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Linear smash, a potent offensive weapon in volleyball, demands complex biomechanical coordination and techniques. This study aimed to identify the biokinematic and goniometric variables of a linear smash and explore their relationship with explosive strength during performance. The research sample comprised 11 female volleyball players from the Sanharib Club. Physical tests measured explosive strength through vertical/forward jumps and medicine ball throws. The biokinematic variables included center of mass elevation/displacement, arch depth, movement time, and velocities. Goniometric variables measured the joint angles during execution. The video analysis software extracted variable values during players' smash attempts. Key findings revealed significant inverse correlations between explosive vertical jump strength and horizontal center-of-mass distance (-0.911) and between explosive medicine ball throw strength and horizontal distance (0.891). Additionally, a positive correlation existed between medicine ball throw strength and shoulder joint angle at the maximum arch (0.82). The vertical center of mass elevation was inversely correlated with the forward jump distance (-0.776). Strong but insignificant relationships emerged between variables such as horizontal speed/medicine ball throw and takeoff-landing distance/jump time. The results highlight the importance of the explosive strength for upward/forward propulsion and proper joint angles for efficient energy transfer during smashing. Recommendations include focusing on correlated variables through targeted training, utilizing joint ranges of motion, and incorporating additional biodynamic factors. This study provides insights into optimizing the linear smash through biomechanical analysis and training interventions.

Linear smash, a potent offensive weapon in volleyball, demands complex biomechanical coordination and techniques. This study aimed to identify the biokinematic and goniometric variables of a linear smash and explore their relationship with explosive strength during performance. The research sample comprised 11 female volleyball players from the Sanharib Club. Physical tests measured explosive strength through vertical/forward jumps and medicine ball throws. The biokinematic variables included center of mass elevation/displacement, arch depth, movement time, and velocities. Goniometric variables measured the joint angles during execution. The video analysis software extracted variable values during players' smash attempts. Key findings revealed significant inverse correlations between explosive vertical jump strength and horizontal center-of-mass distance (-0.911) and between explosive medicine ball throw strength and horizontal distance (0.891). Additionally, a positive correlation existed between medicine ball throw strength and shoulder joint angle at the maximum arch (0.82). The vertical center of mass elevation was inversely correlated with the forward jump distance (-0.776). Strong but insignificant relationships emerged between variables such as horizontal speed/medicine ball throw and takeoff-landing distance/jump time. The results highlight the importance of the explosive strength for upward/forward propulsion and proper joint angles for efficient energy transfer during smashing. Recommendations include focusing on correlated variables through targeted training, utilizing joint ranges of motion, and incorporating additional biodynamic factors. This study provides insights into optimizing the linear smash through biomechanical analysis and training interventions.

Antecedentes: La coeducación en entornos universitarios es esencial para fomentar un ambiente de aprendizaje inclusivo, equitativo y diverso. En este sentido, el aprendizaje cooperativo podría desempeñar un papel crucial en la promoción de la coeducación al fomentar la colaboración, comunicación y comprensión mutua entre estudiantes de género masculino y femenino. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del aprendizaje cooperativo en la igualdad de género y habilidades cooperativas en estudiantes. Métodos: El diseño del estudio fue cuasiexperimental con medidas cuantitativas pre y post-test. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 60 estudiantes (30 mujeres, 30 hombres, edad: 19,97 ± 1,21 años) matriculados en el segundo curso de Ciencias del Deporte, distribuidos en dos grupos (control y experimental). La Escala de Competencias para Educar en Igualdad de Género (CEIG) y el Cuestionario para el Análisis del Trabajo Cooperativo en Educación Superior (ACOES) se implementaron antes y después de la intervención en ambos grupos. El grupo experimental participó en 7 lecciones de voleibol ejecutadas siguiendo una metodología fundamentada en el Aprendizaje Cooperativo, utilizando específicamente el método de Jigsaw, lo que garantizó la formación de equipos de trabajo mixtos. Se realizó una prueba U de Mann-Whitney para verificar el efecto intergrupal de la intervención. Resultados: El grupo experimental mejoró significativamente en 2 de las 3 dimensiones del CEIG y en 5 de las 7 dimensiones del ACOES. Conclusiones: Enseñar deportes colectivos como el voleibol a través de un modelo cooperativo, específicamente con el método de Jigsaw e incluyendo equipos mixtos, contribuye significativamente a mejorar no solo las habilidades cooperativas de trabajo en equipo, sino también la igualdad de género en la educación., Background: Coeducation in university settings is essential for fostering an inclusive, equitable, and diverse learning environment. In this regard, cooperative learning could play a crucial role in promoting coeducation by fostering collaboration, communication, and mutual understanding between male and female students. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of cooperative learning on gender equality and cooperative skills in students. Methods: The design of the study was quasi-experimental with quantitative pre- and post-test measures. The sample was comprised of 60 students (female = 30, male = 30, age: 19,97 ± 1,21 years) enrolled in the 2nd grade of Sport Sciences, distributed into two groups (control and experimental). The Competencies Scale for Gender Equality Education (CEIG) and the Questionnaire for the Analysis of Cooperative Learning in Higher Education (ACOES) were implemented before and after the intervention in both groups. The experimental group participated in 7 volleyball lessons that followed a methodology grounded in Cooperative Learning, specifically using the Jigsaw method, which ensured the formation of mixed-gender teams. A Mann-Whitney U test was carried out to verify the intergroup effect of the intervention. Results: The experimental group significantly improved in 2 out of 3 dimensions of the CEIG and in 5 out of the 7 dimensions of the ACOES. Conclusions: Teaching collective sports like volleyball through a cooperative model, specifically with the Jigsaw method and including mixed teams, significantly contributes to improving not only cooperative teamwork skills but also gender equality in education.

El síndrome de burnout en deportistas puede conllevar el abandono de la práctica deportiva en aquellos que lo padecen. En España entre el 1 y 5 % de los deportistas lo sufren, aunque en concreto con jugadores de voleibol, su prevalencia se desconoce. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en jugadores de voleibol, tanto a nivel general, como en relación con algunas variables sociodeportivas: género, categoría generacional, nivel competitivo, posición de juego, volumen de horas de juego, número de años de práctica y padecimiento o no del Covid-19. Participaron 309 jugadores de diferentes clubes de Andalucía, de los cuales 158 eran varones (51%) y 151 mujeres (49%), con edades entre 18 y 62 años (M= 23.65 años; DT= 7.27). Utilizando la versión reducida del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) se halló una prevalencia total de burnout de 3.9%. A nivel global, las puntuaciones en burnout varían en función del número de años de práctica. Según sus dimensiones, el agotamiento físico y emocional está influido por el volumen de entrenamiento y el haber padecido Covid-19 y devaluación de la práctica deportiva por la posición de juego y los años de práctica., Burnout syndrome in athletes deteriorates their quality of life and can even lead to the abandonment of sports practice in those who suffer from it. In Spain, between 1 and 5% of athletes suffer from it, although in volleyball players in particular, its prevalence is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of burnout syndrome in volleyball players, both at a general level and in relation to some socio-sporting variables: gender, generational category, competitive level, playing position, number of hours of play, number of years of practice, generation to which they belong, and whether they suffer from Covid-19. A total of 309 players from different clubs in Andalusia participated, 158 males (51%) and 151 females (49%), aged between 18 and 62 years (M= 23.65 years; SD= 7.27). Through the reduced version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) a total burnout prevalence of 3.9% was found. Overall, burnout scores vary according to the number of years of practice. According to its dimensions, physical and emotional exhaustion is influenced by the volume of training and having suffered from Covid-19 and sport devaluation due to playing position and years of practice.

