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The aim of this paper is to provide a systematized overview of urban land policy in Serbia, primarily regarding the impact of key contextual factors (historical, institutional, legal, etc.). Various historical and developmental contexts have caused regulation changes concerning construction land and its impact on the urban development in Serbia from the mid-19th century to the beginning of the 1990s. The analysis starts with an overview of the theoretical background of urban development policy and land regulation, followed by a brief reflection on the impact of key historical and legislative factors focused on the post-socialist period. The analysis of the urban land policy in the post-socialist period includes: key legislation; ownership status of construction land and property rights; conversion of ownership status; general policy instruments; key urban land management issues in Serbian cities; and a preliminary evaluation of the implementation effects of the existing urban land system in Serbia. Several research methods have been applied here, viz., the conceptual benchmarking framework for the dominant legal doctrine; a general qualitative analysis of the contemporary context; institutional and comparative analyses, etc. Although the former socialist concept of the welfare state has been transformed into a neoliberal concept in a short period, there is an evident delay in the reforms of the Serbian urban land policy. The paper presents numerous findings regarding the impact of the current system and practice on the general urban land policy in Serbia, while also focusing on the concomitant developments in the Belgrade Area. The paper concludes with the recommendations regarding the harmonisation and innovation of urban land policy and urban development policy in Serbia in the post-socialist era.

The aim of this paper is to provide a systematized overview of urban land policy in Serbia, primarily regarding the impact of key contextual factors (historical, institutional, legal, etc.). Various historical and developmental contexts have caused regulation changes concerning construction land and its impact on the urban development in Serbia from the mid-19th century to the beginning of the 1990s. The analysis starts with an overview of the theoretical background of urban development policy and land regulation, followed by a brief reflection on the impact of key historical and legislative factors focused on the post-socialist period. The analysis of the urban land policy in the post-socialist period includes: key legislation; ownership status of construction land and property rights; conversion of ownership status; general policy instruments; key urban land management issues in Serbian cities; and a preliminary evaluation of the implementation effects of the existing urban land system in Serbia. Several research methods have been applied here, viz., the conceptual benchmarking framework for the dominant legal doctrine; a general qualitative analysis of the contemporary context; institutional and comparative analyses, etc. Although the former socialist concept of the welfare state has been transformed into a neoliberal concept in a short period, there is an evident delay in the reforms of the Serbian urban land policy. The paper presents numerous findings regarding the impact of the current system and practice on the general urban land policy in Serbia, while also focusing on the concomitant developments in the Belgrade Area. The paper concludes with the recommendations regarding the harmonisation and innovation of urban land policy and urban development policy in Serbia in the post-socialist era.

The key objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical context and development of construction land and its relations to urban development in Serbia. The paper discusses global developmental contexts, legal frameworks and changes of the Serbian urban land policy from the end of the 19th century until today. We emphasize the delay of reforms in Serbian urban land policy as a consequence of the complexities of legal framework, especially under the conditions of the economic and societal transformation (after 2000). The paper presents the original results of the historical changes of the legal system in the field of urban land policy and its connection with the system of spatial/urban planning. Also, we provide recommendations for the future urban land policy, which include further transformations of the legal framework in the post-socialist/transitional period. There is a long lasting need for readjusting the current planning and urban land policy in Serbia, as well as for introducing new urban land policy tools.

The key objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical context and development of construction land and its relations to urban development in Serbia. The paper discusses global developmental contexts, legal frameworks and changes of the Serbian urban land policy from the end of the 19th century until today. We emphasize the delay of reforms in Serbian urban land policy as a consequence of the complexities of legal framework, especially under the conditions of the economic and societal transformation (after 2000). The paper presents the original results of the historical changes of the legal system in the field of urban land policy and its connection with the system of spatial/urban planning. Also, we provide recommendations for the future urban land policy, which include further transformations of the legal framework in the post-socialist/transitional period. There is a long lasting need for readjusting the current planning and urban land policy in Serbia, as well as for introducing new urban land policy tools.

Both the characteristics of Serbia's urban land policy, the delay in reforms and land development management of the Belgrade Metropolitan Area (BMA) illustrate the complexities following the reshaping of institutional framework under the conditions of economic and other uncertainties of societal transition. The negative implications of the prolonged crisis on the new urban development policy and urban land tools can postpone the establishment and application of guidelines for limiting the urban sprawl. This paper presents a brief literature review, as well as the current urban land policy and land-use efficiency in the BMA. Traditional urban land tools will be shortly described, followed by recommendations for limiting sprawl. There is a need for readjusting the current planning and urban policy regarding the urban sprawl, from an urban "command-and-control" approach to a "learn-and-adapt" approach. We suggest the introduction of more innovative and flexible urban land policy tools.

Over the last three decades, Serbia has moved from a mixed centrally planned deliberative self-governing economy to a market-based economy, but key institutional reforms are still not complete. Based on the contextual framework of post-socialist countries and theoretical background, this research focuses on the interaction between spatial regularization and existing planning instruments versus urban land market and land-use policy, and their impact on urban expansion in the Belgrade metropolitan area (BMA). The intention is to clarify the implications of urban land use policies and their (im) balance with planning instruments and the land market. The contextual framework of post-socialist Serbia, the transformation of its urban land policy as well as the land development management in the BMA illustrate complexities of spatial regularization, further emphasized by the delay in introducing and adopting new urban land policy. Key findings include: extremely inefficient urban land use and excessive urban sprawl (in the last two decades the urban area has tripled; with high urban land consumption of 670 m(2) per capita compared to other metropolitan cities); and important role of urban land policy (existing, still untransformed instruments contribute to urban sprawl).

