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Después de una rápida exposición crítica de las tesis que Garzón Valdés atribuye a Suárez en lo que concierne a la interpretación jurídica, voy a sugerir, a mi vez, una lectura de la teoría de Suárez, mucho menos caritativa —y, si se quiere, algo más radical— de la proporcionada por Garzón Valdés., After providing a critical account of the views Ernesto Garzón Valdés ascribes to Suárez as to legal interpretation, a different, less charitable, reading of Suárez’s theory will be outlined.

Después de una rápida exposición crítica de las tesis que Garzón Valdés atribuye a Suárez en lo que concierne a la interpretación jurídica, voy a sugerir, a mi vez, una lectura de la teoría de Suárez, mucho menos caritativa —y, si se quiere, algo más radical— de la proporcionada por Garzón Valdés., After providing a critical account of the views Ernesto Garzón Valdés ascribes to Suárez as to legal interpretation, a different, less charitable, reading of Suárez’s theory will be outlined.

Sumario: Solicitud de incorporación del 8 de octubre con informe, petición y certificado de título. Abogado de oficio (1888). Solicitud de ejerciente (1888). Hoja de servicios (1889)., 1887-10-17

Sumario: Solicitud de incorporación del 8 de octubre con informe, petición y certificado de título. Abogado de oficio (1888). Solicitud de ejerciente (1888). Hoja de servicios (1889)., 1887-10-17

The United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science highlights a need to improve the way in which scientific results effectively inform action and policies regarding the ocean. Our research contributes to achieving this goal by identifying practical actions, barriers, stakeholder contributions and resources required to increase the sustainability of activities carried out in the context of artisanal fisheries to meet UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (IYAFA) Global Action Plan (GAP) Pillar targets. We conducted a novel ‘social value chain analysis’ via a participatory workshop to elicit perspectives of value chain actors and fisheries stakeholders associated with two Spanish artisanal common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) fisheries (western Asturias—Marine Stewardship Council [MSC] certified, and Galicia—non-MSC certified) about their priorities regarding sustainable octopus production and commercialization

A presente invenção propõe o uso de aminoácidos cíclicos não prolínicos de fórmula geral (I), em que n, X, Y e Z possuem o significado descrito na descrição, para aumentar a tolerância das plantas às condições de estresse osmótico, que têm sua origem na falta de disponibilidade de água do meio ambiente. Os aminoácidos não prolínicos que são utilizados na invenção são de origem natural e têm uma eficácia muito mais elevada do que outros aminoácidos já conhecidos e utilizados para o mesmo fim, por isso considera-se que esta invenção pode ser muito útil para evitar perdas econômicas causadas pelo declínio da produtividade nas culturas agrícolas.

La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas.

Motorcyclists account for more than 380 000 deaths annually worldwide from road tra c accidents. Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users worldwide to road safety (28% of global fatalities), together with cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 80% of deaths are from low- or middle- income countries. Colombia has a rate of 9.7 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, which places it 10th in the world. Motorcycles in Colombia correspond to 57% of the eet and generate an average of 51% of fatalities per year. This study aims to identify signi cant factors of the environment, tra c volume, and infrastructure to predict the number of accidents per year focused only on motorcyclists. The prediction model used a negative binomial regression for the de nition of a Safety Performance Function (SPF) for motorcyclists. In the second stage, Bayes' empirical approach is implemented to identify motorcycle crash-prone road sections. The study is applied in Cartagena, one of the capital cities with more tra c crashes and motorcyclists dedicated to informal transportation (motorcycle taxi riders) in Colombia. The data of 2884 motorcycle crashes between 2016 and 2017 are analyzed. The proposed model identi es that crashes of motorcyclists per kilometer have signi cant factors such as the average volume of daily motorcyclist tra c, the number of accesses (intersections) per kilometer, commercial areas, and the type of road and it identi es 55 critical accident-prone sections. The research evidences coherent and consistent results with previous studies and requires e ective countermeasures for the bene t of road safety for motorcyclists.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the association between behavioral factors and crashes of motorcycle taxi riders using the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of motorcycle taxi riders in Cartagena. The MRBQ was adapted to the socio-cultural context and contained 45 items. The survey was conducted between February 2019 and May 2019. The items of the MRBQ were processed using factor analysis. Four logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between behavioral factors and aspects of demographics, operating conditions, and experiencing nearcrashes, crashes, traffic tickets, and at-fault crashes. Results: Four hundred and thirty-eight motorcyclists participated. The exploratory factor analysis extracted five elements: stunts, speed violations, traffic errors, control errors, and safety, explaining 42% of the variance. The increase in riding per week showed significant differences with stunts, speed violations, and traffic errors. Riding experiences, traffic errors, control errors, and safety were significantly associated with crashes and near-crashes. Stunts were the strongest factors related to traffic tickets. Speed violations were the strongest factors associated with at-fault accidents. Conclusions: The study showed recent results considering behavioral, exposure, and operational conditions in a group of motorcycle taxi riders. The study recommends some practical implications for the well-being of motorcyclists and road safety.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the association between behavioral factors and crashes of motorcycle taxi riders using the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of motorcycle taxi riders in Cartagena. The MRBQ was adapted to the socio-cultural context and contained 45 items. The survey was conducted between February 2019 and May 2019. The items of the MRBQ were processed using factor analysis. Four logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between behavioral factors and aspects of demographics, operating conditions, and experiencing nearcrashes, crashes, traffic tickets, and at-fault crashes. Results: Four hundred and thirty-eight motorcyclists participated. The exploratory factor analysis extracted five elements: stunts, speed violations, traffic errors, control errors, and safety, explaining 42% of the variance. The increase in riding per week showed significant differences with stunts, speed violations, and traffic errors. Riding experiences, traffic errors, control errors, and safety were significantly associated with crashes and near-crashes. Stunts were the strongest factors related to traffic tickets. Speed violations were the strongest factors associated with at-fault accidents. Conclusions: The study showed recent results considering behavioral, exposure, and operational conditions in a group of motorcycle taxi riders. The study recommends some practical implications for the well-being of motorcyclists and road safety.