El síndrome de burnout en deportistas puede conllevar el abandono de la práctica deportiva en aquellos que lo padecen. En España entre el 1 y 5 % de los deportistas lo sufren, aunque en concreto con jugadores de voleibol, su prevalencia se desconoce. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en jugadores de voleibol, tanto a nivel general, como en relación con algunas variables sociodeportivas: género, categoría generacional, nivel competitivo, posición de juego, volumen de horas de juego, número de años de práctica y padecimiento o no del Covid-19. Participaron 309 jugadores de diferentes clubes de Andalucía, de los cuales 158 eran varones (51%) y 151 mujeres (49%), con edades entre 18 y 62 años (M= 23.65 años; DT= 7.27). Utilizando la versión reducida del Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) se halló una prevalencia total de burnout de 3.9%. A nivel global, las puntuaciones en burnout varían en función del número de años de práctica. Según sus dimensiones, el agotamiento físico y emocional está influido por el volumen de entrenamiento y el haber padecido Covid-19 y devaluación de la práctica deportiva por la posición de juego y los años de práctica., Burnout syndrome in athletes deteriorates their quality of life and can even lead to the abandonment of sports practice in those who suffer from it. In Spain, between 1 and 5% of athletes suffer from it, although in volleyball players in particular, its prevalence is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of burnout syndrome in volleyball players, both at a general level and in relation to some socio-sporting variables: gender, generational category, competitive level, playing position, number of hours of play, number of years of practice, generation to which they belong, and whether they suffer from Covid-19. A total of 309 players from different clubs in Andalusia participated, 158 males (51%) and 151 females (49%), aged between 18 and 62 years (M= 23.65 years; SD= 7.27). Through the reduced version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) a total burnout prevalence of 3.9% was found. Overall, burnout scores vary according to the number of years of practice. According to its dimensions, physical and emotional exhaustion is influenced by the volume of training and having suffered from Covid-19 and sport devaluation due to playing position and years of practice.

The aim of this study was to describe perceptions about self-confidence in sport. Thirty players (50%female) of federated volleyball from a club in Mar del Plata, Argentina, between 14 and 18 years participated.An open-ended survey and the Grounded Theory analysis procedure were used. The categories emerged fromthe analysis to describe self-confidence were the belief in oneself for the achievement of goals; the socialenvironment, mainly teammates and coaches; and positive self-talk and pre-execution routines, as the most usedstrategies to increase self-confidence. This work constitutes an input for the work of sports professionals in thesearch for the well-being and performance of young athletes., El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las percepciones acerca de la autoconfianza en el deporte. Participaron 30 jugadores (50% mujeres) de voleibol federado de un club de Mar del Plata, Argentina, de entre 14 y 18 años. Se utilizó una encuesta abierta y el procedimiento de análisis de la Teoría Fundamentada. Las categorías emergidas del análisis para describir la autoconfianza fueron: la creencia en uno mismo para el logro de objetivos; el ambiente social, fundamentalmente compañeros y entrenadores; y el autodiálogo positivo y rutinas de pre-ejecución, como estrategias más utilizadas para el aumento de la autoconfianza. Este trabajo constituye un insumo para el trabajo de profesionales del deporte en la búsqueda del bienestar y rendimiento de los deportistas jóvenes.&nbsp

Haze has been one of the originators of the impact on human health. It is noteworthy that all functions of the human body can decline or even fail in a heavy haze environment. In this paper, the environmental monitoring website was used to count the data of meteorological and other natural factors as well as socio-economic influencing factors in the target cities over the past year. On this basis, the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of heavy haze weather were analyzed and studied. For the 100 volunteers who had been exposed to heavy haze pollution for a long time, the physical activity time of volleyball was classified into four levels using the quadratic method. Apart from that, a mixed linear model with fixed and random effects was constructed to explore the effects on cardiorespiratory fitness after outdoor volleyball exercise under a heavy haze environment. According to the model analysis results, the outdoor volleyball exercise had a significant interaction effect on pulmonary ventilation function in men only. Moreover, volleyball could be beneficial to the target group when the physical activity had not yet reached the level of high-level volleyball physical activity. This resulted in an improvement of 0.2L, 0.04L, 1.19%, and 0.03L in their pulmonary ventilation function indexes, respectively. However, the negative effects of a heavy haze environment were heavier after reaching a high-level degree. In addition, the indicator kept decreasing, from 2.04L, 1.13L, 63.63%, 1.99L to 1.98L, 1.04L, 60.78%, and 1.83L, respectively.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka kvinnors möjligheter och förutsättningar inom lagsport med koppling till de politiska målen för folkhälsa, med fokus på en svensk kontext. Tidigare forskning som presenteras i studien visar på ojämställdhet mellan män och kvinnor inom idrott. Uppsatsen fokuserar på att besvara varför många kvinnor väljer att sluta inom lagsport under tonåren och tidiga ungdomsåldern. Studien undersöker även hur förebyggandet av detta kan förbättra folkhälsan, som i sin tur kan underlätta för socialarbetare i deras mål att förbättra sina klienters liv. Det väcker funderingen om socialarbetare kan använda lagsport som en metod för att förbättra sina klienters hälsa, på liknande sätt som läkare skriver ut aktivitet på recept för att motverka psykisk ohälsa. Uppsatsen innehåller en översikt av ojämställdhet inom lagsport, med fokus på syn på kvinnor, effekt av media, tränares effekt på spelare, samt organisatoriska skillnader. Empirin samlas in med fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer från kvinnor som under studiens arbete tränar inom volleyboll eller fotboll i Sverige. Informationen analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Uppsatsens resultat stödjer tidigare forskning som visade på svårigheterna kvinnliga atleter möter. Resultatet visar även på de positiva effekter som lagsport innebär för både den fysiska och psykiska hälsan, vilket stödjer användandet av lagsport för att förbättra folkhälsan. För att kunna använda lagsport som ett verktyg i arbetet mot att förbättra kvinnors hälsa, måste först de problematiska områdena som identifierats förbättras., This paper is a qualitative study on women in team sports and its correlation with population health, with a focus on social work in Sweden. There is previous research that shows inequality between men and women in sports, this study focuses on why so many women quits team sports in their teenage years and early twenties. It also explores how combating this problem can help improve public health, which in return will help social workers in their goal to improve their clients’ lives. It brings up the question whether social workers can use team sports as a method to help improve their client’s health, in similarity to how doctors prescribe physical activity to combat mental health issues. This paper contains an overview on inequality in sports that contains subjects such as views on women, media influence, coaches’ importance, and organizational differences. The empirical data is collected through four semi structured interviews of women who currently practice either football or volleyball in Sweden. The data was later analyzed using a thematic analysis. The empirical data supported previous research that showed the additional hardship women athletes go through. It also showed how positive team sports is for physical and psychological health, which supports the use of team sports to improve public health. To be able to use it as a tool for improving women’s health, the problematic subjects mentioned previously need to improve.

Background: Reference values of body fat for competitive volleyball players are lacking, making it difficult to interpret measurement results. This review systematically summarized published data on the relative body fat of volleyball players and calculated potential differences between sex, measurement method, and competitive level. Methods: The protocol followed the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The literature search was conducted using five electronic databases to retrieve all relevant publications from January 1, 2010, to July 1, 2021. The 63 studies including 2607 players that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using random-effects models. Data were reported as pooled mean body fat with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Body fat for males and females was 12.8% (11.9–13.8%) and 22.8% (21.9–23.7%), respectively. Body fat was 18.3% (16.3–20.4%) measured via skinfolds, 18.4% (15.6–21.2%) via bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24.2% (20.4–28.0%) via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and 21.6% (17.4–25.8%) via densitometry. Regional, national, and international-level players had body fat values of 19.5% (17.8–21.2%), 20.3% (18.6–22.0%), and 17.9% (15.7–20.4%), respectively. When the meta-regression was adjusted for the variables sex, measurement method, and competitive level, a significant difference between sex (p < 0.001), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfolds (p = 0.02), and national and international-level players (p = 0.02) was found. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that findings regarding measurement method and competitive level were not robust and should, therefore, be interpreted with caution. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provided pooled values for body fat of male and female volleyball players for different competitive levels and measurement methods.

