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Cheddar-type cheese produced from buttermilk had softer texture than standard cheddar cheese due to lower fat content of buttermilk. Fat is extremely important for the functional characteristics and optimum textural attributes of cheese. The effect of different fat contents of buttermilk on chemical characteristics of cheddar-type cheese is not previously investigated. This investigation was conducted to know the effect of different fat contents of buttermilk on fatty acids composition, organic acids, vitamins, lipolysis and sensory characteristics of cheddar-type cheese. Cheddar-type cheese was produced from buttermilk having 1, 1.75, 2.50 and 3.25% fat contents (control, T1, T2 and T3). Fat content of control, T1, T2 and T3 were 9.81, 16.34, 25.17 and 31.19%. Fatty acids profile was determined on GC–MS, organic acids and vitamin A and E were determined on HPLC. Free fatty acids, peroxide value and cholesterol were determined. Cheddar-style cheese produced from buttermilk (1% fat) showed that it had softer texture and lacking typical cheese flavor. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in control, T1, T2 and T3 samples were 45.88, 45.78, 45.90 and 46.19 mg/100 g. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that lactic acid, propionic acid, citric acid and acetic acid gradually and steadily increased during the storage interval of 90 days. At the age of 90 days, lactic acid in control, T1, T2 and T3 was 4,789, 5,487, 6,571 and 8,049 ppm, respectively. At the end of ripening duration of 90 days, free fatty acids in control, T1, T2 and T3 were 0.29, 0.31, 0.35 and 0.42% with no difference in peroxide value. Stability of vitamin A after 90 days storage control, T1, T2 and T3 was 87.0, 80.0, 94.0 and 91.0%. Flavor score of cheddar-type cheese produced from butter milk having 1.0, 2.5 and 3.25% fat content was 81, 89 and 91% of total score (9). Hence, it is concluded that cheddar-type cheese

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

This research article investigates the socio-economic factors of child domestic labour. The quantitative methods utilize for the exploring the causal factors of child domestic labour. Data collected from 341 child domestic labour and their parents through snowball sampling techniques from the universe of the study. Uni-variate and Bi-variate statistics applied for the analysis of primary data. Poverty and over-population reinforce the child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan. Large family size and unemployment compel parents to allow children in school age as a domestic worker. Gender discrimination and poverty also increase children's susceptibility to work as domestic labour. Pashtun, culturally more preferred children to keep them as a domestic labour and Pashtuns allow children to work inside home due to purdah (veil). Domestic child labour also psycho-sextual and physical abuses and it is not reported in majority cases. Socio-economic protection of children and education significantly decrease the ratio of child domestic labour. It suggests to control over-population and provides socio-economic protection will decrease the ration of child domestic labour in the urban centre of Pakistan.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.

As one of the most common congenital cranio-facial defects, cleft lip/palate (CL/P) occurs in approximately one per 750 live births in the United States. Cleft lip and palate may not be life threatening but affects functions like feeding, speech, hearing, respiration, facial and dentoalverloar development, just to name a few. These problems can cause emotional, psychosocial, and educational difficulties. Cleft lip and palate require extensive treatment that require a team approach of many specialists, which costs patients, insurances and the county billions of dollars each year. The etiology of cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is complex and is believed to be the result of both genetics and environmental inputs. Studies have been done that implicate certain craniofacial phenotypes and variation in the craniofacial morphology as an etiological factor for cleft lip in embryonic mice and in humans. Wide faces are hypothesized to increase susceptibility to CL in both mice and humans. There are many studies done supporting the link between genetic variation and specific craniofacial phenotypes. We know now that genetically similar individuals vary in the specific trait, which means genetics alone cannot be the source of dysmorphology like CL and CP. Both mutations and environmental effects can change the phenotype of an individual. Mutations can affect the size, position, and maturation of different developmental processes and prominences that are important for proper development and function of the face. The Beetlejuice (Bj) mutants have compressed faces, compared to their wild type littermates. We observed a ~ 50% rate of cleft palate in Bj mutants. The purpose of this study was to investigate if Prickle1 differentially affects the craniofacial morphology of Beetlejuice mice.

As one of the most common congenital cranio-facial defects, cleft lip/palate (CL/P) occurs in approximately one per 750 live births in the United States. Cleft lip and palate may not be life threatening but affects functions like feeding, speech, hearing, respiration, facial and dentoalverloar development, just to name a few. These problems can cause emotional, psychosocial, and educational difficulties. Cleft lip and palate require extensive treatment that require a team approach of many specialists, which costs patients, insurances and the county billions of dollars each year. The etiology of cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is complex and is believed to be the result of both genetics and environmental inputs. Studies have been done that implicate certain craniofacial phenotypes and variation in the craniofacial morphology as an etiological factor for cleft lip in embryonic mice and in humans. Wide faces are hypothesized to increase susceptibility to CL in both mice and humans. There are many studies done supporting the link between genetic variation and specific craniofacial phenotypes. We know now that genetically similar individuals vary in the specific trait, which means genetics alone cannot be the source of dysmorphology like CL and CP. Both mutations and environmental effects can change the phenotype of an individual. Mutations can affect the size, position, and maturation of different developmental processes and prominences that are important for proper development and function of the face. The Beetlejuice (Bj) mutants have compressed faces, compared to their wild type littermates. We observed a ~ 50% rate of cleft palate in Bj mutants. The purpose of this study was to investigate if Prickle1 differentially affects the craniofacial morphology of Beetlejuice mice.