Motorcyclists account for more than 380 000 deaths annually worldwide from road tra c accidents. Motorcyclists are the most vulnerable road users worldwide to road safety (28% of global fatalities), together with cyclists and pedestrians. Approximately 80% of deaths are from low- or middle- income countries. Colombia has a rate of 9.7 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, which places it 10th in the world. Motorcycles in Colombia correspond to 57% of the eet and generate an average of 51% of fatalities per year. This study aims to identify signi cant factors of the environment, tra c volume, and infrastructure to predict the number of accidents per year focused only on motorcyclists. The prediction model used a negative binomial regression for the de nition of a Safety Performance Function (SPF) for motorcyclists. In the second stage, Bayes' empirical approach is implemented to identify motorcycle crash-prone road sections. The study is applied in Cartagena, one of the capital cities with more tra c crashes and motorcyclists dedicated to informal transportation (motorcycle taxi riders) in Colombia. The data of 2884 motorcycle crashes between 2016 and 2017 are analyzed. The proposed model identi es that crashes of motorcyclists per kilometer have signi cant factors such as the average volume of daily motorcyclist tra c, the number of accesses (intersections) per kilometer, commercial areas, and the type of road and it identi es 55 critical accident-prone sections. The research evidences coherent and consistent results with previous studies and requires e ective countermeasures for the bene t of road safety for motorcyclists.

This study aimed to identify the association between behavioral factors and crashes of motorcycle taxi riders using the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of motorcycle taxi riders in Cartagena. The MRBQ was adapted to the socio-cultural context and contained 45 items. The survey was conducted between February 2019 and May 2019. The items of the MRBQ were processed using factor analysis. Four logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between behavioral factors and aspects of demographics, operating conditions, and experiencing near-crashes, crashes, traffic tickets, and at-fault crashes. Results: Four hundred and thirty-eight motorcyclists participated. The exploratory factor analysis extracted five elements: stunts, speed violations, traffic errors, control errors, and safety, explaining 42% of the variance. The increase in riding per week showed significant differences with stunts, speed violations, and traffic errors. Riding experiences, traffic errors, control errors, and safety were significantly associated with crashes and near-crashes. Stunts were the strongest factors related to traffic tickets. Speed violations were the strongest factors associated with at-fault accidents. Conclusions: The study showed recent results considering behavioral, exposure, and operational conditions in a group of motorcycle taxi riders. The study recommends some practical implications for the well-being of motorcyclists and road safety.

