age 38.16 years, divided in four age ranges previously used in other studies (20-30 years with 20 subject; 31-40 years compound of 22 subjects; 41-50 years with 22 subjects; 51-65 compound of 10 subjects). All they answered questionnaires about burnout, job strain and job satisfaction. Results: The results showed that teachers of the group of 31-40-years obtained higher levels of exhaustion that the group 41-50 years (p=0.024). However this group showed higher level of job satisfaction with the services received with respect to the group 51-65 years old (p=0.012). Finally, differences in the variable use of skills, Job Strain scale, also exist between the age ranges 20-30 and 51-65 (p=0.010). Conclusions: The highest scores showed, in the variable use of skills, for the younger group could indicate that the received university training enables them to better meet the demands of the job. Teachers aged between 31 and 40 years scored hight in job satisfaction with the services received and also have more exhaustion than the rest of the groups.

Antecedentes: El análisis de la identidad con el ejercicio físico es totalmente necesario para tratar de revertir las actuales tendencias de inactividad física y favorecer la adherencia del profesorado a programas físico-deportivos. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los niveles de identificación con el ejercicio físico en un grupo de profesores que practica regularmente Pilates. Método: La metodología empleada en esta investigación es transversal y el tamaño muestral es acorde a los estudios previos de intervención que analizan Pilates. La muestra está formada por 52 profesores (39 mujeres y 13 hombres); de ellos 14 se ejercitan exclusivamente con Pilates, 12 combinan Pilates y otras actividades físicas, 13 son considerados sedentarios y los otros 13 se ejercitan con actividades distintas al Pilates, yoga y Taichí. El grupo experimental asiste a Pilates una media semanal de 3.23 días y el grupo control activo 3.54 días. La edad media de la muestra es de 36.98 años. Resultados: Los resultados muestran como el grupo de profesores que combina Pilates con otras actividades es el que obtiene los mayores niveles de identificación con el ejercicio físico frente a los grupos control activo y sedentario. Además, las diferencias entre los grupos solo Pilates y control activo con respecto al grupo sedentario también resultan significativas. Conclusiones: En función de los resultados encontrados, la técnica Pilates puede ser de gran utilidad entre el profesorado ya que su práctica se asocia con mayores niveles de adherencia. Además, si se combina Pilates con otras actividades físico-deportivas aumenta la probabilidad de permanecer durante más tiempo activo, disfrutando así durante más tiempo de los beneficios que proporciona el ejercicio sobre la salud física, psicológica y social., Background: The analysis of identity with exercise is absolutely necessary to try to reverse the current trends of physical inactivity and promote the adhesion of physical sports programes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the levels of identification with physical exercise in a group of teachers who regularly do Pilates. Method: The methodology used in this research is cross-sectional and the sample size is consistent with previous studies that analyse Pilates. The sample consists of 52 teachers (39 women and 13 men); of which 14 exercised exclusively Pilates, 12 combined Pilates and other physical activities, 13 are considered sedentary and the other 13 did other activities different from Pilates, yoga and Tai Chi. The experimental group attended a weekly average of 3.23 days and 3.54 days the active control group Pilates. The average age of the sample is 36.98 years. Results: Statistically significant results show that the group of teachers that combines Pilates with other activities is the one that gets the highest levels of identification with exercise versus active and sedentary controls. Furthermore, differences between Pilates and active groups only with respect to sedentary control group are also significant. Conclusions: According to the results, the Pilates technique can be very useful among teachers because its practice is associated with higher levels of adherence. Also, if Pilates is combined with other physical and sports activities, the probability of remaining active for a longe period of time increases the benefits provided by exercise on physical, psychological and social health.