The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of a plyometric warm-up protocol (PWU) and a sprint warm-up protocol (SWU) on jumping performance in female volleyball players aged 14-16 years. Through a cross-over experimental design, 18 female players were randomly divided into two groups, each receiving both warm-up protocols (PWU and SWU). Before and after each protocol, height and jumping power were evaluated in squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Abalakov (ABK) tests using the DM jump® contact mat. Both warm-up protocols significantly improved SJ, CMJ, and ABK performance (p<.05), although mainly for jump height. The comparison between both warm-up protocols in the post-test showed no significant differences (p>.05), although the greatest percentage increase in jump height and power was obtained with the SWU. The ANOVA showed significant differences in group 1 (initially assigned to PWU) for all tests except for CMJ and ABK power. In group 2 (initial-ly assigned to SWU), the ANOVA also showed significant differences, except for SJ and CMJ power. It is concluded that both warm-up protocols improve jump height and power; however, SWU shows a more favorable trend than PWU. From a practical perspec-tive, the preliminary findings of this pilot study can provide useful guidelines for the warm-up process; however, further randomized controlled studies with adequate statistical power are required for more robust conclusions., El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los efectos inmediatos de un protocolo de calentamiento pliométrico (PWU) y un protocolo de calentamiento de sprint (SWU) sobre el rendimiento de salto en jugadoras de vóleibol de 14-16 años. Mediante un diseño experimental cruzado, 18 jugadoras fueron divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos, cada uno de los cuales recibió ambos protocolos de calentamiento (PWU y SWU). Antes y después de cada protocolo, se evaluó la altura y la potencia en las pruebas de salto en cuclillas (SJ), salto con contramovimiento (CMJ) y Abalakov (ABK) utilizando la alfombra de contacto DM jump®. Ambos protocolos de calentamiento mejoraron significativamente el rendimiento en SJ, CMJ y ABK (p<.05), aunque principalmente para la altura de salto. La comparación entre ambos protocolos de calentamiento en la post-prueba no mostró diferencias significativas (p>.05), aunque el mayor incremento porcentual en la altura y potencia de salto se obtuvo con el SWU. El ANOVA mostró diferen-cias significativas en el grupo 1 (inicialmente asignado a PWU) para todas las pruebas, excepto para la potencia de CMJ y de ABK. En el grupo 2 (asignado inicialmente a SWU), el ANOVA también mostró diferencias significativas, excepto para la potencia de SJ y de CMJ. Se concluye que ambos protocolos de calentamiento mejoran la altura y la potencia de salto; sin embargo, SWU muestra una tendencia más favorable que PWU. Desde una perspectiva práctica, los hallazgos de este estudio piloto pueden proporcionar directri-ces útiles para el proceso de calentamiento; sin embargo, se requieren más estudios controlados aleatorizados con una potencia esta-dística adecuada para obtener conclusiones más robustas.

Volleyball studies in male pre-adolescents are scarce but important to maintain competitiveness in sports tournaments. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of a specific plyometric exercise program using sports implements to improve explosive strength in 13–15-year-old volleyball players. There were two groups: a control group (CG, n=12) and an experimental group (EG, n=13). The CG performed a conventional plyometric program and the GE a plyometric program with implements (jump trainer, resistance harness, resistance bands, etc.) for a period of twelve weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention jumping ability was assessed using the Block Jump, Attack Jump, Abalakov and Squat Jump tests. T-tests and Cohen's test were applied to identify statistical differences in jumping and intervention effect size (TE). Both groups presented a gain in jumping ability in the 4 tests, however the only statistically significant gain was presented in the Abalakov test (p=0.02), specifically the gain was 5.415±2.60cm and a TE=0.54 (median effect) for the GE and 3.066±2.63cm and a TE of 0.73 (median effect) for the GC. It is concluded that the plyometric exercise program with implements improved the vertical jump measured with the Abalakov Test, which better simulates game conditions. It is advisable to continue with studies focused on explosive strength in this age group, considering the sports experience and physiologi-cal development of the individual; it is also important that training programs include other components (e.g., strength and speed training, nutrition-al advice, and/or mental health) that could influence explosive strength, Os estudos de voleibol em pré-adolescentes masculinos são escassos mas necessários para manter a competitividade nos torneios despor-tivos. O objectivo do estudo era analisar o efeito de um programa específico de exercício plyométrico utilizando implementos desportivos para melhorar a força explosiva em jogadores de voleibol dos 13-15 anos. Havia dois grupos: um grupo de controlo (CG, n=12) e um grupo experimen-tal (EG, n=13). O CG realizou um programa plyométrico convencional e o GE um programa plyométrico com implementos (treinador de saltos, arnês de resistência, bandas de resistência, etc.) durante um período de doze semanas. A capacidade de salto pré-intervenção e pós-intervenção foi avaliada usando os testes Block Reach, Attack Reach, Abalakov e Squat Jump. Os testes T e o teste de Cohen foram aplicados para identificar dife-renças estatísticas em salto e tamanho do efeito de intervenção (TE). Ambos os grupos mostraram um ganho na capacidade de saltar nos 4 testes, contudo o único ganho estatisticamente significativo foi no teste Abalakov (p=0,02), especificamente o ganho foi de 5,415±2,60cm e um TE=0,54 (efeito mediano) para o GE e 3,066±2,63cm e um TE de 0,73 (efeito mediano) para o GC. Conclui-se que o programa de exercício plyométrico com implementos melhorou o salto vertical medido com o Teste Abalakov, que simula melhor as condições de jogo. É aconselhável continuar com estudos centrados na força explosiva neste grupo etário, considerando a experiência desportiva e o desenvolvimento fisiológico do indivíduo; é também importante que os programas de treino incluam outros componentes (por exemplo, treino de força e velocidade, nutrição e/ou saúde mental) que possam influenciar a força explosiva., Los estudios de voleibol en pre-adolescentes masculinos son escasos pero necesarios para mantener la competitividad en torneos depor-tivos. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de ejercicios pliométricos específicos a través de implementos deportivos para mejorar la fuerza explosiva en voleibolistas de 13-15 años. Se contaron con dos grupos: un grupo control (GC, n=12) y un grupo experimental (GE, n=13). El GC realizó un programa pliométrico convencional y el GE un programa pliométrico con implementos (entrenador de salto, arnes de resistencia, bandas de resistencia, etc.) por un periodo de doce semanas. La capacidad de salto pre-intervención y post-intervención se evaluó mediante las pruebas Alcance de Bloqueo, Alcance de Ataque, Abalakov y Squat Jump. Se aplicó pruebas-t y el test de Cohen para identificar dife-rencias estadísticas en el salto y el tamaño del efecto de la intervención (TE). Ambos grupos presentaron una ganancia en la capacidad de salto en las 4 pruebas, sin embargo, la única ganancia estadísticamente significativa se presentó en la prueba Abalakov (p=0.02), específicamente la ganancia fue de 5.415±2.60cm y un TE=0.54 (efecto mediano) para el GE y de 3.066±2.63cm y un TE de 0.73 (efecto mediano) para el GC. Se concluye que el programa de ejercicios pliométricos con implementos mejoró el salto vertical medido con la Prueba de Abalakov, el cual simula mejor las condi-ciones de juego. Es aconsejable continuar con estudios enfocados en la fuerza explosiva de este grupo etario, considerando la experiencia deportiva y desarrollo fisiológico del individuo; así también es importante que los programas de entrenamiento incluyan otros componentes (e.g. entrenamiento de la fuerza y velocidad, alimentación, y/o salud mental) que podrían influir en la fuerza explosiva.

The  purpose  of  the study. This study aims to determine the difference in the effect of paired bottom passing exercises and bottom passing exercises reflected against the wall on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, Bengkayang Regency. Materials and methods. The design of this study is a two group pretest-post test design. The sample of this study was students participating in extracurricular men's volleyball MTSs YPPU Karimunting with a total of 30 students. The instrument used in this study was the bottom passing ability test. Data analysis techniques use t-tests through normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests.   Results. The results showed: (1) There was a significant effect of paired bottom passing training on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, it can be seen that t count is 2.131 > t table (1.746), while p value (0.000) < 0.05. (2) There is a significant effect of lower passing training reflected against the wall on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, it can be seen that the results of the t test obtained t count of 2.160 > t table (1.771), while the p value (0.000) < 0.05. Conclusions. These results mean that there is a significant effect of pair-bottom passing training on the level of lower passing ability of men's volleyball extracurricular participants at MTSs YPPU Karimunting, Sungai Raya Kepulauan sub-district, Bengkayang district.

The  purpose  of  the study. This study aims to determine the difference in the effect of paired bottom passing exercises and bottom passing exercises reflected against the wall on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, Bengkayang Regency. Materials and methods. The design of this study is a two group pretest-post test design. The sample of this study was students participating in extracurricular men's volleyball MTSs YPPU Karimunting with a total of 30 students. The instrument used in this study was the bottom passing ability test. Data analysis techniques use t-tests through normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests.   Results. The results showed: (1) There was a significant effect of paired bottom passing training on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, it can be seen that t count is 2.131 > t table (1.746), while p value (0.000) < 0.05. (2) There is a significant effect of lower passing training reflected against the wall on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, it can be seen that the results of the t test obtained t count of 2.160 > t table (1.771), while the p value (0.000) < 0.05. Conclusions. These results mean that there is a significant effect of pair-bottom passing training on the level of lower passing ability of men's volleyball extracurricular participants at MTSs YPPU Karimunting, Sungai Raya Kepulauan sub-district, Bengkayang district.