This study aimed to identify the association between behavioral factors and crashes of motorcycle taxi riders using the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of motorcycle taxi riders in Cartagena. The MRBQ was adapted to the socio-cultural context and contained 45 items. The survey was conducted between February 2019 and May 2019. The items of the MRBQ were processed using factor analysis. Four logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between behavioral factors and aspects of demographics, operating conditions, and experiencing near-crashes, crashes, traffic tickets, and at-fault crashes. Results: Four hundred and thirty-eight motorcyclists participated. The exploratory factor analysis extracted five elements: stunts, speed violations, traffic errors, control errors, and safety, explaining 42% of the variance. The increase in riding per week showed significant differences with stunts, speed violations, and traffic errors. Riding experiences, traffic errors, control errors, and safety were significantly associated with crashes and near-crashes. Stunts were the strongest factors related to traffic tickets. Speed violations were the strongest factors associated with at-fault accidents. Conclusions: The study showed recent results considering behavioral, exposure, and operational conditions in a group of motorcycle taxi riders. The study recommends some practical implications for the well-being of motorcyclists and road safety.

A presente invenção refere-se à utilização de animoácidos cíclicos não-prolina da fórmula geral (I), em que N, X, Y E Z têm o significado indicado na descrição, para aumentar a tolerância de plantas às condições de stress osmótico, resultante da falta de água no ambiente. Os aminoácidos nãoprolina utilizados na invenção são de origem natural e são muito mais eficazes do que outros aminoácidos conhecidos utilizados para o mesmo fin. Esta invenção pode, portanto, ser considerada muito útil para evitar perdas económicas causadas por uma redução do rendimento em culturas agrícolas.

Water is indispensable for the life of any organism on Earth. Consequently, osmotic stress due to salinity and drought is the greatest threat to crop productivity. Ongoing climate change includes rising temperatures and less precipitation over large areas of the planet. This is leading to increased vulnerability to the drought conditions that habitually threaten food security in many countries. Such a scenario poses a daunting challenge for scientists: the search for innovative solutions to save water and cultivate under water deficit. A search for formulations including biostimulants capable of improving tolerance to this stress is a promising specific approach. This review updates the most recent state of the art in the field.

Plastic demand is continuously growing and, with it, the amount of plastic waste. The packaging industry is by far the largest source of single-use plastic products that, after use, end up in landfills and oceans. Mechanical recycling is the solution most widely implemented in the global industry and its effectiveness and reliability have been demonstrated for processing post-industrial plastic scrap. The recycling of post-consumer plastic waste, however, requires an upgrade in the current technology to achieve complete decontamination and removal of malodorous substances embedded in the polymer. This review explores the state-of-the-art technology currently employed in the mechanical recycling of plastic waste, focusing on the progress made for the removal of volatile organic compounds emitted from recycled materials. Followed by a review of the analytical techniques that have been applied for the identification of volatile organic compounds, including, in particular, the techniques used for the identification of odor-active substances. Finally, this review gathers from literature all the volatile organic compounds and odor-active substances identified in virgin and recycled polymers, aiming to evaluate whether there is a notable difference between them based on the chemical structure of the emitted VOCs. As a result, 437 volatiles were gathered, which show the difference between post-consumer recycled plastics and the other plastic waste sources. A larger number of volatile organic compounds, especially flavor and fragrances-based substances as well as oxygenates, appear in post-consumer plastic waste compared to virgin and post-industrial plastic scrap.

In 2016, Colombia’s position regarding motorcyclist fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants was tenth worldwide and second in South America. In the seven years from 2012-2018, the proportion of deceased and injured motorcyclists among all road users was 50%. To analyse the significant aspects of the accident rate of motorcyclists in Colombia from 2016 to 2018 and estimate cost social value of motorcycle-related deaths. The global numbers of fatalities and injuries were compared to the Colombian context. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted to explore the association of fatal trauma and motorcycle accidents. P values and odds ratios were calculated. Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín were the cities with the most accidents. The month, day, time, age of the victims, and climatic conditions had a statistically significant association with the fatal trauma. Most victims were between the ages of 20-29 years. Motorcycles were involved in more than 60% of accidents. The social cost of a life lost in a motorcycle accident was estimated at $2,418 million Colombian pesos (725,400 USD) per year. The establishment of countermeasures for the road safety of vulnerable users should focus on associated causal factors in order to develop strategies to effectively reduce the number of accidents.

In 2016, Colombia’s position regarding motorcyclist fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants was tenth worldwide and second in South America. In the seven years from 2012-2018, the proportion of deceased and injured motorcyclists among all road users was 50%. To analyse the significant aspects of the accident rate of motorcyclists in Colombia from 2016 to 2018 and estimate cost social value of motorcycle-related deaths. The global numbers of fatalities and injuries were compared to the Colombian context. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted to explore the association of fatal trauma and motorcycle accidents. P values and odds ratios were calculated. Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín were the cities with the most accidents. The month, day, time, age of the victims, and climatic conditions had a statistically significant association with the fatal trauma. Most victims were between the ages of 20-29 years. Motorcycles were involved in more than 60% of accidents. The social cost of a life lost in a motorcycle accident was estimated at $2,418 million Colombian pesos (725,400 USD) per year. The establishment of countermeasures for the road safety of vulnerable users should focus on associated causal factors in order to develop strategies to effectively reduce the number of accidents.