Antecedentes: Los factores de riesgo psicosocial, especialmente el estrés laboral, afectan negativamente a la salud psicosocial de los profesores. La profesión docente se ha considerado un colectivo con alto riesgo de padecer burnout o el síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo lo que supone una disminución de la calidad de vida de los docentes. Este efecto, según autores, podría estar mediado por la edad. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los niveles de salud psicosocial de un grupo de profesores en función de su edad. Método: La muestra del estudio está formada por 74 profesores (11 hombres y 63 mujeres) de educación primaria y secundaria con una edad media de 38.16 años, divididos en cuatro rangos de edad utilizados previamente en otras investigaciones (de 20-30 años con 20 sujetos; de 31-40 años formado por 22 sujetos, de 41-50 años con 22 sujetos; de 51-65 compuesto por 10 sujetos). Todos ellos contestaron cuestionarios de burnout, job strain y satisfacción laboral. Resultados: Los resultados muestran como el grupo de profesores de 31-40 años obtiene mayores niveles de agotamiento que el grupo 41-50 años (p=0.024). Sin embargo este grupo muestra mayor nivel de satisfacción laboral con los servicios recibidos con respecto al grupo 51-65 años (p=0.012). Por último, también se dan diferencias en la variable uso de habilidades, de la escala Job Strain, entre los rangos de edad 20-30 y 51-65 (p=0.010). Conclusiones: Las puntuaciones más altas registradas, en la variable uso de habilidades, por el grupo más joven indica que la preparación universitaria recibida les permite afrontar mejor las exigencias del puesto. Los profesores con edades comprendidas entre los 31 y 40 años obtienen mayor satisfacción laboral con los servicios recibidos y además registran mayor agotamiento que el resto de los grupos., Background: Psychosocial risk factors, especially job stress, negatively affect the psychosocial health of teachers. The teaching profession has been considered a group at high risk of burnout which means a decrease in the quality of life of teachers. This effect, according to the authors, could be mediated by the age. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the levels of psychosocial health of a group of teachers based on their age. Method: The sample consists of 74 teachers (11 men and 63 women) of primary and secondary education with an average age 38.16 years, divided in four age ranges previously used in other studies (20-30 years with 20 subject; 31-40 years compound of 22 subjects; 41-50 years with 22 subjects; 51-65 compound of 10 subjects). All they answered questionnaires about burnout, job strain and job satisfaction. Results: The results showed that teachers of the group of 31-40-years obtained higher levels of exhaustion that the group 41-50 years (p=0.024). However this group showed higher level of job satisfaction with the services received with respect to the group 51-65 years old (p=0.012). Finally, differences in the variable use of skills, Job Strain scale, also exist between the age ranges 20-30 and 51-65 (p=0.010). Conclusions: The highest scores showed, in the variable use of skills, for the younger group could indicate that the received university training enables them to better meet the demands of the job. Teachers aged between 31 and 40 years scored hight in job satisfaction with the services received and also have more exhaustion than the rest of the groups.

Antecedentes: El análisis de la identidad con el ejercicio físico es totalmente necesario para tratar de revertir las actuales tendencias de inactividad física y favorecer la adherencia del profesorado a programas físico-deportivos. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los niveles de identificación con el ejercicio físico en un grupo de profesores que practica regularmente Pilates. Método: La metodología empleada en esta investigación es transversal y el tamaño muestral es acorde a los estudios previos de intervención que analizan Pilates. La muestra está formada por 52 profesores (39 mujeres y 13 hombres); de ellos 14 se ejercitan exclusivamente con Pilates, 12 combinan Pilates y otras actividades físicas, 13 son considerados sedentarios y los otros 13 se ejercitan con actividades distintas al Pilates, yoga y Taichí. El grupo experimental asiste a Pilates una media semanal de 3.23 días y el grupo control activo 3.54 días. La edad media de la muestra es de 36.98 años. Resultados: Los resultados muestran como el grupo de profesores que combina Pilates con otras actividades es el que obtiene los mayores niveles de identificación con el ejercicio físico frente a los grupos control activo y sedentario. Además, las diferencias entre los grupos solo Pilates y control activo con respecto al grupo sedentario también resultan significativas. Conclusiones: En función de los resultados encontrados, la técnica Pilates puede ser de gran utilidad entre el profesorado ya que su práctica se asocia con mayores niveles de adherencia. Además, si se combina Pilates con otras actividades físico-deportivas aumenta la probabilidad de permanecer durante más tiempo activo, disfrutando así durante más tiempo de los beneficios que proporciona el ejercicio sobre la salud física, psicológica y social., Background: The analysis of identity with exercise is absolutely necessary to try to reverse the current trends of physical inactivity and promote the adhesion of physical sports programes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the levels of identification with physical exercise in a group of teachers who regularly do Pilates. Method: The methodology used in this research is cross-sectional and the sample size is consistent with previous studies that analyse Pilates. The sample consists of 52 teachers (39 women and 13 men); of which 14 exercised exclusively Pilates, 12 combined Pilates and other physical activities, 13 are considered sedentary and the other 13 did other activities different from Pilates, yoga and Tai Chi. The experimental group attended a weekly average of 3.23 days and 3.54 days the active control group Pilates. The average age of the sample is 36.98 years. Results: Statistically significant results show that the group of teachers that combines Pilates with other activities is the one that gets the highest levels of identification with exercise versus active and sedentary controls. Furthermore, differences between Pilates and active groups only with respect to sedentary control group are also significant. Conclusions: According to the results, the Pilates technique can be very useful among teachers because its practice is associated with higher levels of adherence. Also, if Pilates is combined with other physical and sports activities, the probability of remaining active for a longe period of time increases the benefits provided by exercise on physical, psychological and social health.