The  purpose  of  the study. This study aims to determine the difference in the effect of paired bottom passing exercises and bottom passing exercises reflected against the wall on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, Bengkayang Regency. Materials and methods. The design of this study is a two group pretest-post test design. The sample of this study was students participating in extracurricular men's volleyball MTSs YPPU Karimunting with a total of 30 students. The instrument used in this study was the bottom passing ability test. Data analysis techniques use t-tests through normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests.   Results. The results showed: (1) There was a significant effect of paired bottom passing training on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, it can be seen that t count is 2.131 > t table (1.746), while p value (0.000) < 0.05. (2) There is a significant effect of lower passing training reflected against the wall on the level of lower passing ability of MTSs YPPU Karimunting men's volleyball extracurricular participants, it can be seen that the results of the t test obtained t count of 2.160 > t table (1.771), while the p value (0.000) < 0.05. Conclusions. These results mean that there is a significant effect of pair-bottom passing training on the level of lower passing ability of men's volleyball extracurricular participants at MTSs YPPU Karimunting, Sungai Raya Kepulauan sub-district, Bengkayang district.

In order to maximize sports performance of team sportswomen, knowledge of the player’s characteristics in terms of different aspects and at different times of the season is needed. While the anthropometric and physical characteristics of men’s sports teams have been extensively studied, research on women’s basketball and volleyball is scarce. (1) Purpose: This study aims to contribute data about the anthropometric and physical characteristics of female basketball and volleyball players from elite women’s teams (age: 24.3 ± 2.7 years; playing experience: 14.825 ± 2.8 years) (n = 23) with a two-fold objective: (1) to describe and compare the anthropometric characteristics of these two disciplines; and (2) to identify possible differences in various parameters of sports performance depending on the discipline. (2) Methods: The anthropometric profile includes the measurements recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry; the performance tests described aerobic and anaerobic power exercises. (3) Results: The overall somatotype of the players was moderate mesomorphic and low endomorphic (5.107–3.046–1.883). Statistical differences were found between the improvement of the physical performance level of female basketball players (77%) and female volleyball players (10%) from the first to the last measurement, with better results in most of the performance tests (p < 0.05). The sum of skinfolds was higher in female basketball players (p > 0.05). The percentage of fat-free mass correlated with improvements in lower body strength. (4) Conclusion: Lean body mass is an important predictor of exercise performance intensity. Excess fat mass is detrimental to the development of strength and endurance.

Although Volleyball is one of the most widely played sports in the World, there is little scientific information on how the ergo nutritional practice of female players should be designed. Therefore, the main aim of this narrative review is to resolute concise nutritional recommendations for volleyball women who players. Research databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, Medline or Academic Search Complete summarize and synthesize the recent evidence on the role of nutrition and its relationship with health and performance in this sporting discipline. Based on a literature review, we highlight that the individual adjustment of the energy value of the diet is one of the key factors for the physical performance of female volleyball players. An adequate intake of macronutrients allows for the achievement of correct energy values. To improve training adaptation, between 1.6 and 2.2 g·(kg·day)-1 of protein should be consumed. For optimal pre-competition muscle glycogen storage, 6-10 g·(kg·day)-1 of carbohydrates should be consumed, and 7- 10 g·(kg·day)-1 of carbohydrates should be consumed for adequate recovery. Micronutrients should be consumed in amounts corresponding to the recommended dietary allowances. Women volleyball players should take particular attention to the most adequate intake of these micronutrients, as well as vitamins such as iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Proper fluid intake, according to the player's needs, is crucial to maximize exercise performance. The diet of a female athlete is often characterized by low energy values, which increases the risk of various health consequences related to low energy availability. This diet of volleyball players must therefore be controlled carefully.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka kvinnors möjligheter och förutsättningar inom lagsport med koppling till de politiska målen för folkhälsa, med fokus på en svensk kontext. Tidigare forskning som presenteras i studien visar på ojämställdhet mellan män och kvinnor inom idrott. Uppsatsen fokuserar på att besvara varför många kvinnor väljer att sluta inom lagsport under tonåren och tidiga ungdomsåldern. Studien undersöker även hur förebyggandet av detta kan förbättra folkhälsan, som i sin tur kan underlätta för socialarbetare i deras mål att förbättra sina klienters liv. Det väcker funderingen om socialarbetare kan använda lagsport som en metod för att förbättra sina klienters hälsa, på liknande sätt som läkare skriver ut aktivitet på recept för att motverka psykisk ohälsa. Uppsatsen innehåller en översikt av ojämställdhet inom lagsport, med fokus på syn på kvinnor, effekt av media, tränares effekt på spelare, samt organisatoriska skillnader. Empirin samlas in med fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer från kvinnor som under studiens arbete tränar inom volleyboll eller fotboll i Sverige. Informationen analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Uppsatsens resultat stödjer tidigare forskning som visade på svårigheterna kvinnliga atleter möter. Resultatet visar även på de positiva effekter som lagsport innebär för både den fysiska och psykiska hälsan, vilket stödjer användandet av lagsport för att förbättra folkhälsan. För att kunna använda lagsport som ett verktyg i arbetet mot att förbättra kvinnors hälsa, måste först de problematiska områdena som identifierats förbättras., This paper is a qualitative study on women in team sports and its correlation with population health, with a focus on social work in Sweden. There is previous research that shows inequality between men and women in sports, this study focuses on why so many women quits team sports in their teenage years and early twenties. It also explores how combating this problem can help improve public health, which in return will help social workers in their goal to improve their clients’ lives. It brings up the question whether social workers can use team sports as a method to help improve their client’s health, in similarity to how doctors prescribe physical activity to combat mental health issues. This paper contains an overview on inequality in sports that contains subjects such as views on women, media influence, coaches’ importance, and organizational differences. The empirical data is collected through four semi structured interviews of women who currently practice either football or volleyball in Sweden. The data was later analyzed using a thematic analysis. The empirical data supported previous research that showed the additional hardship women athletes go through. It also showed how positive team sports is for physical and psychological health, which supports the use of team sports to improve public health. To be able to use it as a tool for improving women’s health, the problematic subjects mentioned previously need to improve.

Communication is very important in the training process. The trainers are not only requiring good knowledge but also good communication skills. This study aimed to determine the interpersonal communication knowledge level based on gender, age, coaching experience, and background. The research method was a quantitative approach with descriptive and comparative statistics with percentage techniques. The research samples were 27 volleyball coaches in junior high school extracurriculars (20 males and 7 females aged 36.37 ± 8.56 years old). The instrument in this study was developed to measure the coaches’ interpersonal communication knowledge. The results showed that there are significantly different in coaches’ interpersonal communication knowledge based on the age groups and coaching experience groups (p value <0.05). Coaches in the oldest group (> 40 years old) has the highest score compared with other groups (83.00 ± 6.75). Furthermore, coaches who have experience in coaching more than 20 years also achieve the highest score compared to other groups (82.20 ± 7.07). The conclusion, most coaches have good interpersonal communication knowledge. However, coaching experience could contribute the interpersonal communication knowledge better.&nbsp

Communication is very important in the training process. The trainers are not only requiring good knowledge but also good communication skills. This study aimed to determine the interpersonal communication knowledge level based on gender, age, coaching experience, and background. The research method was a quantitative approach with descriptive and comparative statistics with percentage techniques. The research samples were 27 volleyball coaches in junior high school extracurriculars (20 males and 7 females aged 36.37 ± 8.56 years old). The instrument in this study was developed to measure the coaches’ interpersonal communication knowledge. The results showed that there are significantly different in coaches’ interpersonal communication knowledge based on the age groups and coaching experience groups (p value <0.05). Coaches in the oldest group (> 40 years old) has the highest score compared with other groups (83.00 ± 6.75). Furthermore, coaches who have experience in coaching more than 20 years also achieve the highest score compared to other groups (82.20 ± 7.07). The conclusion, most coaches have good interpersonal communication knowledge. However, coaching experience could contribute the interpersonal communication knowledge better.&nbsp

This study investigated how information emerging from interpersonal coordination affects the decision-making on tipping in different phases of the volleyball game. Eighty-six sequences of play involving tips performed by players of both sexes were selected from 20 games of a professional championship of volleyball (attack phase, n = 56; counterattack phase, n = 30). The following spatiotemporal measures of interpersonal coordination were calculated from the x and y coordinates of the player’s positioning: area forming a gap between opponents, setter's displacement to the ball, setter's distances to the net and blockers, and passing velocity. A multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were run to compare the tips in the attack vs. counterattack phases, and traditional tips vs. non-traditional tips. The results revealed that the defending area and passing velocity were greater in attacking tips than in counterattacking tips. Setter’s distance and velocity to reach the ball and the blockers were smaller in attacking tips than in the counterattacking ones. It was also revealed that the final distances between the setter and the net and him/her and the blockers were smaller in traditional tips than in non-traditional tips. It was concluded that the interpersonal coordination information based on which volleyball setter players make decisions on tipping differs between attacks and counterattacks, as well as traditional and non-traditional tipping. These findings provide a useful insight for practice tasks, since setters should be instructed to be perceptually attuned to their spatiotemporal relationship with defenders and ball in order to make decision on tipping.