Plastic demand is continuously growing and, with it, the amount of plastic waste. The packaging industry is by far the largest source of single-use plastic products that, after use, end up in landfills and oceans. Mechanical recycling is the solution most widely implemented in the global industry and its effectiveness and reliability have been demonstrated for processing post-industrial plastic scrap. The recycling of post-consumer plastic waste, however, requires an upgrade in the current technology to achieve complete decontamination and removal of malodorous substances embedded in the polymer. This review explores the state-of-the-art technology currently employed in the mechanical recycling of plastic waste, focusing on the progress made for the removal of volatile organic compounds emitted from recycled materials. Followed by a review of the analytical techniques that have been applied for the identification of volatile organic compounds, including, in particular, the techniques used for the identification of odor-active substances. Finally, this review gathers from literature all the volatile organic compounds and odor-active substances identified in virgin and recycled polymers, aiming to evaluate whether there is a notable difference between them based on the chemical structure of the emitted VOCs. As a result, 437 volatiles were gathered, which show the difference between post-consumer recycled plastics and the other plastic waste sources. A larger number of volatile organic compounds, especially flavor and fragrances-based substances as well as oxygenates, appear in post-consumer plastic waste compared to virgin and post-industrial plastic scrap.

For >50 years the Canary Islands have been using seawater desalinization facilities in order to satisfy the freshwater demand of their main economic activity –tourism, which continues to contribute to the economic and social progress of the archipelago. However, this desalinization process involves the production of a “waste” product known as rejected brine, which is discharged from coastal regions and islands, whether it originates from public or private facilities. Rejected brines are potentially a serious threat to marine ecosystems. However, here we demonstrate that this “waste” can be processed and reused as a nutrient mineral solution for a hydroponic production system and also a source of freshwater. The efficiency of this management process in terms of fresh-water production and water recycling economy is also discussed. The aim of this paper is to change the attitude towards rejected brines, which should be treated as potential raw material to permit high savings in the running costs of leisure and tourist facilities around the archipelago. In addition, this will also have a positive effect on the environment, making desalinization more sustainable and environmentally friendly, which is nowadays an added value in customer and user satisfaction.

770 million motorcycles are estimated on the roads. Motorcyclists represent more than 380,000 annual deaths worldwide. 28% of the global fatalities in the roads in 2016. With the increase of the accident rate, studies have been developed within the scientific literature. Bibliometric analysis is applied in the field of motorcycle safety in order to identify relevant publications on risk factors of road crashes and their implications. The information in this research was extracted from Web of Science and Scopus databases between 1947 and May 31, 2018. The study identified the key bibliometric indicators such as publications, authors, journals, countries, institutions, citation and co-citation analysis, subject categories, and co-occurrence of terms. EndNote, Microsoft Excel, Statgraphics Centurion and VOS-viewer software were used for the analysis. In total, 1813 articles were considered. The publications from 2000 to 2017 exhibits an average growth of 9%. The journal “Accident Analysis and Prevention” was the key issue in the publication and citation. The top institutions were the University of California, Universiti Putra Malaysia, and Monash University. The average citation of the top 10 articles was 134. A network visualization map showed that ‘vehicle’, ‘model’, ‘system’, ‘road’, ‘safety’, and ‘behavior’ were the most commons key terms. Bibliometric analysis demonstrates a high collaboration between authors and institutions. Two growing trends were identified. First, studies on the protection of the motorcyclist and the safe design considering the performance. Second, studies in analysis, characterization, and prevention of accidents. These studies are more related to the generation of strategies for the protection of road safety for motorcyclists. © 2019, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops.

The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops.

[ES] La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas., [EN] The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress resulting from a lack of water in the environment. The non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops.

[EN] The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops.

La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas.

