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Syfte: Den här undersökningen är utförd på en svensk högskola och syftar till att studera förhållanden mellan redovisningsstudenters inrapporterade etiska ställningstaganden och deras verkliga beteenden utifrån variablerna könstillhörighet, utbildningsnivå och ålder. Metod: Studien har utförts med en kvantitativ metod, där empiriinsamlingen har skett genom enkäter. Regressionsanalyser och bivariata korrelationsanalyser har utförts på insamlad data. Resultaten av analyserna har redovisats i form av text och tabeller. Urvalet för denna studie var 185 redovisningsstudenter som läste Externredovisning A eller Externredovisning C på Högskolan i Gävle. Av dessa besvarade 73 studenter alla frågor på enkäten. Resultat och slutsats: Kvinnlig könstillhörighet hade en statistisk signifikant påverkan på studenters etiska ställningstaganden. Dock var könstillhörighet inte lika signifikant när det kom till verkligt etiskt beteende. Variablerna utbildningsnivå och ålder var inte statistiskt signifikanta i den här studien. Korrelationsanalyserna visade på ett positivt statistiskt signifikant samband mellan etiska ställningstaganden och verkligt etiskt beteende hos såväl kvinnliga som manliga studenter. De manliga studenterna hade emellertid, jämfört med de kvinnliga studenterna, ett starkare positivt samband mellan sina etiska ställningstaganden och verkliga beteenden. Examensarbetets bidrag: De kvinnliga studenterna rapporterade in mer etiska svar än de manliga studenterna, men när det kom till verkligt beteende fanns överlag inga signifikanta skillnader. Utbildning i redovisningsetik kan behövas på kurser i redovisning på ekonomprogrammet eftersom studenter som läste redovisningsinriktningen det tredje året inte var mer etiska i redovisningsfrågor än studenter som läste den första grundkursen i redovisning första året. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag är att studera variabeln könstillhörighet utförligare på en större och mer generaliserbar population av redovisningsst, Aim: This assignment aims to study relationships between accounting students' reported ethical stances and their actual behavior based on the variables gender, educational level and age at a Swedish University. Method: A quantitative method with surveys has been used to gather data. Regression analyzes and bivariate correlation analyzes have been implemented on the data. The results of the analyzes is presented in text and tables. The sample for this study was 185 accounting students who studied Financial Accounting A or Financial Accounting C at the University of Gävle. In total 73 students answered all questions in the survey. Results and conclusions: Female gender had a statistically significant impact on students' ethical stances. However, gender was not as statistically significant when it came to actual ethical behavior. The variables education level and age were not significant in this study. The correlation analyzes showed a positive statistically significant relationship between ethical stances and actual ethical behavior for both female and male students. The male students, however, compared to the female students, had a stronger positive relationship between their ethical stances and actual behaviors. Contribution of the thesis: Female students reported more ethical answers than what male students reported, but when it came to actual behavior overall there were no statistically significant differences. Education in accounting ethics may be needed in accounting courses in Business Administration education. It is necessary because students who majored in Financial Accounting the third year were not more ethical in accounting matters than students who studied the first basic course in Financial Accounting as freshmen. Suggestions for further research: One suggestion is to study the gender variable further on a larger and more generalizable population of accounting students. An additional suggestion for further research is to investigate whether the relation

This article demonstrates that additionally to the well-known velocity memory effect, a vacuum gravitational plane wave can also induce a displacement memory on a couple of test particles. A complete classification of the conditions under which a velocity or a displacement memory effect occur is established. These conditions depend both the initial conditions of the relative motion and on the wave profile. The two cases where the wave admits a pulse or a step profile are treated. Our analytical expressions are then compared to numerical integrations to exhibit either a velocity or a displacement memory, in the case of these two families of profiles. Additionally to this classification, the existence of a new symmetry of polarized vacuum gravitational plane wave under M\"{o}bius reparametrization of the null time is demonstrated. Finally, we discuss the resolution of the geodesic deviation equation by means of the underlying symmetries of vacuum gravitational plane wave., Comment: 34+6 pages, 6 figures, references added, typos corrected, accepted version in JCAP

Syfte: Den här undersökningen är utförd på en svensk högskola och syftar till att studera förhållanden mellan redovisningsstudenters inrapporterade etiska ställningstaganden och deras verkliga beteenden utifrån variablerna könstillhörighet, utbildningsnivå och ålder. Metod: Studien har utförts med en kvantitativ metod, där empiriinsamlingen har skett genom enkäter. Regressionsanalyser och bivariata korrelationsanalyser har utförts på insamlad data. Resultaten av analyserna har redovisats i form av text och tabeller. Urvalet för denna studie var 185 redovisningsstudenter som läste Externredovisning A eller Externredovisning C på Högskolan i Gävle. Av dessa besvarade 73 studenter alla frågor på enkäten. Resultat och slutsats: Kvinnlig könstillhörighet hade en statistisk signifikant påverkan på studenters etiska ställningstaganden. Dock var könstillhörighet inte lika signifikant när det kom till verkligt etiskt beteende. Variablerna utbildningsnivå och ålder var inte statistiskt signifikanta i den här studien. Korrelationsanalyserna visade på ett positivt statistiskt signifikant samband mellan etiska ställningstaganden och verkligt etiskt beteende hos såväl kvinnliga som manliga studenter. De manliga studenterna hade emellertid, jämfört med de kvinnliga studenterna, ett starkare positivt samband mellan sina etiska ställningstaganden och verkliga beteenden. Examensarbetets bidrag: De kvinnliga studenterna rapporterade in mer etiska svar än de manliga studenterna, men när det kom till verkligt beteende fanns överlag inga signifikanta skillnader. Utbildning i redovisningsetik kan behövas på kurser i redovisning på ekonomprogrammet eftersom studenter som läste redovisningsinriktningen det tredje året inte var mer etiska i redovisningsfrågor än studenter som läste den första grundkursen i redovisning första året. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag är att studera variabeln könstillhörighet utförligare på en större och mer generaliserbar population av redovisningsst, Aim: This assignment aims to study relationships between accounting students' reported ethical stances and their actual behavior based on the variables gender, educational level and age at a Swedish University. Method: A quantitative method with surveys has been used to gather data. Regression analyzes and bivariate correlation analyzes have been implemented on the data. The results of the analyzes is presented in text and tables. The sample for this study was 185 accounting students who studied Financial Accounting A or Financial Accounting C at the University of Gävle. In total 73 students answered all questions in the survey. Results and conclusions: Female gender had a statistically significant impact on students' ethical stances. However, gender was not as statistically significant when it came to actual ethical behavior. The variables education level and age were not significant in this study. The correlation analyzes showed a positive statistically significant relationship between ethical stances and actual ethical behavior for both female and male students. The male students, however, compared to the female students, had a stronger positive relationship between their ethical stances and actual behaviors. Contribution of the thesis: Female students reported more ethical answers than what male students reported, but when it came to actual behavior overall there were no statistically significant differences. Education in accounting ethics may be needed in accounting courses in Business Administration education. It is necessary because students who majored in Financial Accounting the third year were not more ethical in accounting matters than students who studied the first basic course in Financial Accounting as freshmen. Suggestions for further research: One suggestion is to study the gender variable further on a larger and more generalizable population of accounting students. An additional suggestion for further research is to investigate whether the relation