Although Volleyball is one of the most widely played sports in the World, there is little scientific information on how the ergo nutritional practice of female players should be designed. Therefore, the main aim of this narrative review is to resolute concise nutritional recommendations for volleyball women who players. Research databases such as PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, Medline or Academic Search Complete summarize and synthesize the recent evidence on the role of nutrition and its relationship with health and performance in this sporting discipline. Based on a literature review, we highlight that the individual adjustment of the energy value of the diet is one of the key factors for the physical performance of female volleyball players. An adequate intake of macronutrients allows for the achievement of correct energy values. To improve training adaptation, between 1.6 and 2.2 g·(kg·day)-1 of protein should be consumed. For optimal pre-competition muscle glycogen storage, 6-10 g·(kg·day)-1 of carbohydrates should be consumed, and 7- 10 g·(kg·day)-1 of carbohydrates should be consumed for adequate recovery. Micronutrients should be consumed in amounts corresponding to the recommended dietary allowances. Women volleyball players should take particular attention to the most adequate intake of these micronutrients, as well as vitamins such as iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Proper fluid intake, according to the player's needs, is crucial to maximize exercise performance. The diet of a female athlete is often characterized by low energy values, which increases the risk of various health consequences related to low energy availability. This diet of volleyball players must therefore be controlled carefully.

The study aims to use a new strategy applied through the preparation of special educational units using the strategy of the five-year learning cycle, which is helpful in learning the skills of preparation and reception in volleyball. The article utilized the experimental method for its relevance to the research problem nature. The research sample was represented by students of the second stage in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - College of Knowledge University. Their number was (130) students divided into two groups, the first experimental group using the strategy of the five-year learning cycle, and the second control group using the adopted method. By the teacher of the subject, the skills of preparation and reception were chosen in the flying way, and the selection of appropriate tests for these two skills. The tools and means used, and then the tribal tests through which the equivalence was conducted. Then the main experiment was applied by applying the educational units to the experimental group. Then the researcher conducted the post-tests and the use of statistical means. The conclusions reached by the researcher were that there is a positive effect of using the cycle strategy The quinquennial learning in learning the skills of preparation and receiving the transmission with volleyball for students. There was an effect of the educational units that were developed for the stages of the strategy of the five-year learning cycle for the skills of preparation and reception with the ball the plane.

BacKGround: Volleyball is an exceptionally popular global sport that involves repetitive, rapid, powerful and wide overhead movements, which can seriously alter normal shoulder kinematics. a recognized hallmark of shoulder muscle balance is the ratio of shoulder external (er) and internal (ir) rotators. By extension, objective measurement of shoulder muscles’ strength could help identify at risk athletes and preempt those injuries by engaging in prescriptive strength training programs. MeThodS: This cross-sectional study measured the isometric strengths of 1) shoulder internal and external rotator muscles, as well as the 2) supraspinatus, 3) rhomboid, and 4) middle and inferior trapezius muscles, in addition to calculation of er:ir ratios, in professional volleyball players as well as in non-athletes. Measurements were made for dominant- and non-dominant upper limbs, in different position of the body (supine and orthostatic) and in different position of upper limb (adducted and abducted position). our subject population included 11 male professional volleyball players as well as 14 healthy male orthopedic interns from orthopedics and Trauma school of university of Milano Bicocca. Strengths were assessed by a handheld dynamometer. each subject’s isometric strength was assessed in triplicate in each limb position through a “make test” procedure; the greatest of each triplicate value was the accepted measure of isometric strength. reSulTS: We observed a gradient in muscle strength in the scapulothoracic complex in both groups; the rhomboid, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius ranked from greatest to least strength, respectively. The data suggest also that intrarotators are stronger in rotation adducted position than in rotation abducted position; however, extrarotators seem to be weaker in rotation adducted position than in rotation abducted position. There is also some indication that force development is enhanced in the supine position compared with the orthostatic

This article has a unique history of development in Uzbekistan, its regions and districts, which reflects the development and origin of the sport of volleyball. Although volleyball is one of the most popular sports in Uzbekistan, it has gained “prestige” at various levels in all regions of the country.

Background: The onset of exhaustion can reduce the performance of an athlete and may add to the risk of injury. This establishes the necessity to understand when and how the athlete’s performance is altered as they become fatigued in competition or practice. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fatigue on dynamic and static tasks in collegiate volleyball athletes by implementing a fatiguing jump protocol. Methods: To replicate an in-game or in-practice situation, five sets of 30 countermovement jumps (CMJ) at 85% maximal height was implemented. Prior to the fatigue protocol, a baseline measure of CMJ height, ground reaction force metrics, and postural steadiness center of pressure (COP) were collected on a force plate. After each simulated set, dynamic and static tasks were re-assessed to identify changes stemming from the onset of exhaustion via CMJ and balance assessment, respectively. The CMJ was quantified by the net positive impulse, the rate of force development at takeoff, jump height, and peak landing force. Balance was quantified by mean distance, mean velocity, mean frequency, and the 95% confidence ellipse of the COP signal during eyes open and eyes closed. Lastly, the overall fatigue was quantified at the conclusion of the protocol with a self-reported RPE score. Results: The outcome of the study indicated that the participants had reached severe to very severe levels of perceived fatigue (RPE = 6.3 ± 1.0). There were no significant changes in the dynamic task; however, the static task metrics results showed significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) in mean distance, mean velocity and 95% confidence ellipse of the COP signal. Specifically, balance metrics increased compared to baseline measures early in the fatiguing protocol before plateauing for the remainder. Discussion: These findings indicate that our sample cohort was highly fatigue resistant to degradations in a dynamic task, while losing some postural control during static tasks. These r

La metodología Flipped Classroom (FC) se perfila como una estrategia educativa novedosa en las diferentes etapas del sistema educativo que puede contribuir al desarrollo sostenible y a una educación de calidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la aplicación de un modelo FC en alumnado de secundaria sobre la adquisición del contenido conceptual de un deporte, en este caso Voleibol, y evaluar cómo este modelo pedagógico puede afectar al aprendizaje. La muestra estaba formada por 243 estudiantes de educación secundaria obligatoria de entre 12 y 16 años, empleando para el estudio un método cuantitativo con un diseño cuasi-experimental. La intervención tuvo una duración de cinco semanas en la que se utilizó la metodología FC para el trabajo de los contenidos de voleibol. Se utilizó como instrumento de recopilación de datos, un test objetivo de contenidos curriculares sobre voleibol. Los resultados muestran una mejora muy significativa en el aprendizaje del alumnado tras aplicarse la metodología invertida en el aprendizaje sobre Voleibol. Además, se evidencia que los conocimientos iniciales del alumnado, en este caso, del voleibol, influyen en el rendimiento académico final mostrado en un test objetivo de conocimientos. Finalmente, variables como el número de preguntas correctas durante la visualización de los vídeos o las veces que revisualizan un tramo del tutorial parecen estar sutilmente asociadas con el rendimiento académico final (solo en chicas)., The Flipped Classroom (FC) methodology is emerging as a novel educational strategy in the different stages of the educational system that could contribute to sustainable development and quality education. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of a FC model in secondary school students on the acquisition of the conceptual content of a sport, in this case Volleyball, and assess how this intervention methodology can affect learning. The sample consisted of 243 compulsory secondary education students between 12 and 16 years old, using a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design for the study. The intervention lasted five weeks in which the FC methodology was used to work on the volleyball contents. An objective test of curricular contents about volleyball was used as a data collection instrument. The results show an improvement very significant in learning students after applying the Flipped methodology in Volleyball learning. Furthermore, it is evident that the initial knowledge of the student, in this case, of volleyball, influences the final academic performance shown in an objective test of knowledge. Finally, variables like the number of correct questions during video display or the times that review a stretch of the tutorial appear to be subtly associated with final academic performance (only in girls).