Water scarcity is one of the main challenges faced by modern agriculture, leading to a substantial drop in crop productivity and a threat to food security. Thus, novel agricultural approaches are necessary and urgent to face this problem. Some natural compounds such as amino acids have been shown to increase yield and mitigate the effects of drought stress. In this study, we demonstrate that the application of pyroglutamic acid (PG) is capable of increasing lettuce yield, under field conditions with 30% less than optimal irrigation. PG treatment showed a clearly protective effect in stressed plants, enhancing their fresh weight by 37% and yield by 31%, in comparison to untreated plants. PG appears to promote drought tolerance effects in deficit irrigated lettuce plants, with several advantages. It acts by enhancing photosynthesis rate and antioxidant defences, while maintaining osmotic and water balance, without toxicity to soil microorganisms. This illustrates the potential use of PG to combat productivity losses due to water scarcity.

Salinity and drought are considered significant abiotic plant stressors with major impact on plant development that causes serious agricultural yield losses. Amongst the strategies to face this problem, the use of compounds capable of inducing abiotic stress tolerance is still little explored. Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), a water-soluble vitamin K3 derivative, was previously shown to prime salt stress tolerance when Arabidopsis seeds were pre-soaked with this compound. However, this method has some technical problems regarding seed storage and longevity. In order to overcome these handicaps, we assessed the effect of supplying MSB to roots to prime the response to salinity stress, analysing the effect of two NaCl concentrations (100 and 150¿mM). We selected tomato plants, the most economically important horticultural crop, as our biological model. In this new system, MSB primes salt tolerance in tomato plants by improving net photosynthesis, regulating stomatal aperture and maintaining water balance. Furthermore, MSB induces a faster proline accumulation and ion homeostasis by up-regulating several ion transporter genes, and increases antioxidant activity. As a result, a clear positive effect on plant growth was observed, indicated by the relative growth rate (RGR), These findings again highlight the potential usefulness of MSB as a priming agent for enhancing crop tolerance in the field under adverse environmental conditions.

[EN] The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops., [ES] Uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos para aumentar tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico. La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas.

Plastic flexible films are increasingly used in many applications due to their lightness and versatility. In 2014, the amount of plastic films represented 34% of total plastic packaging produced in UK. The flexible film waste generation rises according to the increase in number of applications. Currently, in developed countries, about 50% of plastics in domestic waste are films. Moreover, about 615,000 tonnes of agricultural flexible waste are generated in the EU every year. A review of plastic films recycling has been conducted in order to detect the shortcomings and establish guidelines for future research. This paper reviews plastic films waste management technologies from two different sources: post-industrial and post-consumer. Clean and homogeneous post-industrial waste is recycled through closed-loop or open-loop mechanical processes. The main differences between these methods are the quality and the application of the recycled materials. Further research should be focused on closing the loops to obtain the highest environmental benefits of recycling. This could be accomplished through minimizing the material degradation during mechanical processes. Regarding post-consumer waste, flexible films from agricultural and packaging sectors have been assessed. The agricultural films and commercial and industrial flexible packaging are recycled through open-loop mechanical recycling due to existing selective waste collection routes. Nevertheless, the contamination from the use phase adversely affects the quality of recycled plastics. Therefore, upgrading of current washing lines is required. On the other hand, household flexible packaging shows the lowest recycling rates mainly because of inefficient sorting technologies. Delamination and compatibilization methods should be further developed to ensure the recycling of multilayer films. Finally, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on waste management have been reviewed. A lack of thorough LCA on plastic films waste ma

Dewatering of plastic films is a highly energy-consuming recycling operation that largely affects the quality of the recycled product. Despite the importance of good drying, this operation has not been studied at laboratory or pilot plant scale. In this work, the mechanical dewatering of blown film grade high density polyethylene has been assessed by using a laboratory centrifuge. It is suggested that a plastic cake is formed under the centrifugal forces similar to the sludge cake after the filtration process. The water is retained within the plastic cake due to three phenomena: free water within the cake pores and voids, water maintained by capillarity (superficial and pendular) and water trapped due to the tortuosity of the plastic mass. The total moisture is a sum of an equilibrium moisture and a transient moisture. The equilibrium moisture depends on the centrifugal force (G) but it is independent of time. Conversely, the transient moisture is reliant on both the G-force and the centrifugation time. The experimental results showed that an optimum side length exists. The moisture content is minimized when the flake side lies between 1 and 2 cm. Finally, it has been found that the moisture content is a function of the plastic surface. Hence, the specific moisture content (the mass of water per total plastic surface) should be calculated to compare films with uneven thickness or made of different materials. In sum, the outcomes of this study may be fundamental for the further and more extensive research into the plastic films dewatering processes.