We study lensing of gravitational waves by a black hole in the deep wave optics regime, i.e. when the wavelength is much larger than the black hole Schwarzschild radius. We apply it to triple systems, with a binary of stellar mass objects in the inspiraling phase orbiting around a central massive black hole. We describe the full polarisation structure of the wave and derive predictions for the polarisation modes of the scattered wave measured by the observer. We show that lensing in the wave optics regime is not helicity preserving, as opposed to lensing in the geometric optics regime. The amplitude of the total wave is modulated due to interference between the directly transmitted and lensed components. The relative amplitude of the modulation is fixed by the lensing geometry and can reach unity in the most favourable settings. This indicates that wave optics lensing is potentially detectable by LISA for sufficiently high SNR systems. Our findings show that in the wave optics regime it is necessary to go beyond the usual lensing description where the amplification factor is assumed to be the same for both helicity modes. While motivated by GW190521 and the AGN formation scenario, our results apply more broadly to stellar-mass binaries orbiting a third body described as a Schwarzschild black hole, with a period comparable to the GW observation time., Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures

We propose a game-based formulation for learning dimensionality-reducing representations of feature vectors, when only a prior knowledge on future prediction tasks is available. In this game, the first player chooses a representation, and then the second player adversarially chooses a prediction task from a given class, representing the prior knowledge. The first player aims is to minimize, and the second player to maximize, the regret: The minimal prediction loss using the representation, compared to the same loss using the original features. For the canonical setting in which the representation, the response to predict and the predictors are all linear functions, and under the mean squared error loss function, we derive the theoretically optimal representation in pure strategies, which shows the effectiveness of the prior knowledge, and the optimal regret in mixed strategies, which shows the usefulness of randomizing the representation. For general representations and loss functions, we propose an efficient algorithm to optimize a randomized representation. The algorithm only requires the gradients of the loss function, and is based on incrementally adding a representation rule to a mixture of such rules., Comment: ICLR 2024

While subword tokenizers such as BPE and WordPiece are typically used to build vocabularies for NLP models, the method of decoding text into a sequence of tokens from these vocabularies is often left unspecified, or ill-suited to the method in which they were constructed. We provide a controlled analysis of seven tokenizer inference methods across four different algorithms and three vocabulary sizes, performed on a novel intrinsic evaluation suite we curated for English, combining measures rooted in morphology, cognition, and information theory. We show that for the most commonly used tokenizers, greedy inference performs surprisingly well; and that SaGe, a recently-introduced contextually-informed tokenizer, outperforms all others on morphological alignment., Comment: ACL 2024 (main)

Tokenization is a foundational step in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, bridging raw text and language models. Existing tokenization approaches like Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) originate from the field of data compression, and it has been suggested that the effectiveness of BPE stems from its ability to condense text into a relatively small number of tokens. We test the hypothesis that fewer tokens lead to better downstream performance by introducing PathPiece, a new tokenizer that segments a document's text into the minimum number of tokens for a given vocabulary. Through extensive experimentation we find this hypothesis not to be the case, casting doubt on the understanding of the reasons for effective tokenization. To examine which other factors play a role, we evaluate design decisions across all three phases of tokenization: pre-tokenization, vocabulary construction, and segmentation, offering new insights into the design of effective tokenizers. Specifically, we illustrate the importance of pre-tokenization and the benefits of using BPE to initialize vocabulary construction. We train 64 language models with varying tokenization, ranging in size from 350M to 2.4B parameters, all of which are made publicly available.

The popular subword tokenizers of current language models, such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), are known not to respect morpheme boundaries, which affects the downstream performance of the models. While many improved tokenization algorithms have been proposed, their evaluation and cross-comparison is still an open problem. As a solution, we propose a combined intrinsic-extrinsic evaluation framework for subword tokenization. Intrinsic evaluation is based on our new UniMorph Labeller tool that classifies subword tokenization as either morphological or alien. Extrinsic evaluation, in turn, is performed via the Out-of-Vocabulary Generalization Challenge 1.0 benchmark, which consists of three newly specified downstream text classification tasks. Our empirical findings show that the accuracy of UniMorph Labeller is 98%, and that, in all language models studied (including ALBERT, BERT, RoBERTa, and DeBERTa), alien tokenization leads to poorer generalizations compared to morphological tokenization for semantic compositionality of word meanings.

Polarization and spin correlations have been studied in detail for top quarks at the LHC, but have been explored very little for the other flavors of quarks. In this paper we consider the processes $pp\to q\bar{q}$ with $q = b$, $c$ or $s$. Utilizing the partial preservation of the quark's spin information in baryons in the jet produced by the quark, we examine possible analysis strategies for ATLAS and CMS to measure the quark polarization and spin correlations. We find polarization measurements for the $b$ and $c$ quarks to be feasible, even with the currently available datasets. Spin correlation measurements for $b\bar b$ are possible using the CMS Run 2 parked data, while such measurements for $c\bar c$ will become possible with higher integrated luminosity. For the $s$ quark, we find the measurements to be challenging with the standard triggers. We also provide leading-order QCD predictions for the polarization and spin correlations expected in the $b\bar b$ and $c\bar c$ samples with the cuts envisioned for the above analyses. Apart from establishing experimentally the existence of spin correlations in $b\bar b$ and $c\bar c$ systems produced in $pp$ collisions, the proposed measurements can provide new information on the polarization transfer from quarks to baryons and might even be sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model., Comment: 51 pages, 5 figures; v2: minor improvements of presentation; published version