Aquaculture is an enterprise in constant development, in particular relating to its effect on the environment and also the quality of its products. It represents a valid alternative to traditional fishing, facing the increasing demand for fish products. To guarantee to the consumer a product of high nutritional, organoleptic and hygienic quality, it is fundamental to monitor every phase of the fish farming industry, isolating the potential risk points. For this reason there has been a rapid evolution of productive technique, particularly in the technology, artificial reproduction and feed sectors. The aim of this research has been the monitoring of the evolution of certain microbial and nutritional quality indexes (total micro- bial counts and lipid analysis on suspensions of Rotifers and Artemia, used as live feed) in the larval phase of the productive cycle of the farm raised fish, in an intensive system. The study has shown an increment in the total microbial counts in the fish farming industry within the production of Rotifers and Artemia, more evident in the suspensions of Rotifers. In addition the study has demonstrated that the maintenance phase, in the enrichment protocol, can reduce the EPA and DHA content. The results confirm the importance of microbial and nutritional control of the live feeds before they get supplied to fish larvae.

Aquaculture is an enterprise in constant development, in particular relating to its effect on the environment and also the quality of its products. It represents a valid alternative to traditional fishing, facing the increasing demand for fish products. To guarantee to the consumer a product of high nutritional, organoleptic and hygienic quality, it is fundamental to monitor every phase of the fish farming industry, isolating the potential risk points. For this reason there has been a rapid evolution of productive technique, particularly in the technology, artificial reproduction and feed sectors. The aim of this research has been the monitoring of the evolution of certain microbial and nutritional quality indexes (total micro- bial counts and lipid analysis on suspensions of Rotifers and Artemia, used as live feed) in the larval phase of the productive cycle of the farm raised fish, in an intensive system. The study has shown an increment in the total microbial counts in the fish farming industry within the production of Rotifers and Artemia, more evident in the suspensions of Rotifers. In addition the study has demonstrated that the maintenance phase, in the enrichment protocol, can reduce the EPA and DHA content. The results confirm the importance of microbial and nutritional control of the live feeds before they get supplied to fish larvae.