Dewatering of plastic films is a highly energy-consuming recycling operation that largely affects the quality of the recycled product. Despite the importance of good drying, this operation has not been studied at laboratory or pilot plant scale. In this work, the mechanical dewatering of blown film grade high density polyethylene has been assessed by using a laboratory centrifuge. It is suggested that a plastic cake is formed under the centrifugal forces similar to the sludge cake after the filtration process. The water is retained within the plastic cake due to three phenomena: free water within the cake pores and voids, water maintained by capillarity (superficial and pendular) and water trapped due to the tortuosity of the plastic mass. The total moisture is a sum of an equilibrium moisture and a transient moisture. The equilibrium moisture depends on the centrifugal force (G) but it is independent of time. Conversely, the transient moisture is reliant on both the G-force and the centrifugation time. The experimental results showed that an optimum side length exists. The moisture content is minimized when the flake side lies between 1 and 2 cm. Finally, it has been found that the moisture content is a function of the plastic surface. Hence, the specific moisture content (the mass of water per total plastic surface) should be calculated to compare films with uneven thickness or made of different materials. In sum, the outcomes of this study may be fundamental for the further and more extensive research into the plastic films dewatering processes.

Plastic flexible films are increasingly used in many applications due to their lightness and versatility. In 2014, the amount of plastic films represented 34% of total plastic packaging produced in UK. The flexible film waste generation rises according to the increase in number of applications. Currently, in developed countries, about 50% of plastics in domestic waste are films. Moreover, about 615,000 tonnes of agricultural flexible waste are generated in the EU every year. A review of plastic films recycling has been conducted in order to detect the shortcomings and establish guidelines for future research. This paper reviews plastic films waste management technologies from two different sources: post-industrial and post-consumer. Clean and homogeneous post-industrial waste is recycled through closed-loop or open-loop mechanical processes. The main differences between these methods are the quality and the application of the recycled materials. Further research should be focused on closing the loops to obtain the highest environmental benefits of recycling. This could be accomplished through minimizing the material degradation during mechanical processes. Regarding post-consumer waste, flexible films from agricultural and packaging sectors have been assessed. The agricultural films and commercial and industrial flexible packaging are recycled through open-loop mechanical recycling due to existing selective waste collection routes. Nevertheless, the contamination from the use phase adversely affects the quality of recycled plastics. Therefore, upgrading of current washing lines is required. On the other hand, household flexible packaging shows the lowest recycling rates mainly because of inefficient sorting technologies. Delamination and compatibilization methods should be further developed to ensure the recycling of multilayer films. Finally, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on waste management have been reviewed. A lack of thorough LCA on plastic films waste ma

Sustainable construction projects are expanding in the market and green codes andstandards are advancing giving the ground for development of technology and materialsapplied. With every new material and technology utilised in the field, also risks aregrowing. The importance of risk management in sustainable construction projects isthus increasing and more experience and expertise is needed. So, the purpose of thisthesis is to examine and gain deeper understanding of project related risks in sustainableconstruction projects in Swedish companies operating in built environment. It is crucialto gain knowledge of good practices within the industry to be able to propose furtherinvestigation of the subject that could improve the existing risk management andsustainable construction project goals.This thesis examines the existing theory of the risk management process and sustainableprojects by shedding light on the trends within the construction industry. The intentionof the thesis is to add value to the existing gap in the theory that suggests thatconstruction industry is exposed to more risks and uncertainty than perhaps otherindustries, and that introducing sustainability adds more uncertainties and risks. Thisphenomenon is claimed to be due to the lack of knowledge and experience in the areaand, thus, practitioners seek for new ways how to tackle the arising issues. This thesisattempts to display how Swedish companies who are working with green and highperformance buildings identify and deal with risks.Two Swedish companies operating in built environment were chosen in order toinvestigate different ways of dealing with risks and the trend of sustainability inconstruction. Those in charge of risk and sustainability within the companies wereinterviewed applying semi-structured interviews and additional information wasgathered through multiple sources, such as annual reports, web pages and otherdocuments. This thesis has exploratory and qualitative research design and appli