Stein-Leventhal syndrome, currently known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a common ovulatory disorder among women, affecting approximately 6-19% of the female population who are in menopause. It is characterized by presenting hyperandrogenic, reproductive and metabolic alterations. Although its etiology is complex, the relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the pathology has been proven. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to PCOS are multifactorial, and it is believed to be a complex multigenic disorder, including hypothalamic-pituitary axis abnormalities, steroidogenesis, and insulin resistance. Treatment for PCOS aims to reduce the manifestations of hyperandrogenism, regularize menstrual cycles and correct metabolic changes. This is a systematic literature review, in which a survey of 47 articles was carried out, of which 16 articles were used. Inclusion criteria were articles dealing with polycystic ovary syndrome, in Portuguese and English. At the beginning of the research, 47 articles were selected that fit the keywords, of which 31 (65.9%) were excluded, which did not address the polycystic ovary syndrome. This paper reports the definition of PCOS, its causes, pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic criteria. In addition, this article on the treatment of PCOS exposes that the practice of physical exercise, together with nutritional guidance, are important for the improvement of the symptoms of the syndrome. FINAL: The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized, in order to prevent metabolic, hyperandrogenic and reproductive changes that affect the quality of life of patients with PCOS., El síndrome de Stein-Leventhal, actualmente conocido como síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP), es un trastorno ovulatorio común entre las mujeres, que afecta aproximadamente al 6-19% de la población femenina que se encuentra en la menopausia. Se caracteriza por presentar alteraciones hiperandrogénicas, reproductivas y metabólicas. Aunque su etiología es compleja, se ha demostrado la relación entre la predisposición genética y los factores ambientales en la patología. Además, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que conducen al SOP son multifactoriales, y se cree que es un trastorno multigénico complejo, que incluye anomalías del eje hipotalámico-pituitario, esteroidogénesis y resistencia a la insulina. El tratamiento para el SOP tiene como objetivo reducir las manifestaciones del hiperandrogenismo, regularizar los ciclos menstruales y corregir los cambios metabólicos. Se trata de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, en la que se realizó una encuesta de 47 artículos, de los cuales se utilizaron 16 artículos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos sobre el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, en portugués e inglés. Al inicio de la investigación, se seleccionaron 47 artículos que se ajustaban a las palabras clave, de los cuales 31 (65,9%) fueron excluidos, que no abordaron el síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Este artículo informa la definición de SOP, sus causas, mecanismos fisiopatológicos y criterios diagnósticos. Además, este artículo sobre el tratamiento del SOP expone que la práctica de ejercicio físico, junto con la orientación nutricional, son importantes para la mejora de los síntomas del síndrome. FINAL: Se enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, con el fin de prevenir cambios metabólicos, hiperandrogénicos y reproductivos que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes con SOP., A síndrome de Stein-Leventhal, atualmente conhecida como síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP), é uma desordem ovulatória comum entre as mulheres, afetando aproximadamente 6-19% da população feminina que estão em menacme. É caracterizada por apresentar alterações hiperandrogênicas, reprodutivas e metabólicas. Embora sua etiologia seja complexa, é comprovada a relação da predisposição genética e de fatores ambientais na patologia. Ademais, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que levam a SOP são multifatoriais, e acredita-se numa desordem multigênica complexa, incluindo anormalidades no eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário, esteroidogênese e resistência insulínica. O tratamento para SOP visa reduzir as manifestações do hiperandrogenismo, regularizar os ciclos menstruais e corrigir as alterações metabólicas. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, em que foi realizado um levantamento de 47 artigos, dos quais utilizou-se 16 artigos. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos que tratassem sobre síndrome dos ovários policístico, na língua portuguesa e inglesa.: Ao início da pesquisa, foram selecionados 47 artigos que se enquadravam nas palavras chave, dos quais excluiu-se 31 (65,9%), que não abordavam sobre a síndrome dos ovários policísticos. Relata-se nesse trabalho a definição de SOP, quais as causas, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos e os critérios diagnósticos. Além disso, expõem-se nesse artigo acerca do tratamento de SOP que a prática de exercício físico, juntamente com orientação nutricional, são importantes para a melhora dos sintomas da síndrome. FINAIS: Enfatiza-se a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoce, no intuito de prevenir as alterações metabólicas, hiperandrogênicas e reprodutivas que afetam a qualidade de vida das pacientes com SOP.

Stein-Leventhal syndrome, currently known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a common ovulatory disorder among women, affecting approximately 6-19% of the female population who are in menopause. It is characterized by presenting hyperandrogenic, reproductive and metabolic alterations. Although its etiology is complex, the relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental factors in the pathology has been proven. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to PCOS are multifactorial, and it is believed to be a complex multigenic disorder, including hypothalamic-pituitary axis abnormalities, steroidogenesis, and insulin resistance. Treatment for PCOS aims to reduce the manifestations of hyperandrogenism, regularize menstrual cycles and correct metabolic changes. This is a systematic literature review, in which a survey of 47 articles was carried out, of which 16 articles were used. Inclusion criteria were articles dealing with polycystic ovary syndrome, in Portuguese and English. At the beginning of the research, 47 articles were selected that fit the keywords, of which 31 (65.9%) were excluded, which did not address the polycystic ovary syndrome. This paper reports the definition of PCOS, its causes, pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic criteria. In addition, this article on the treatment of PCOS exposes that the practice of physical exercise, together with nutritional guidance, are important for the improvement of the symptoms of the syndrome. FINAL: The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized, in order to prevent metabolic, hyperandrogenic and reproductive changes that affect the quality of life of patients with PCOS., El síndrome de Stein-Leventhal, actualmente conocido como síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP), es un trastorno ovulatorio común entre las mujeres, que afecta aproximadamente al 6-19% de la población femenina que se encuentra en la menopausia. Se caracteriza por presentar alteraciones hiperandrogénicas, reproductivas y metabólicas. Aunque su etiología es compleja, se ha demostrado la relación entre la predisposición genética y los factores ambientales en la patología. Además, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que conducen al SOP son multifactoriales, y se cree que es un trastorno multigénico complejo, que incluye anomalías del eje hipotalámico-pituitario, esteroidogénesis y resistencia a la insulina. El tratamiento para el SOP tiene como objetivo reducir las manifestaciones del hiperandrogenismo, regularizar los ciclos menstruales y corregir los cambios metabólicos. Se trata de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, en la que se realizó una encuesta de 47 artículos, de los cuales se utilizaron 16 artículos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos sobre el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, en portugués e inglés. Al inicio de la investigación, se seleccionaron 47 artículos que se ajustaban a las palabras clave, de los cuales 31 (65,9%) fueron excluidos, que no abordaron el síndrome de ovario poliquístico. Este artículo informa la definición de SOP, sus causas, mecanismos fisiopatológicos y criterios diagnósticos. Además, este artículo sobre el tratamiento del SOP expone que la práctica de ejercicio físico, junto con la orientación nutricional, son importantes para la mejora de los síntomas del síndrome. FINAL: Se enfatiza la importancia del diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, con el fin de prevenir cambios metabólicos, hiperandrogénicos y reproductivos que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes con SOP., A síndrome de Stein-Leventhal, atualmente conhecida como síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP), é uma desordem ovulatória comum entre as mulheres, afetando aproximadamente 6-19% da população feminina que estão em menacme. É caracterizada por apresentar alterações hiperandrogênicas, reprodutivas e metabólicas. Embora sua etiologia seja complexa, é comprovada a relação da predisposição genética e de fatores ambientais na patologia. Ademais, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que levam a SOP são multifatoriais, e acredita-se numa desordem multigênica complexa, incluindo anormalidades no eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário, esteroidogênese e resistência insulínica. O tratamento para SOP visa reduzir as manifestações do hiperandrogenismo, regularizar os ciclos menstruais e corrigir as alterações metabólicas. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, em que foi realizado um levantamento de 47 artigos, dos quais utilizou-se 16 artigos. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos que tratassem sobre síndrome dos ovários policístico, na língua portuguesa e inglesa.: Ao início da pesquisa, foram selecionados 47 artigos que se enquadravam nas palavras chave, dos quais excluiu-se 31 (65,9%), que não abordavam sobre a síndrome dos ovários policísticos. Relata-se nesse trabalho a definição de SOP, quais as causas, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos e os critérios diagnósticos. Além disso, expõem-se nesse artigo acerca do tratamento de SOP que a prática de exercício físico, juntamente com orientação nutricional, são importantes para a melhora dos sintomas da síndrome. FINAIS: Enfatiza-se a importância do diagnóstico e tratamento precoce, no intuito de prevenir as alterações metabólicas, hiperandrogênicas e reprodutivas que afetam a qualidade de vida das pacientes com SOP.