The study aims to use a new strategy applied through the preparation of special educational units using the strategy of the five-year learning cycle, which is helpful in learning the skills of preparation and reception in volleyball. The article utilized the experimental method for its relevance to the research problem nature. The research sample was represented by students of the second stage in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - College of Knowledge University. Their number was (130) students divided into two groups, the first experimental group using the strategy of the five-year learning cycle, and the second control group using the adopted method. By the teacher of the subject, the skills of preparation and reception were chosen in the flying way, and the selection of appropriate tests for these two skills. The tools and means used, and then the tribal tests through which the equivalence was conducted. Then the main experiment was applied by applying the educational units to the experimental group. Then the researcher conducted the post-tests and the use of statistical means. The conclusions reached by the researcher were that there is a positive effect of using the cycle strategy The quinquennial learning in learning the skills of preparation and receiving the transmission with volleyball for students. There was an effect of the educational units that were developed for the stages of the strategy of the five-year learning cycle for the skills of preparation and reception with the ball the plane.

This article has a unique history of development in Uzbekistan, its regions and districts, which reflects the development and origin of the sport of volleyball. Although volleyball is one of the most popular sports in Uzbekistan, it has gained “prestige” at various levels in all regions of the country.

Basic overhand volleyball passing technique greatly affects the competition performance of volleyball athletes. In order to teach and train this technique effectively, it's necessary for teachers and coaches to use a lot of professional supplementary exercises. Through a practical survey of the teaching of volleyball-intensive subject at the school, we have valuated the limitations in teaching – training basic overhand volleyball passing technique, in which the application of professional supplementary exercises is an important factor.

Introduction: Changes in the hormonal secretion pattern constitute one of the main homeostatic regulatory mechanisms in response to physical activity. Although a considerable increase in serum stress markers has been documented during contact sports practice, the absence of physical contact between volleyball players generates uncertainty about the possibility that the endocrine response during indoor volleyball practice may not be significant. Objective: This investigation develops a review of the adaptive hormonal response in volleyball players before, during and/or after indoor volleyball practice sessions as well as in basal conditions in comparison with sedentary subjects. Methodology: A literature review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases covering studies reported until June 2021. Results: Ten studies were included, from which it was observed that volleyball players exhibit elevated levels of cortisol, testosterone and GH following practice sessions. Changes in IGF-1 concentration as well as the effect of training on endocrine response showed conflicting results. Conclusion: Although cortisol, testosterone and GH increase after playing sessions, this increase seems higher in the first weeks of the competition season for cortisol, and in the last weeks for testosterone and GH. Whether regular training is successful in modulating the endocrine response during volleyball floor play sessions remains subject to future research., Introducción: Los cambios en el patrón de secreción hormonal constituyen uno de los principales mecanismos de regulación homeostática, en respuesta al ejercicio físico. Pese a que en los deportes de contacto se ha observado un aumento considerable en los marcadores séricos de estrés, la ausencia de contacto físico entre jugadores genera incertidumbre frente a la posibilidad de que, la respuesta endocrina, durante la práctica del voleibol de piso, sea poco significativa. Objetivo: La presente investigación desarrolla una revisión bibliográfica de la respuesta hormonal adaptativa en voleibolistas antes, durante y posterior a sesiones de práctica de voleibol de piso, así como en condiciones basales, en comparación con sujetos sedentarios. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y ScienceDirect de estudios reportados hasta junio del 2021. Resultados: Diez estudios fueron incluidos, a partir, de los cuales, se observó que los voleibolistas exhiben niveles elevados de cortisol, testosterona y GH, posterior a sesiones de práctica. Los cambios en la concentración de IGF-1 al igual que el efecto del entrenamiento sobre la respuesta endocrina, mostraron resultados contradictorios. Conclusiones: Aun cuando el cortisol, la testosterona y la GH aumentan después de sesiones de juego, este incremento parece ser mayor en las primeras semanas de temporada de competencia para el cortisol y mayor en las últimas semanas, para la testosterona y la GH. Determinar si el entrenamiento regular logra modular la respuesta endocrina durante las sesiones de juego de voleibol de piso, permanece sujeto a futuras investigaciones.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the blocking actions in relation to the areas of the field where they werecarried out according to their typology (Individual, Double and Triple) and the decision making of the centralblockers in (Adequate and Inadequate) within volleyball. university men's 2019. The sample was composed of 24volleyball players with ages ranging between 20 and 26 years, who participated during the game in the blockingaction. It was divided into three groups according to the blocking zone 4, 3 and 2 of the offensive field. Acomparison was made between the percentage of success of the groups in the different areas studied. As a result,more blocks were made by the offensive zone 4, no significant differences were found in the hits between zones 3(37.74%) and zone 2 (34.02%), although significant differences were detected in zone 4 (54,61) where it blocks thepin. These results can be the basis for improving decision-making in this action. Conclusions, in the tournament thetendency is to perform double blocking by zone 4, with the central players frequently making incorrect blockingdecisions, but with correct percentages in said action., El propósito del presente estudio ha sido analizar las acciones de bloqueo en relación con las zonas del terreno donde se realizaron según su tipología (Individual, Doble y Triple) y la toma de decisión de los bloqueadores centrales en (Adecuada e Inadecuada) dentro del voleibol masculino universitario 2019. La muestra estaba compuesta por 24 jugadores de voleibol con edades que oscilan entre 20 y 26 años, que participaban durante el juego en la acción de bloqueo. Se dividió en tres grupos según la zona de bloqueo 4, 3 y 2 del terreno ofensivo. Se realizó una comparación entre el porcentaje de acierto de los grupos en las diferentes zonas estudiadas. Como resultados se realizaron más bloqueos por la zona 4 ofensiva, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los aciertos entre las zonas 3 (37,74 %) y zona 2 (34,02%), aunque sí se detectaron diferencias significativas en la zona 4(54,61) por donde bloquea el pasador. Estos resultados pueden ser la base para la mejora de la toma de decisiones en esta acción. Conclusiones, en el torneo la tendencia es a realizarse el bloqueo doble por zona 4, tomando los jugadores centrales frecuentemente incorrectas decisiones en bloqueo, pero con acertados porcientos en dicha acción.

The game analysis is known as a useful tool for understanding the level of technical-tactical performance of volleyball. As one of the main characteristics of volleyball is defined as the intense relationship between its skills and concluded performance, the present study aimed to perform a comprehensive analysis of the serve reception zone, set zone and attack quality of the top-level volleyball players. The analysis process included reviewing the videos of the games by an experienced scout man who was an expert analyst and specialist inthe knowledge of volleyball skills. Initially, during each game video checking, data were collected, and irrelevant/invalid outputs were deleted. Data were exported to the Data Volley special volleyball analysis software. Bivariate associations were assessed for pairs of variables with Pearson’s chi-squared tests. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Moreover, the effect size was calculated in terms of Crammer’s V, with values of<0.1,0.1-0.3 and >0.5 for small, medium, and large effects respectively. The results showed that there were significant relationships between reception zone with setting zone, setting zone with attack quality as well as reception zone with attack quality. Coaches may consider the relationship between critical skills of volleyball to promote their team performance.

Objective: to examine the effect of the consumption of Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) on biochemical markers of oxidative stress (BMEOX) in female volleyball players of a university team. Method: population fourteen players (age: 19.3 ± 2.2 years; mass: 57.5 ± 5.0 kg; height: 1.62 ± 6.2 m), were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) and placebo group (GP). During the seven days of the microcycle, the EG was given 2 ml / day of P edulis juice and the GP received 2 ml / day of placebo (flavored water). Blood samples were taken during days 1, 4, 7 and 14. Creatine kinase (CK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), creatinine (Cr), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Results: transaminases increased significantly on day 4, and decreased on days 7 and 14 in both groups. CK and Cr, increased, but did not return to baseline values on day 14. TBARS and CAT increased in both groups without significant differences, while SOD increased with significant differences for all days only in GP. Conclusion: The microcycle produces changes in the BMEOX, its level increase with the increase in its intensity; Consumption of P. edulis did not significantly affect transaminase, SOD and CAT activities, but these enzymes remain more stable in athletes who consumed P. edulis. It is necessary to deepen the knowledge about antioxidant uses and intense exercise., Objetivo: examinar el efecto del consumo de Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) sobre marcadores bioquímicos de estrés oxidativo (BMEOX) en mujeres voleibolistas de una selección universitaria. Método: población catorce jugadoras (edad: 19.3±2.2 años; masa: 57.5±5.0 kg; estatura: 1.62±6.2 m), fueron divididas aleatoriamente en grupo experimental (GE) y grupo placebo (GP). Durante los siete días del microciclo, al GE se les suministró 2 ml/día de zumo de P edulis y el GP recibió 2 ml/día de placebo (agua saborizada). Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas durante los días 1, 4, 7 y 14. Se cuantificaron creatina quinasa (CK), glutamato oxalacetato transaminasa (GOT), glutamato piruvato transaminasa (GPT), creatinina (Cr), catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), la peroxidación lipídica por el método de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) y la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG). Resultados: las transaminasas, se incrementaron significativamente en el día 4, y descendieron en los días 7 y 14 en ambos grupos. CK y Cr, aumentaron, pero no retornaron a valores basales en el día 14. TBARS y CAT aumentaron en ambos grupos sin diferencias significativas, mientras SOD aumentó con diferencias significativas para todos los días solo en GP. Conclusión: El microciclo produce cambios en los BMEOX, aumentando su nivel con el aumento de la intensidad del mismo; El consumo de P. edulis no afectó de manera significativa las actividades transaminasas, SOD y CAT, pero estas enzimas permanecen más estables en las deportistas que consumieron P. edulis. Es necesario profundizar el conocimiento sobre usos de antioxidantes y ejercicio intenso.