Sustainable construction projects are expanding in the market and green codes andstandards are advancing giving the ground for development of technology and materialsapplied. With every new material and technology utilised in the field, also risks aregrowing. The importance of risk management in sustainable construction projects isthus increasing and more experience and expertise is needed. So, the purpose of thisthesis is to examine and gain deeper understanding of project related risks in sustainableconstruction projects in Swedish companies operating in built environment. It is crucialto gain knowledge of good practices within the industry to be able to propose furtherinvestigation of the subject that could improve the existing risk management andsustainable construction project goals.This thesis examines the existing theory of the risk management process and sustainableprojects by shedding light on the trends within the construction industry. The intentionof the thesis is to add value to the existing gap in the theory that suggests thatconstruction industry is exposed to more risks and uncertainty than perhaps otherindustries, and that introducing sustainability adds more uncertainties and risks. Thisphenomenon is claimed to be due to the lack of knowledge and experience in the areaand, thus, practitioners seek for new ways how to tackle the arising issues. This thesisattempts to display how Swedish companies who are working with green and highperformance buildings identify and deal with risks.Two Swedish companies operating in built environment were chosen in order toinvestigate different ways of dealing with risks and the trend of sustainability inconstruction. Those in charge of risk and sustainability within the companies wereinterviewed applying semi-structured interviews and additional information wasgathered through multiple sources, such as annual reports, web pages and otherdocuments. This thesis has exploratory and qualitative research design and appli

Plants are able to develop numerous defence strategies to face stress. Amongst these, higher plants are capable of demonstrating stress imprint, a mechanism related with the phenomenon of priming. This is usually defined as genetic or biochemical modifications induced by a first stress exposure that leads to enhanced resistance to a later stress. Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), a water-soluble addition compound of vitamin K3, was first studied as a plant growth regulator and has been later widely shown to function as plant defence activator against several pathogens in a number of plant species. We recently reported that treating Arabidopsis seeds with MSB primes salt tolerance by inducing an early acclimation to salt stress. Here we describe the analysis of the effect of MSB on cytosine methylation in a salt stress background demonstrating that one of the mechanisms underlying this early acclimation to salt stress is an epigenetic mark. Specifically, MSB leads to a hypomethylation state at the promoter region of genes involved in the biosynthesis (P5CS1) and degradation (ERD5) of proline, affecting mainly CHG and CHH sites (where H is any nucleotide except G). The epigenetic changes detected are correlated with the observed expression patterns of P5CS1 (upregulation) and ERD5 (downregulation) genes and the increase in proline accumulation.

Biotic and abiotic stresses cause the majority of yield losses in agriculture. In order to prevent the downfall in the productivity traditionally labours uses different chemicals solutions (pesticide) to prevent biotic insults. By the other hand, abiotic stress is the difficult to manage because need cooperation between producers and public administration. Some of the traditional methods to fight against stress may cause problems in human health or environmental complications. Nowadays, the EU, in order to prevent these unlike secondary effect, has launched a specific normative about the formulations used in field. As a consequence is necessary to design new compositions with high activity but with low toxicity. On this sense, our research group study different compounds capable to induce a sensitisation or primed state which helps plants to face biotic and abiotic insults. Our background on the priming research line leads us to develop different strategies to test novel compounds using in-vitro and in-planta screenings. Here, we present some of these screenings and several of our new compounds to protect crops against biotic and abiotic stresses.

[EN] The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops., [ES] Uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos para aumentar tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico. La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas.

[ES] Uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos para aumentar tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico. La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas., [EN] The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops.

[ES] Uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos para aumentar tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico. La presente invención propone al uso de aminoácidos cíclicos no prolínicos de fórmula general (I), donde n, X, Y y Z tienen el significado descrito en la descripción, para aumentar la tolerancia de plantas a condiciones de estrés osmótico, que tienen su origen en la falta de disponibilidad de agua del medio. Los aminoácidos no prolínicos que se usan en la invención son de origen natural y presentan una efectividad muy superior a la de otros aminoácidos ya conocidos y utilizados con el mismo fin, por lo que se considera que esta invención puede ser de gran utilidad para evitar las pérdidas económicas provocadas por descenso de productividad en cultivos agrícolas., [EN] The present invention relates to the use of non-proline cyclic amino acids of general formula (I), wherein n, X, Y and Z have the meaning indicated in the description, to increase the tolerance of plants to conditions of osmotic stress, resulting from a lack of water in the environment. Non-proline amino acids used in the invention are of natural origin and are much more effective than other known amino acids used for the same purpose. This invention can therefore be considered very useful for preventing economic losses caused by a reduction in yield in agricultural crops.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the potential chest injury benefits and influence on occupant kinematics of a belt system with independent control of the shoulder and lap portions. Methods: This article investigates the kinematics and dynamics of human surrogates in 35km/h impacts with 2 different restraints: a pretensioning (PT), force-limiting (FL) seat belt, a reference belt system, and a concept design with a split buckle consisting (SB) of 2 separate shoulder and lap belt bands. The study combines mathematical simulations with the THOR dummy and THUMS human body model, and mechanical tests with the THOR dummy and 2 postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) tests of similar age (39 and 42years) and anthropometry (62kg, 181cm vs. 60kg, 171.5cm). The test setup consisted of a rigid metallic frame representing a standard seating position of a right front passenger. The THOR dummy model predictions were compared to the mechanical THOR dummy test results. The THUMS-predicted number of fractured ribs were compared to the number of fractured ribs in the PMHS. Results: THOR sled tests showed that the SB seat belt system decreased chest deflection significantly without increasing the forward displacement of the head. The THOR model and the THOR physical dummy predicted a 13- and 7-mm reduction in peak chest deflection, respectively. Peak diagonal belt force in the mechanical test with the reference belt was 5,582N and the predicted force was 4,770N. The THOR model also predicted lower belt forces with the SB system than observed in the tests (5,606vs. 6,085N). THUMS predicted somewhat increased head displacement for the SB system compared to the reference system. Peak diagonal force with the reference belt was 4,000N and for the SB system it was 5,200N. The PMHS test with the SB belt resulted in improved kinematics and a smaller number of rib fractures (2vs. 5 fractures) compared to the reference belt. Conclusion: Concepts for a belt system that can redu, Special Issue: Supplement 1.