A simple and minimal extension of the standard cosmological $\Lambda$CDM model in which dark matter experiences an additional long-range scalar interaction is demonstrated to alleviate the long lasting Hubble-tension while letting primordial nucleosynthesis predictions unaffected and passing by construction all current local tests of general relativity. The theoretical formulation of this $\Lambda\beta$CDM model and its comparison to astrophysical observations are presented to prove its ability to fit existing data and potentially resolve the tension., Comment: 3 figures, 6 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2312.12408

A family of simple and minimal extensions of the standard cosmological $\Lambda$CDM model in which dark matter experiences an additional long-range scalar interaction is demonstrated to alleviate the long lasting Hubble-tension while letting primordial nucleosynthesis predictions unaffected and passing by construction all current local tests of general relativity. This article describes their theoretical formulation and their implications for dark matter. Then, it investigates their cosmological signatures, both at the background and perturbation levels. A detailed comparison to astrophysical data is performed to discuss their ability to fit existing data. A thorough discussion of the complementarity of the low- and high-redshift data and on their constraining power highlights how these models improve the predictions of the $\Lambda$CDM model whatever the combination of datasets used and why they can potentially resolve the Hubble tension. Being fully predictive in any environment, they pave the way to a better understanding of gravity in the dark matter sector., Comment: 14 figures, 24 pages

We show that any static linear perturbations around Schwarzschild black holes enjoy a set of conserved charges which forms a centrally extended Schr\"{o}dinger algebra sh(1) = sl$(2,\mathbb{R}) \ltimes \mathcal{H}$. The central charge is given by the black hole mass, echoing results on black hole entropy from near-horizon diffeomorphism symmetry. The finite symmetry transformations generated by these conserved charges correspond to Galilean and conformal transformations of the static field and of the coordinates. This new structure allows one to discuss the static response of a Schwarzschild black hole in the test field approximation from a symmetry-based approach. First we show that the (horizontal) symmetry protecting the vanishing of the Love numbers recently exhibited by Hui et al, dubbed the HJPSS symmetry, coincides with one of the sl$(2,\mathbb{R})$ generators of the Schr\"{o}dinger group. Then, it is demonstrated that the HJPSS symmetry is selected thanks to the spontaneous breaking of the full Schr\"{o}dinger symmetry at the horizon down to a simple abelian sub-group. The latter can be understood as the symmetry protecting the regularity of the test field at the horizon. In the 4-dimensional case, this provides a symmetry protection for the vanishing of the Schwarzschild Love numbers. Our results trivially extend to the Kerr case., Comment: 22+5 pages, clarifications added on the symmetry criterion, extension to Kerr added in Appendix, version published in JHEP

We show that any static linear perturbations around Schwarzschild black holes enjoy a set of conserved charges which forms a centrally extended Schr\"{o}dinger algebra sh(1) = sl$(2,\mathbb{R}) \ltimes \mathcal{H}$. The central charge is given by the black hole mass, echoing results on black hole entropy from near-horizon diffeomorphism symmetry. The finite symmetry transformations generated by these conserved charges correspond to Galilean and conformal transformations of the static field and of the coordinates. This new structure allows one to discuss the static response of a Schwarzschild black hole in the test field approximation from a symmetry-based approach. First we show that the (horizontal) symmetry protecting the vanishing of the Love numbers recently exhibited by Hui et al, dubbed the HJPSS symmetry, coincides with one of the sl$(2,\mathbb{R})$ generators of the Schr\"{o}dinger group. Then, it is demonstrated that the HJPSS symmetry is selected thanks to the spontaneous breaking of the full Schr\"{o}dinger symmetry at the horizon down to a simple abelian sub-group. The latter can be understood as the symmetry protecting the regularity of the test field at the horizon. In the 4-dimensional case, this provides a symmetry protection for the vanishing of the Schwarzschild Love numbers. Our results trivially extend to the Kerr case., Comment: 22+5 pages, clarifications added on the symmetry criterion, extension to Kerr added in Appendix, version published in JHEP

A large class of scalar-tensor theories of gravity exhibit a screening mechanism that dynamically suppresses fifth forces in the Solar system and local laboratory experiments. Technically, at the scalar field equation level, this usually translates into nonlinearities which strongly limit the scope of analytical approaches. This article presents $femtoscope$ $-$ a Python numerical tool based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Newton method for solving Klein-Gordon-like equations that arise in particular in the symmetron or chameleon models. Regarding the latter, the scalar field behavior is generally only known infinitely far away from the its sources. We thus investigate existing and new FEM-based techniques for dealing with asymptotic boundary conditions on finite-memory computers, whose convergence are assessed. Finally, $femtoscope$ is showcased with a study of the chameleon fifth force in Earth orbit., Comment: 35 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in PRD

A large class of scalar-tensor theories of gravity exhibit a screening mechanism that dynamically suppresses fifth forces in the Solar system and local laboratory experiments. Technically, at the scalar field equation level, this usually translates into nonlinearities which strongly limit the scope of analytical approaches. This article presents $femtoscope$ $-$ a Python numerical tool based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Newton method for solving Klein-Gordon-like equations that arise in particular in the symmetron or chameleon models. Regarding the latter, the scalar field behavior is generally only known infinitely far away from the its sources. We thus investigate existing and new FEM-based techniques for dealing with asymptotic boundary conditions on finite-memory computers, whose convergence are assessed. Finally, $femtoscope$ is showcased with a study of the chameleon fifth force in Earth orbit., Comment: 35 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in PRD

Treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy is often complex and challenging. This study aimed to analyze current patterns of practice in the management of pregnant patients diagnosed with cervical cancer.