Volleyball is a collective sport, where high demands are generated from the metabolism due to the high volumes that are executed with the action of the vertical jump, prevailing anaerobic power, due to the short duration and high intensity (1 to 5 seconds), which appear in the parties. Objective: To investigate what are the methods and protocols used to assess the development of the jump in the men's volleyball team in the years 2016, 2017 and 2018 and determine which of these is the most appropriate. Methodology: The specificity of the research required prioritizing the search for articles in recognized databases. Results: Several methods of assessing anaerobic power in volleyball were identified, finding the Carmelo Bosco test battery as one of the most identified in this sport. The investigation was carried out by collecting data, using a sample of 10 athletes, of 15 preselected that made up the team. Conclusions: The Bosco tests are the most used; despite its differences from a specific test in several aspects, such as, for example, the modified Sergeant jump and the modified Abalakov jump for blocking in volleyball, performing several highintensity jumps, with active breaks in an acyclical way, facilitating the control and monitoring, seeking to improve the performance of athletes and reach high achievements., El voleibol es un deporte colectivo, en donde se generan altas exigencias del metabolismo por los altos volúmenes que se ejecutan con la acción del salto vertical, prevaleciendo la potencia anaeróbica, debido a la corta duración y alta intensidad (1 a 5 segundos), que se presentan en los partidos. Objetivo: Investigar cuáles son los métodos y protocolos utilizados para valorar el desarrollo del salto en el equipo de voleibol masculino en los años 2016, 2017 y 2018 y determinar cuál de estos es el más apropiado. Metodología: La especificidad de la investigación requirió que se priorizara la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos reconocidas. Resultados: Se identificaron varios métodos de valoración de la potencia anaeróbica en el voleibol, hallando a la batería del test de Carmelo Bosco, como una de las que más se identifican en este deporte. La investigación se llevó a cabo mediante la recopilación de datos, utilizando una muestra de 10 atletas, de 15 preseleccionados que conformaban el equipo. Conclusiones: Las pruebas de Bosco son las más utilizadas; a pesar de sus diferencias de una prueba específica en varios aspectos, como, por ejemplo, salto Sargento modificado y el salto de Abalakov modificado para el bloqueo en el voleibol, realizando varios saltos de alta intensidad, con descansos activos de forma acíclica, facilitando el control y el seguimiento, en busca de mejorar el rendimiento de los deportistas y llegar a obtener altos logros.

Objective: Following acute exercises, changes in mineral and hematological concentrations are observed in the organism depending on the exercise, but regular and submaximal exercises do not fully reveal the mineral and hematological effects. This study was conducted to determine the effects of volleyball training on mineral metabolism and hematological parameters over a period of three months. Method:The research group included 20 healthy male volunteers in the 13-16 age group. A training program of 80 minutes per day, 4 days per week, for three months was applied to the athletes who participated in the study. Blood samples were taken twice before and at the end of the training sessions from the resting athletes. Sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, MPV and PDW levels were determined in the blood samples collected. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 package program. The Paired Samples t-test was used to compare the research group's pre-final test data. Significance was considered to be p>0.05. Finding: The analysis showed that the research group had statistically significant differences in sodium, chlorine, phosphorus, magnesium, RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, MPV and PCT levels (p<0.05) and no statistically significant differences in potassium, calcium, WBC, HGB, PLT, RDW-CV and PDW levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: As a result, volleyball training over a long period of time has been observed to cause changes in mineral metabolism and some hematological parameters. It was found that the regular training schedule caused differences in some mineral and whole blood values. In the light of this information, we believe that long-term adolescent training will have a positive impact on the health of athletes.

Basic overhand volleyball passing technique greatly affects the competition performance of volleyball athletes. In order to teach and train this technique effectively, it's necessary for teachers and coaches to use a lot of professional supplementary exercises. Through a practical survey of the teaching of volleyball-intensive subject at the school, we have valuated the limitations in teaching – training basic overhand volleyball passing technique, in which the application of professional supplementary exercises is an important factor.

Traditionell wurde die Ausbildung von Volleyballtrainern physisch in der Turnhalle und im Klassenzimmer durchgeführt, aber aufgrund von Covid-19 und den notwendigen Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie war dies im Frühjahr 2020 nicht mehr möglich. Anstatt den bereits geplanten Kurs abzusagen, haben wir uns entschieden, den Kurs online zu verlegen. Der Entwicklungsprozess wurde von der Frage geleitet, ob wir volleyballspezifische Fähigkeiten online vermitteln können. Als Ergebnis haben wir einen vollständigen Online-Blended-Learning-Kurs mit einem problemzentrierten Ansatz und authentischen videobasierten Aufgaben entwickelt. Insgesamt nahmen 23 angehende Coaches an dem Kurs teil. Der Kompetenzerwerb wurde anhand eines Pretest-Posttest-Designs gemessen, das einen großen Einfluss unseres Designs auf den Erwerb von Fähigkeiten zeigt. Darüber hinaus befragten wir die Einstellung der Teilnehmer zum Lerndesign. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass angehende Trainer mit dem Design zufrieden waren und den Online-Lernkurs als nützlich für die Ausbildung von Volleyballtrainern empfanden. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen können wir die Kombination von Videos und interaktiven Inhalten empfehlen, um authentische problemzentrierte Aufgaben bereitzustellen, um Online-Fähigkeiten in der Ausbildung von Volleyballtrainern zu erleichtern.

La metodología Flipped Classroom (FC) se perfila como una estrategia educativa novedosa en las diferentes etapas del sistema educativo que puede contribuir al desarrollo sostenible y a una educación de calidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la aplicación de un modelo FC en alumnado de secundaria sobre la adquisición del contenido conceptual de un deporte, en este caso Voleibol, y evaluar cómo este modelo pedagógico puede afectar al aprendizaje. La muestra estaba formada por 243 estudiantes de educación secundaria obligatoria de entre 12 y 16 años, empleando para el estudio un método cuantitativo con un diseño cuasi-experimental. La intervención tuvo una duración de cinco semanas en la que se utilizó la metodología FC para el trabajo de los contenidos de voleibol. Se utilizó como instrumento de recopilación de datos, un test objetivo de contenidos curriculares sobre voleibol. Los resultados muestran una mejora muy significativa en el aprendizaje del alumnado tras aplicarse la metodología invertida en el aprendizaje sobre Voleibol. Además, se evidencia que los conocimientos iniciales del alumnado, en este caso, del voleibol, influyen en el rendimiento académico final mostrado en un test objetivo de conocimientos. Finalmente, variables como el número de preguntas correctas durante la visualización de los vídeos o las veces que revisualizan un tramo del tutorial parecen estar sutilmente asociadas con el rendimiento académico final (solo en chicas)., The Flipped Classroom (FC) methodology is emerging as a novel educational strategy in the different stages of the educational system that could contribute to sustainable development and quality education. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of a FC model in secondary school students on the acquisition of the conceptual content of a sport, in this case Volleyball, and assess how this intervention methodology can affect learning. The sample consisted of 243 compulsory secondary education students between 12 and 16 years old, using a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design for the study. The intervention lasted five weeks in which the FC methodology was used to work on the volleyball contents. An objective test of curricular contents about volleyball was used as a data collection instrument. The results show an improvement very significant in learning students after applying the Flipped methodology in Volleyball learning. Furthermore, it is evident that the initial knowledge of the student, in this case, of volleyball, influences the final academic performance shown in an objective test of knowledge. Finally, variables like the number of correct questions during video display or the times that review a stretch of the tutorial appear to be subtly associated with final academic performance (only in girls).