Both the characteristics of Serbia's urban land policy, the delay in reforms and land development management of the Belgrade Metropolitan Area (BMA) illustrate the complexities following the reshaping of institutional framework under the conditions of economic and other uncertainties of societal transition. The negative implications of the prolonged crisis on the new urban development policy and urban land tools can postpone the establishment and application of guidelines for limiting the urban sprawl. This paper presents a brief literature review, as well as the current urban land policy and land-use efficiency in the BMA. Traditional urban land tools will be shortly described, followed by recommendations for limiting sprawl. There is a need for readjusting the current planning and urban policy regarding the urban sprawl, from an urban "command-and-control" approach to a "learn-and-adapt" approach. We suggest the introduction of more innovative and flexible urban land policy tools.

Over the last three decades, Serbia has moved from a mixed centrally planned deliberative self-governing economy to a market-based economy, but key institutional reforms are still not complete. Based on the contextual framework of post-socialist countries and theoretical background, this research focuses on the interaction between spatial regularization and existing planning instruments versus urban land market and land-use policy, and their impact on urban expansion in the Belgrade metropolitan area (BMA). The intention is to clarify the implications of urban land use policies and their (im) balance with planning instruments and the land market. The contextual framework of post-socialist Serbia, the transformation of its urban land policy as well as the land development management in the BMA illustrate complexities of spatial regularization, further emphasized by the delay in introducing and adopting new urban land policy. Key findings include: extremely inefficient urban land use and excessive urban sprawl (in the last two decades the urban area has tripled; with high urban land consumption of 670 m(2) per capita compared to other metropolitan cities); and important role of urban land policy (existing, still untransformed instruments contribute to urban sprawl).

Dopo alcuni essenziali riferimenti ai principi della Costituzione italiana in merito alla proprietà immobiliare, il saggio dapprima illustra le caratteristiche dei Piani urbanistici di tradizione e l’importante ruolo che essi assegnavano alle espropriazioni per pubblica utilità, quindi espone il cambiamento degli strumenti urbanistici in riferimento alle nuove esigenze di governo delle trasformazioni urbane. Nel mutato contesto, sono discussi gli effetti della pianificazione urbanistica sul regime immobiliare ed illustrate le ragioni che motivano la diffusione, nei Piani comunali delle città italiane, della perequazione urbanistica. Il campo di analisi si espande quindi dai principali interventi del legislatore nazionale in materia di determinazione delle indennità di esproprio per pubblica utilità alla fiscalità immobiliare locale, quindi ai diritti edificatori che i Piani comunali possono riconoscere a vario titolo alla proprietà immobiliare ed infine al partenariato pubblico privato. Nella parte conclusiva sono riportate le questioni al centro del dibattito attuale. / After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for p, After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section., Este ensayo describe, después de algunas referencias a los principios esenciales de la Constitución Italiana sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria, en primer lugar, las características de los Planes Urbanísticos tradicionales y la importante función que esos asignaban a la expropiación por causa de utilidad pública y, a continuación, expone el cambio en las herramientas urbanas en relación con las nuevas necesidades de gestión urbana. En este nuevo contexto, se examinan los efectos de la planificación urbana sobre la gestión inmobiliaria y se explican las razones de la propagación, en los Planes Municipales de las ciudades italianas, de la equiparación urbana. El campo de análisis se expande desde las principales intervenciones de la legislación nacional con respecto a la determinación de la indemnización por expropiación por causa de utilidad pública a la fiscalidad inmobiliaria local, luego se analizan los derechos de edificación que los Planos Municipales pueden reconocer, por razones distintas, a la propiedad inmobiliaria y, por último, a las asociaciones privadas. En el último capítulo se exponen las cuestiones que están en el centro del debate actual., Aquest assaig descriu, després d’algunes referències als principis essencials de la Constitució Italiana sobre la propietat immobiliària, en primer lloc, les característiques dels Plans Urbanístics tradicionals i la important funció que aquests assignaven a l’expropiació per causa d’utilitat pública i, a continuació, exposa el canvi en les eines urbanes en relació amb les noves necessitats de gestió urbana. En aquest nou context, s’examinen els efectes de la planificació urbana sobre la gestió immobiliària i s’expliquen les raons de propagació, en els Plans Municipals de les ciutats italianes, de l’equipació urbana. El camp d’anàlisi s’expandeix des de les principals intervencions de la legislació nacional respecte a la determinació de la indemnització per expropiació per causa d’utilitat pública a la fiscalitat immobiliària local, després s’analitzen els drets d’edificació que els Plans Municipals poden reconèixer, per diferents raons, a la propietat immobiliària i, per últim, a les associacions privades. En l’últim capítol s’exposen les qüestions que estan en el centre de l’actual debat., Peer Reviewed

In the article authors consider a good practice of urban planning in the light of urban land use in the Belgrade. The paper pointed out discuss the practice of urban planing and mechanisms of management in the field of land use. The paper discuss the legislation in the field of land economics and land politics, which caused many problems, like that: capitalized investment, particularly in the central cities zones (or CBD - central business districts), investment of urban renewal, avoidance balance approach and many forms of cost - benefit methods in the locations use, on efficiency investment in the land use, privacy of citizens ownship and safety of private land of citizens. There is concludеd that process of urban planning must to be “sustainable”. Authors assumе that efficient urban development is dependent on the consolidated urban land market, regulative mechanisms and institutions, new methods in the urban land investment. There are recognized the need for detailed studies in the field of urban redevelopment, like: market movements, establishment of market institutions in the urban lands, feasibility analysis, development gain, plans gain assessment and socio-economic and environmental consequences.