Nuclear physics experiments give reaction rates that, via modelling and comparison with primordial abundances, constrain cosmological parameters. The error bars of a key reaction, \dpg, were tightened in 2020, bringing to light discrepancies between different analyses and calling for more accurate measurements of other reactions., Comment: 2 pages

The MICROSCOPE experiment was designed to test the weak equivalence principle in space, by comparing the low-frequency dynamics of cylindrical "free-falling" test masses controlled by electrostatic forces. We use data taken during technical sessions aimed at estimating the electrostatic stiffness of MICROSCOPE's sensors to constrain a short-range Yukawa deviation from Newtonian gravity. We take advantage of the fact that in the limit of small displacements, the gravitational interaction (both Newtonian and Yukawa-like) between nested cylinders is linear, and thus simply characterised by a stiffness. By measuring the total stiffness of the forces acting on a test mass as it moves, and comparing it with the theoretical electrostatic stiffness (expected to dominate), it is a priori possible to infer constraints on the Yukawa potential parameters. However, we find that measurement uncertainties are dominated by the gold wires used to control the electric charge of the test masses, though their related stiffness is indeed smaller than the expected electrostatic stiffness. Moreover, we find a non-zero unaccounted for stiffness that depends on the instrument's electric configuration, hinting at the presence of patch-field effects. Added to significant uncertainties on the electrostatic model, they only allow for poor constraints on the Yukawa potential. This is not surprising, as MICROSCOPE was not designed for this measurement, but this analysis is the first step to new experimental searches for non-Newtonian gravity in space., Comment: Accepted for publication in CQG's MICROSCOPE special issue

The cellular receptor Notch1 is a central regulator of T-cell development, and as a consequence, Notch1 pathway appears upregulated in > 65% of the cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, strategies targeting Notch1 signaling render only modest results in the clinic due to treatment resistance and severe side effects. While many investigations reported the different aspects of tumor cell growth and leukemia progression controlled by Notch1, less is known regarding the modifications of cellular metabolism induced by Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL. Previously, glutaminolysis inhibition has been proposed to synergize with anti-Notch therapies in T-ALL models. In this work, we report that Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL induced a change in the metabolism of the important amino acid glutamine, preventing glutamine synthesis through the downregulation of glutamine synthetase (GS). Downregulation of GS was responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven T-ALL both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also confirmed an increase in glutaminolysis mediated by Notch1. Increased glutaminolysis resulted in the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, a central controller of cell growth. However, glutaminolysis did not play any role in Notch1-induced glutamine addiction. Finally, the combined treatment targeting mTORC1 and limiting glutamine availability had a synergistic effect to induce apoptosis and to prevent Notch1-driven leukemia progression. Our results placed glutamine limitation and mTORC1 inhibition as a potential therapy against Notch1-driven leukemia.

While most strong-gravitational-lensing systems may be roughly modelled by a single massive object between the source and the observer, in the details all the structures near the light path contribute to the observed images. These additional contributions, known as line-of-sight effects, are non-negligible in practice. This article proposes a new theoretical framework to model the line-of-sight effects, together with very promising applications at the interface of weak and strong lensing. Our approach relies on the dominant-lens approximation, where one deflector is treated as the main lens while the others are treated as perturbations. The resulting framework is technically simpler to handle than the multi-plane lensing formalism, while allowing one to consistently model any sub-critical perturbation. In particular, it is not limited to the usual external-convergence and external-shear parameterisation. As a first application, we identify a specific notion of line-of-sight shear that is not degenerate with the ellipticity of the main lens, and which could thus be extracted from strong-lensing images. This result supports and improves the recent proposal that Einstein rings might be powerful probes of cosmic shear. As a second application, we investigate the distortions of strong-lensing critical curves under line-of-sight effects, and more particularly their correlations across the sky. We find that such correlations may be used to probe, not only the large-scale structure of the Universe, but also the dark-matter halo profiles of strong lenses. This last possibility would be a key asset to improve the accuracy of the measurement of the Hubble-Lema\^itre constant via time-delay cosmography., Comment: 39+14 pages, 15 figures. v2: discussion improved in sec. 3.2; figs. 4 and 15 updated. v3: minor typos corrected, matches published version; v4, v5: other typos corrected

Nuclear physics experiments give reaction rates that, via modelling and comparison with primordial abundances, constrain cosmological parameters. The error bars of a key reaction, \dpg, were tightened in 2020, bringing to light discrepancies between different analyses and calling for more accurate measurements of other reactions., Comment: 2 pages

The cellular receptor Notch1 is a central regulator of T-cell development, and as a consequence, Notch1 pathway appears upregulated in > 65% of the cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, strategies targeting Notch1 signaling render only modest results in the clinic due to treatment resistance and severe side effects. While many investigations reported the different aspects of tumor cell growth and leukemia progression controlled by Notch1, less is known regarding the modifications of cellular metabolism induced by Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL. Previously, glutaminolysis inhibition has been proposed to synergize with anti-Notch therapies in T-ALL models. In this work, we report that Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL induced a change in the metabolism of the important amino acid glutamine, preventing glutamine synthesis through the downregulation of glutamine synthetase (GS). Downregulation of GS was responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven T-ALL both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also confirmed an increase in glutaminolysis mediated by Notch1. Increased glutaminolysis resulted in the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, a central controller of cell growth. However, glutaminolysis did not play any role in Notch1-induced glutamine addiction. Finally, the combined treatment targeting mTORC1 and limiting glutamine availability had a synergistic effect to induce apoptosis and to prevent Notch1-driven leukemia progression. Our results placed glutamine limitation and mTORC1 inhibition as a potential therapy against Notch1-driven leukemia.