The aims of the present study were (a) to compare sperm quality (percentage of motile spermatozoa, motility duration, density and fertility after cryopreservation) between precocious and normally maturing male European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, (b) to examine the potential of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to increase spermiation in precocious males and (c) to examine the potential of hCG to induce spermatogenesis and spermiation in non-precocious 1-year-old males. One hundred precocious and 100 non-precocious fish were each randomly divided in two groups each: control (precocious saline-treated and non precocious saline-treated) and treated (precocious hCG-treated and non precocious hCG-treated). Treated groups were administered weekly with 1000 IU hCG kg(-1) body weight while control groups were injected with physiological solution. Milt volume produced, sperm concentration, motility duration and fertilising ability were assessed every week in each group. The effect of the hormonal treatment on gonadal development was examined based on the gonadosomatic index and testicular histology. The results demonstrate that sperm produced by precocious fish has characteristics (mean value of motility class, mean maximum motility duration, concentration and fertility after cryopreservation) similar (P > 0.05) to those produced by 2-year-old fish. Human chorionic gonadotropin treatment in precocious fish resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) of milt volume, without affecting sperm quality. In non-precocious fish, hCG treatment resulted in greater percentage of spermiation (P < 0.05) compared to non-precocious saline-treated group. At the end of the trial (three weeks), 29 out of 50 non-precocious hCG-treated fish were spermiating and, within these 23 produced > 200 mu l per fish of milt. No differences were observed in terms of sperm concentration, motility class, motility duration and fertilizing capacity due to hCG treatment in either precocious, or non-prec

The aims of the present study were (a) to compare sperm quality (percentage of motile spermatozoa, motility duration, density and fertility after cryopreservation) between precocious and normally maturing male European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, (b) to examine the potential of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to increase spermiation in precocious males and (c) to examine the potential of hCG to induce spermatogenesis and spermiation in non-precocious 1-year-old males. One hundred precocious and 100 non-precocious fish were each randomly divided in two groups each: control (precocious saline-treated and non precocious saline-treated) and treated (precocious hCG-treated and non precocious hCG-treated). Treated groups were administered weekly with 1000 IU hCG kg(-1) body weight while control groups were injected with physiological solution. Milt volume produced, sperm concentration, motility duration and fertilising ability were assessed every week in each group. The effect of the hormonal treatment on gonadal development was examined based on the gonadosomatic index and testicular histology. The results demonstrate that sperm produced by precocious fish has characteristics (mean value of motility class, mean maximum motility duration, concentration and fertility after cryopreservation) similar (P > 0.05) to those produced by 2-year-old fish. Human chorionic gonadotropin treatment in precocious fish resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) of milt volume, without affecting sperm quality. In non-precocious fish, hCG treatment resulted in greater percentage of spermiation (P < 0.05) compared to non-precocious saline-treated group. At the end of the trial (three weeks), 29 out of 50 non-precocious hCG-treated fish were spermiating and, within these 23 produced > 200 mu l per fish of milt. No differences were observed in terms of sperm concentration, motility class, motility duration and fertilizing capacity due to hCG treatment in either precocious, or non-prec

The aims of the present study were (a) to compare sperm quality (percentage of motile spermatozoa, motility duration, density and fertility after cryopreservation) between precocious and normally maturing male European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, (b) to examine the potential of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to increase spermiation in precocious males and (c) to examine the potential of hCG to induce spermatogenesis and spermiation in non-precocious 1-year-old males. One hundred precocious and 100 non-precocious fish were each randomly divided in two groups each: control (precocious saline-treated and non precocious saline-treated) and treated (precocious hCG-treated and non precocious hCG-treated). Treated groups were administered weekly with 1000 IU hCG kg(-1) body weight while control groups were injected with physiological solution. Milt volume produced, sperm concentration, motility duration and fertilising ability were assessed every week in each group. The effect of the hormonal treatment on gonadal development was examined based on the gonadosomatic index and testicular histology. The results demonstrate that sperm produced by precocious fish has characteristics (mean value of motility class, mean maximum motility duration, concentration and fertility after cryopreservation) similar (P > 0.05) to those produced by 2-year-old fish. Human chorionic gonadotropin treatment in precocious fish resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) of milt volume, without affecting sperm quality. In non-precocious fish, hCG treatment resulted in greater percentage of spermiation (P < 0.05) compared to non-precocious saline-treated group. At the end of the trial (three weeks), 29 out of 50 non-precocious hCG-treated fish were spermiating and, within these 23 produced > 200 mu l per fish of milt. No differences were observed in terms of sperm concentration, motility class, motility duration and fertilizing capacity due to hCG treatment in either precocious, or non-prec