This study investigated elite volleyball coaching in Iraq from the perspective of players and coaches from four elite level volleyball teams located in northern Iraq. Quality of the coaching experience has been shown to be a critical factor for assisting players to realise their athletic potential, and for improving team performance. Players themselves value certain kinds of coaching approaches and practices and their experience of coaching influences their engagement in sport and sports performance. This case study of elite players in two men’s teams and two women’s teams, along with the perceptions of their male coaches about volleyball coaching and of coaching practices was undertaken using a mixed-method, sequential explanatory research design. For the purposes of this study, the ‘case’ comprised volleyball players and coaching staff of teams competing in an advanced level volleyball competition, from which players were eligible for selection for Iraq’s national and international competition teams. Following the mixed-methods sequential explanatory approach, quantitative data was collected using an internationally validated sports psychology questionnaire, the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), administered to all players from the four participating teams. Audio-visual recordings were then made of one coaching session for each of the four participating teams (n = 4). The final phase of data collection involved semi- structured interviews conducted with head and assistant coaches from the four participating teams (n = 8) and four players each of the teams (n = 16). Quantitative data collected from the PSPP was analysed using descriptive statistics and single variable ANOVA. Video recorded data was analysed using video observation and notational analysis. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The theory of practice architectures informed the study’s theoretical framework and assisted with the analysis of qualitative data. Findings, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School Educ & Professional St, Arts, Education and Law, Full Text

Basic overhand volleyball passing technique greatly affects the competition performance of volleyball athletes. In order to teach and train this technique effectively, it's necessary for teachers and coaches to use a lot of professional supplementary exercises. Through a practical survey of the teaching of volleyball-intensive subject at the school, we have valuated the limitations in teaching – training basic overhand volleyball passing technique, in which the application of professional supplementary exercises is an important factor.

Basic overhand volleyball passing technique greatly affects the competition performance of volleyball athletes. In order to teach and train this technique effectively, it's necessary for teachers and coaches to use a lot of professional supplementary exercises. Through a practical survey of the teaching of volleyball-intensive subject at the school, we have valuated the limitations in teaching – training basic overhand volleyball passing technique, in which the application of professional supplementary exercises is an important factor.

[Abstract] Shoulder antepulsion, altered scapular kinematics and imbalance of muscle activity are commonly associated with shoulder pain. This study aimed to observe if there is an association between the forward shoulder angle (FSA) and the pectoralis minor length index (PMI) in volleyball players with and without shoulder pain. Furthermore, this study observed if there is an association between shoulder posture and upper limb mechanical hyperalgesia in volleyball players with and without shoulder pain. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Physiotherapy and Pain Research Center in Alcalá de Henares (Spain). A total of 56 volleyball players met the inclusion criteria and agreed to enter the study. Subjects were divided into two groups: shoulder pain group (SPG) and control group (without pain). The following measurements of the dominant sides of the players were collected: FSA, PMI, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in serratus anterior, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, teres minor, upper trapezius, levator scapulae, pectoralis major, radial nerve, cubital nerve, and median nerve. Results: The Spearman’s Rho revealed no significant correlations were found between FSA and PMI. Moreover, Spearman’s Rho test revealed in the SPG a negative moderate correlation between FSA and Infraspinatus-PPT (Rho = −0.43; p = 0.02); FSA and levator scapulae-PPT (Rho = −0.55; p < 0.01); FSA and pectoralis major-PPT (Rho = −0.41; p = 0.02); PMI and cubital nerve-PPT (Rho = −0.44; p = 0.01). Conclusions: No association was found between the forward shoulder angle and the pectoralis minor index in volleyball players with and without shoulder pain. There is a moderate negative association between shoulder forward angle and muscle mechanical hyperalgesia in volleyball players with shoulder pain, but no such associations were found in volleyball players without shoulder pain. Treatment of the infraspinatus, levator scapulae, pectoralis major, and pectoralis minor muscles coul

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure and compare jump load and dynamic performance in elite volleyball athletes under varied conditions over an entire season of practices and games. Jump load and dynamic performance were compared among best jump height, mean jump height, as well as according to the number of jumps per game or practice session and the proportion of jumps higher than 50 cm relative to the total number of jumps in a practice or game. METHODS: Every jump performed by each of 12 players, in all practices and regular games (813 player-sessions in total), was measured by a particle accelerometer in accordance with a validated protocol (Vert, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA). Data were collected and analyzed using STATA (SataCorp, College Station, TX, USA); the significance level for definition of confidence intervals was set to 95%, unless otherwise specified. Statistical analysis and comparison of means and proportions between groups was based on standard t-tests. RESULTS: Among player positions, the middle blocker consistently presented the greatest jump loads during the season; by comparison, the smallest jump loads were observed in the setter. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring players’ jump loads and performance using a simple accelerometer provides evidence which can be used to plan individual player activity, roster composition, the season calendar and furthermore increase knowledge to reduce over-training and recurrence of injuries.

В статье представлен анализ развития координационных способностей студентов, как одного из физических качеств, необходимых будущим специалистам по направлению подготовки «Система обеспечения движения поездов». Снижение двигательной активности у работников умственного труда в современных производственных условиях, отрицательно сказывается на их здоровье, вызывает напряжение центральной нервной системы, способствует риску развития многих профессиональных заболеваний и приводит к состоянию стресса.

The aim of this study was to assess drop jump (DJ) performance variables (jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index) concomitant to surface electromyography (sEMG) of lower limb muscles during DJs from different drop heights (intensities). The eccentric and concentric phase sEMG from the gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, and vastus medialis muscles were assessed during all tests, with sEMG activity normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). In a cross-sectional, study, 10 amateur female volleyball players (age 22.1 +/- 1.8 years; body mass 72.9 +/- 15.2 kg; height 1.70 +/- 0.08 m) completed DJs from six heights [15-90 cm (DJ15 to DJ90)]. During DJs there was no jump-target box to rebound on to. Results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between drop heights. Mean biceps femoris eccentric and concentric sEMG ranged from 27 to 50%, although without significant differences between drop heights. Mean gastrocnemius medialis eccentric and concentric sEMG remained relatively constant (similar to 60-80% MVIC) across DJs heights, although eccentric values reached 90-120% MVIC from DJ75 to DJ90. Mean variations of similar to 50-100% MVIC for eccentric and similar to 50-70% MVIC for concentric sEMG activations were observed in the vastus medialis across DJs heights. The biceps femoris eccentric/concentric sEMG ratio during DJ45 (i.e., 1.0) was lower (p = 0.03) compared to the ratio observed after DJ90 (i.e., 3.2). The gastrocnemius medialis and vastus medialis eccentric/concentric sEMG ratio were not significantly different between drop heights. In conclusion, jumping performance and most neuromuscular markers were not sensitive to DJ height (intensity) in amateur female volleyball athletes.

The main form of training of young volleyball players is these activities, with the help of which the main tasks such as sports, fitness and education are solved. The article discusses the main tools and techniques used in the training of young volleyball players in the process of sports.

The problem of the harmonious development of children and the upbringing of their need for daily physical activity is one of the acute problems in our society. In this article, much attention is paid to the development of motor qualities in children 5 - 7 years old by means of using the elements of playing volleyball.

Traditional volleyball, invented by the American William Morgan in 1895, today is radically different from the first volleyball in terms of its essence and content, technique and tactics, and game intensity. In recent years, traditional volleyball has come to be called classic volleyball, as its development has resulted in the emergence of “sand volleyball” as an independent sport and a strong place in the Olympic program. Volleyball is also one of the most popular sports as a means of physical education and fitness.

Traditional volleyball, invented by the American William Morgan in 1895, today is radically different from the first volleyball in terms of its essence and content, technique and tactics, and game intensity. In recent years, traditional volleyball has come to be called classic volleyball, as its development has resulted in the emergence of “sand volleyball” as an independent sport and a strong place in the Olympic program. Volleyball is also one of the most popular sports as a means of physical education and fitness.

The problem of the harmonious development of children and the upbringing of their need for daily physical activity is one of the acute problems in our society. In this article, much attention is paid to the development of motor qualities in children 5 - 7 years old by means of using the elements of playing volleyball.