We speculate on the development and availability of new innovative propulsion techniques in the 2040s, that will allow us to fly a spacecraft outside the Solar System (at 150 AU and more) in a reasonable amount of time, in order to directly probe our (gravitational) Solar System neighborhood and answer pressing questions regarding the dark sector (dark energy and dark matter). We identify two closely related main science goals, as well as secondary objectives that could be fulfilled by a mission dedicated to probing the local dark sector: (i) begin the exploration of gravitation’s low-acceleration regime with a spacecraft and (ii) improve our knowledge of the local dark matter and baryon densities. Those questions can be answered by directly measuring the gravitational potential with an atomic clock on-board a spacecraft on an outbound Solar System orbit, and by comparing the spacecraft’s trajectory with that predicted by General Relativity through the combination of ranging data and the in-situ measurement (and correction) of non-gravitational accelerations with an on-board accelerometer. Despite a wealth of new experiments getting online in the near future, that will bring new knowledge about the dark sector, it is very unlikely that those science questions will be closed in the next two decades. More importantly, it is likely that it will be even more urgent than currently to answer them. Tracking a spacecraft carrying a clock and an accelerometer as it leaves the Solar System may well be the easiest and fastest way to directly probe our dark environment.

This article presents a new model-independent constraint for bouncing black hole geometries. Using the thin shell formalism, this constraint sets a bound on the minimal allowed radius of the time-like surface of the collapsing star at the bounce. It follows from this bound that the shell always bounces in an untrapped region or precisely on a trapping horizon. This constraint is of purely kinematical origin as it descends from the continuity of the metric between the geometries describing the interior and exterior of the collapsing object so that it is completely model-independent. The second part of this work investigates the conditions under which an effective extension of the Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse can describe consistent bouncing black hole solutions. We show that on top of the previous kinematical constraint, an additional dynamical condition has to be satisfied in order for the model to admit well-defined black-to-white hole solutions. As expected, this second condition turns out to be model-dependent. The resulting class of models describing bouncing compact objects are characterized by three parameters for the star (mass, initial radius and density) and two quantum parameters descending from the UV-completion of the exterior and interior geometries. The solution space contains (1) bouncing stars and (2) bouncing black holes and (3) a new class of astrophysical objects which alternate between a bouncing star and a bouncing black hole. Finally, we provide an explicit construction of a black-to-white hole bounce using the techniques of spatially closed LQC and discuss the novel properties induced by the presence of the inner horizon in this new framework. This generic framework lays down the foundation for interesting phenomenological investigations concerning the astrophysical properties of these objects, as well as a novel platform for further developments., Comment: V2 - 29 pages, 4 figures, Clarifications on the construction of the model added, typos corrected, matched the version accepted in JCAP

This article describes the dynamics of a charge particle in a electromagnetic field in presence of a scalar fifth force. Focusing to the fifth force that would be induced by a chameleon field, the profile of which can be designed properly in the laboratory, it draws its physical effects on the cyclotron motion of a particle in a static and uniform magnetic field. The fifth force induces a drift of the trajectory that is estimated analytically and compared to numerical computations for profiles motivated by the ones of a chameleon field within two nested cylinders. The magnitude of the effect and the detectability of this drift are discussed to argue that this may offer a new experimental design to test small fifth force in the laboratory. More important, at the macroscopic level it induces a current that can in principle also be measured, and would even allow one to access the transverse profile of the scalar field within the cavity. In both cases, aligning the magnetic field with the local gravity field suppresses the effects of Newtonian gravity that would be several order larger than the ones of the fifth force otherwise and the Newtonian gravity of the cavity on the particle is also argued to be negligible. Given this insight, this experimental set-up, with its two effects -- on a single particle and at the macroscopic level -- may require attention to demonstrate its actual feasability in the laboratory., Comment: 16 pages, 21 figures

This article investigates the properties of a scalar fifth force that arises in a scalar tensor-theory with a chameleon screening mechanism in the context of gravity space missions like the MICROSCOPE experiment. In such an experiment, the propagation of the chameleon field inside the nested cylinders of the experiment causes a fifth force when the cylinders are not perfectly co-axial. We propose a semi-analytic method to compute the field distribution and the induced fifth force and compare it to a full numerical simulation, in settings where the cylindrical symmetry is broken. The scaling of the fifth force with both the parameters of the model and the geometry of the experiment is discussed. We show that the fifth force is repulsive, hence adds a destabilizing stiffness that should be included in the force budget acting on the detector. This opens the way to a new method to constrain a scalar fifth force in screened models., Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. D

Cancer remains a public health problem worldwide that also includes young adults. Given the ongoing improvements in survival for most malignancies, a significant proportion of people affected by cancer face the consequences of treatment-related late effects, making survivorship an area of crucial importance. [...]

This article describes the dynamics of a charge particle in a electromagnetic field in presence of a scalar fifth force. Focusing to the fifth force that would be induced by a chameleon field, the profile of which can be designed properly in the laboratory, it draws its physical effects on the cyclotron motion of a particle in a static and uniform magnetic field. The fifth force induces a drift of the trajectory that is estimated analytically and compared to numerical computations for profiles motivated by the ones of a chameleon field within two nested cylinders. The magnitude of the effect and the detectability of this drift are discussed to argue that this may offer a new experimental design to test small fifth force in the laboratory. More important, at the macroscopic level it induces a current that can in principle also be measured, and would even allow one to access the transverse profile of the scalar field within the cavity. In both cases, aligning the magnetic field with the local gravity field suppresses the effects of Newtonian gravity that would be several order larger than the ones of the fifth force otherwise and the Newtonian gravity of the cavity on the particle is also argued to be negligible. Given this insight, this experimental set-up, with its two effects -- on a single particle and at the macroscopic level -- may require attention to demonstrate its actual feasability in the laboratory., Comment: 16 pages, 21 figures

Recent measurements of the D(p,$\gamma)^3$He, nuclear reaction cross-section and of the neutron lifetime, along with the reevaluation of the cosmological baryon abundance from cosmic microwave background (CMB) analysis, call for an update of abundance predictions for light elements produced during the big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). While considered as a pillar of the hot big-bang model in its early days, BBN constraining power mostly rests on deuterium abundance. We point out a new $\simeq1.8\sigma$-tension on the baryonic density, or equivalently on the D/H abundance, between the value inferred on one hand from the analysis of the primordial abundances of light elements and, on the other hand, from the combination of CMB and baryonic oscillation data. This draws the attention on this sector of the theory and gives us the opportunity to reevaluate the status of BBN in the context of precision cosmology. Finally, this paper presents an upgrade of the BBN code PRIMAT., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. Accepted in MNRAS

The precision reached by current and forthcoming strong-lensing observations requires to accurately model various perturbations to the main deflector. Hitherto, theoretical models have been developed to account for either cosmological line-of-sight perturbations, or isolated secondary lenses via the multi-plane lensing framework. This article proposes a general formalism to describe multiple lenses within an arbitrary space-time background. The lens equation, and the expressions of the amplification and time delays, are rigorously derived in that framework. Our results may be applied to a wide range of set-ups, from strong lensing in anisotropic cosmologies, to line-of-sight perturbations beyond the tidal regime., Comment: 23+6 pages, 9 figures; v3: enriched sec. 2, matches the version published in Classical and Quantum Gravity, except the addition of an important reference (Schneider 2019); v4: minor typos corrected