Plants are able to develop numerous defence strategies to face stress. Amongst these, higher plants are capable of demonstrating stress imprint, a mechanism related with the phenomenon of priming. This is usually defined as genetic or biochemical modifications induced by a first stress exposure that leads to enhanced resistance to a later stress. Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), a water-soluble addition compound of vitamin K3, was first studied as a plant growth regulator and has been later widely shown to function as plant defence activator against several pathogens in a number of plant species. We recently reported that treating Arabidopsis seeds with MSB primes salt tolerance by inducing an early acclimation to salt stress. Here we describe the analysis of the effect of MSB on cytosine methylation in a salt stress background demonstrating that one of the mechanisms underlying this early acclimation to salt stress is an epigenetic mark. Specifically, MSB leads to a hypomethylation state at the promoter region of genes involved in the biosynthesis (P5CS1) and degradation (ERD5) of proline, affecting mainly CHG and CHH sites(where H is any nucleotide except G). The epigenetic changes detected are correlated with the observed expression patterns of P5CS1 (upregulation) and ERD5 (downregulation) genes and the increase in proline accumulation.

For the majority of crops, salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses, since about 20% of irrigated agricultural land is adversely affected by it. Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB), a water-soluble vitamin K3 o menadione derivative, has been previously reported as a plant defence activator against several pathogens in a number of species. We have further explored the MSB effects on salt tolerance. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana wild ecotype Col-0 plants were exposed to prolonged salt (50 mM) stress. Salt treatment resulted in severe growth inhibition. This detrimental effect was lower in terms of relative growth rate (RGR) in plants from seeds soaked in 20 mM of MSB. In these plants, the drop in RGR was nearly 30% lower than untreated plants after 7 days in salt. Furthermore, we found that the salt stress imposed was not enough to disturb photosystem II or induce the expression of several detoxification genes. These functional impairments are characteristic of ionic injuries due to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the end of the second week of the experiment, salt-treated plants recover RGR levels close to those of the control. Under our experimental conditions plants seem to be challenged by an osmotic stress with a minimum ionic imbalance. Those from MSB-treated seeds were primed to induce an earlier proline accumulation. Although no significant expression of ROS detoxification genes was found, several transcription factors involved in ROS signalling were detected after salt addition. In this context, MSB treatment was able to prime these transcription factors, resulting in an early adaptation of plants in response to salt stress.

Este proyecto consiste en el análisis, diseño e implementación de un sistema completo, que a través de una aplicación móvil para teléfonos inteligentes con sistema operativo Android, permitirá la organización y lectura de comics digitales. Abstract This project consists in analysis, design and implementation of a complete system, which using Android smartphone application, it allows to manage and to read digital comics.

Foundations and applications of Supramolecular Chemistry

Platinum nanoparticles supported on titania efficiently catalyzed the diboration of alkynes and alkenes under solvent- and ligand-free conditions in air. The cis-1,2-diborylalkenes and 1,2-diborylalkanes were obtained in moderate to excellent yields following, in most cases, a simple filtration workup protocol. The versatility of the cis-1,2-diboronvinyl compounds was demonstrated in a series of organic transformations, including the Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling and the boron–halogen exchange.

The different types and structure of research articles is presented., Se presentan los diferentes tipos y estructura de los artículos de investigación.