This article describes the dynamics of a charge particle in a electromagnetic field in presence of a scalar fifth force. Focusing to the fifth force that would be induced by a chameleon field, the profile of which can be designed properly in the laboratory, it draws its physical effects on the cyclotron motion of a particle in a static and uniform magnetic field. The fifth force induces a drift of the trajectory that is estimated analytically and compared to numerical computations for profiles motivated by the ones of a chameleon field within two nested cylinders. The magnitude of the effect and the detectability of this drift are discussed to argue that this may offer a new experimental design to test small fifth force in the laboratory. More important, at the macroscopic level it induces a current that can in principle also be measured, and would even allow one to access the transverse profile of the scalar field within the cavity. In both cases, aligning the magnetic field with the local gravity field suppresses the effects of Newtonian gravity that would be several order larger than the ones of the fifth force otherwise and the Newtonian gravity of the cavity on the particle is also argued to be negligible. Given this insight, this experimental set-up, with its two effects -- on a single particle and at the macroscopic level -- may require attention to demonstrate its actual feasability in the laboratory., Comment: 16 pages, 21 figures

This article investigates the properties of a scalar fifth force that arises in a scalar tensor-theory with a chameleon screening mechanism in the context of gravity space missions like the MICROSCOPE experiment. In such an experiment, the propagation of the chameleon field inside the nested cylinders of the experiment causes a fifth force when the cylinders are not perfectly co-axial. We propose a semi-analytic method to compute the field distribution and the induced fifth force and compare it to a full numerical simulation, in settings where the cylindrical symmetry is broken. The scaling of the fifth force with both the parameters of the model and the geometry of the experiment is discussed. We show that the fifth force is repulsive, hence adds a destabilizing stiffness that should be included in the force budget acting on the detector. This opens the way to a new method to constrain a scalar fifth force in screened models., Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. D

SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Huseyin Cagsin,1,2 Ali Uzan,3 Ozgur Tosun,4 Finn Rasmussen,3,5 Nedime Serakinci1,2 1Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; 2Department of Molecular Biology of Genetics, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; 3Department of Allergy Sleep and Respiratory Medicine, Near East University Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus; 4Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; 5Section of Respiratory Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, Sydvestjysk Hospital, Esbjerg, DenmarkCorrespondence: Nedime SerakinciNear East University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Nicosia 999058, North Cyprus Tel +90 392 675 1000 Ext 3017Email nedime.serakinci@neu.edu.trPurpose: Telomere biology, especially tissue-specific ultra-short telomeres, might provide a strong contribution to our current knowledge in COPD development as well as a predictive marker for prognosis. To test this hypothesis, we investigated telomere lengths in lung tissue and leukocytes in patients diagnosed with COPD.Patients and Methods: Thirty-two patients were included in the current study. All patients showed a post-bronchodilator ratio of less than 70% post-bronchodilator predicted value of forced expiratory volume in second (FEV1%), mean 56%; range [19% to 86%]. To be able to investigate ultra-short telomeres, universal single telomere length analysis (U-STELA) was used.Results: Our results showed a higher level of the ultra-short telomere presence in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells when compared to leukocytes with statistical significance t(62)=5.771, p< 0.00001. The FEV1% was lower in subjects with ultra-short telomeres in BAL (50.6% vs 81.6%: p< 0.001) and in ultra-short telomeres in blood leukocytes (37.3% vs 58.5%: p=0.051) when compared to subjects without ultra-short telomeres in leukocytes. Furthermore, the patients who had ultra-short telomeres in BAL samples w

This paper studies the impact of terrorism on implied volatility in the U.S. financial market via an event study methodology. We decompose the options-based and forward looking VIX index into its negative (VIX−) and positive (VIX+) components, extracted only from put options and call options, respectively. This decomposition of the VIX index allows us to better investigate the asymmetric impact of terrorist attacks on implied volatility from the puts and calls channels separately. Our study finds evidence of a greater impact of terror detected for the puts channel of VIX, namely VIX−. We further show that events that occur within the U.S. appear to impact both VIX and VIX− in a similar way, whereas international terrorist attacks show a greater impact on the puts component, VIX−. The calls component, VIX+, is found to be mainly detached from terrorist attacks.

This paper studies the impact of terrorism on implied volatility in the U.S. financial market via an event study methodology. We decompose the options-based and forward looking VIX index into its negative (VIX−) and positive (VIX+) components, extracted only from put options and call options, respectively. This decomposition of the VIX index allows us to better investigate the asymmetric impact of terrorist attacks on implied volatility from the puts and calls channels separately. Our study finds evidence of a greater impact of terror detected for the puts channel of VIX, namely VIX−. We further show that events that occur within the U.S. appear to impact both VIX and VIX− in a similar way, whereas international terrorist attacks show a greater impact on the puts component, VIX−. The calls component, VIX+, is found to be mainly detached from terrorist attacks.

In the literature different approaches have been proposed to compute the anisotropies of the astrophysical gravitational wave background. The different expressions derived, although starting from our work Cusin, Pitrou, Uzan, Phys.Rev.D96, 103019 (2017) [1], seem to differ. This article compares the various theoretical expressions proposed so far and provides a separate derivation based on a Boltzmann approach. We show that all the theoretical formula in the literature are equivalent and boil down to the one of Ref. [1] when a proper matching of terms and integration by parts are performed. The difference between the various predictions presented for anisotropies in a cosmological context can only lie in the astrophysical modeling of sources, and neither in the theory nor in the cosmological description of the large scale structures. Finally we comment on the gauge invariance of expressions., Comment: 6 pages

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) may represent over half the global stream network, but their contribution to respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely undetermined. In particular, little is known about the variability and drivers of respiration in IRES sediments upon rewetting, which could result in large pulses of CO2. We present a global study examining sediments from 200 dry IRES reaches spanning multiple biomes. Results from standardized assays show that mean respiration increased 32-fold to 66-fold upon sediment rewetting. Structural equation modeling indicates that this response was driven by sediment texture and organic matter quantity and quality, which, in turn, were influenced by climate, land use, and riparian plant cover. Our estimates suggest that respiration pulses resulting from rewetting of IRES sediments could contribute significantly to annual CO2 emissions from the global stream network, with a single respiration pulse potentially increasing emission by 0.2-0.7%. As the spatial and temporal extent of IRES increases globally, our results highlight the importance of recognizing the influence of wetting-drying cycles on respiration and CO2 emissions in stream networks.

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) may represent over half the global stream network, but their contribution to respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely undetermined. In particular, little is known about the variability and drivers of respiration in IRES sediments upon rewetting, which could result in large pulses of CO2. We present a global study examining sediments from 200 dry IRES reaches spanning multiple biomes. Results from standardized assays show that mean respiration increased 32-fold to 66-fold upon sediment rewetting. Structural equation modeling indicates that this response was driven by sediment texture and organic matter quantity and quality, which, in turn, were influenced by climate, land use, and riparian plant cover. Our estimates suggest that respiration pulses resulting from rewetting of IRES sediments could contribute significantly to annual CO2 emissions from the global stream network, with a single respiration pulse potentially increasing emission by 0.2 0.7%. As the spatial and temporal extent of IRES increases globally, our results highlight the importance of recognizing the influence of wetting-drying cycles on respiration and CO2 emissions in stream networks. (c)2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

In the literature different approaches have been proposed to compute the anisotropies of the astrophysical gravitational wave background. The different expressions derived, although starting from our work Cusin, Pitrou, Uzan, Phys.Rev.D96, 103019 (2017) [1], seem to differ. This article compares the various theoretical expressions proposed so far and provides a separate derivation based on a Boltzmann approach. We show that all the theoretical formula in the literature are equivalent and boil down to the one of Ref. [1] when a proper matching of terms and integration by parts are performed. The difference between the various predictions presented for anisotropies in a cosmological context can only lie in the astrophysical modeling of sources, and neither in the theory nor in the cosmological description of the large scale structures. Finally we comment on the gauge invariance of expressions., Comment: 6 pages

This article investigates the profile of the scalar field of a scalar-tensor theory subject to the chameleon mechanism in the context of gravity space missions like the MICROSCOPE experiment. It analyses the experimental situations for models with an inverse power law potential that can in principle induce a fifth force inside the satellite, hence either be detected or constrained. As the mass of the scalar field depends on the local matter density, the screening of the scalar field depends crucially on both the parameters of the theory (potential and non-minimal coupling to matter) and on the geometry of the satellite. We calculate the profile of the scalar field in 1-, 2- and 3-dimensional satellite configurations without relying on the thick or thin shell approximations for the scalar field. In particular we consider the typical geometry with nested cylinders which is close to the MICROSCOPE design. In this case we evaluate the corresponding fifth force on a test body inside the satellite. This analysis clarifies previous claims on the detectability of the chameleon force by space-borne experiments., Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. D

Precision on primordial abundances, deduced from observations, have now reached the percent level for 4He and deuterium. Precision on big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) predictions should, hence, reach the same level. The uncertainty on the 4He mass fraction is strongly affected by theoretical uncertainties on the weak reaction rates that interconvert neutrons with protons. All these corrections have been calculated in a self-consistent manner and implemented in a new, and public, Mathematica code PRIMAT, together with an extensive data base of reaction rates. Both can be obtained at http://www2.iap.fr/users/pitrou/primat.htm., Comment: To appear in JPS Conference Proceedings (The 15th International Symposium on Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies)

We speculate on the development and availability of new innovative propulsion techniques in the 2040s, that will allow us to fly a spacecraft outside the Solar System (at 150 AU and more) in a reasonable amount of time, in order to directly probe our (gravitational) Solar System neighborhood and answer pressing questions regarding the dark sector (dark energy and dark matter). We identify two closely related main science goals, as well as secondary objectives that could be fulfilled by a mission dedicated to probing the local dark sector: (i) begin the exploration of gravitation's low-acceleration regime with a man-made spacecraft and (ii) improve our knowledge of the local dark matter and baryon densities. Those questions can be answered by directly measuring the gravitational potential with an atomic clock on-board a spacecraft on an outbound Solar System orbit, and by comparing the spacecraft's trajectory with that predicted by General Relativity through the combination of ranging data and the in-situ measurement (and correction) of non-gravitational accelerations with an on-board accelerometer. Despite a wealth of new experiments getting online in the near future, that will bring new knowledge about the dark sector, it is very unlikely that those science questions will be closed in the next two decades. More importantly, it is likely that it will be even more urgent than currently to answer them. Tracking a spacecraft carrying a clock and an accelerometer as it leaves the Solar System may well be the easiest and fastest way to directly probe our dark environment., Comment: White Paper submitted to ESA's Voyage 2050 call for papers. Reference updated

In the literature different approaches have been proposed to compute the anisotropies of the astrophysical gravitational wave background. The different expressions derived, although starting from our work Cusin, Pitrou, Uzan, Phys.Rev.D96, 103019 (2017) [1], seem to differ. This article compares the various theoretical expressions proposed so far and provides a separate derivation based on a Boltzmann approach. We show that all the theoretical formula in the literature are equivalent and boil down to the one of Ref. [1] when a proper matching of terms and integration by parts are performed. The difference between the various predictions presented for anisotropies in a cosmological context can only lie in the astrophysical modeling of sources, and neither in the theory nor in the cosmological description of the large scale structures. Finally we comment on the gauge invariance of expressions., Comment: 6 pages

We show that the anisotropies of the astrophysical stochastic gravitational wave background in the mHz band have a strong dependence on the modelling of galactic and sub-galactic physics. We explore a wide range of self-consistent astrophysical models for stellar evolution and for the distribution of orbital parameters, all calibrated such that they predict the same number of resolved mergers to fit the number of detections during LIGO/Virgo O1+O2 observations runs. We show that different physical choices for the process of black hole collapse and cut-off in the black hole mass distribution give fractional differences in the angular power spectrum of anisotropies up to 50\% on all angular scales. We also point out that the astrophysical information which can be extracted from anisotropies is complementary to the isotropic background and individual mergers. These results underline the interest in the anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational wave background as a new and potentially rich field of research, at the cross-road between astrophysics and cosmology., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; accepted in MNRAS

This article explores the properties (amplitude and shape) of the angular power spectrum of the anisotropies of the astrophysical gravitational wave background (AGWB) focusing on the signatures of the astrophysical models describing sub-galactic physics. It demonstrates that while some parameters have negligible impact others, and in particular the stellar evolution models, the metallicity and the merger time delay distribution can result in relative differences of order 40% in the angular power spectrum of anisotropies in both the LIGO/Virgo and LISA frequency bands. It is also shown that the monopole and the anisotropic components of the AGWB are complementary and sensitive to different astrophysical parameters. It follows that AGWB anisotropies are a new observable with the potential to provide new astrophysical information that can not be accessed otherwise., Comment: 24 pages, 19 figures