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Urbanisation has caused unprecedented land use changes around urban settlements, leading to enormous socio-economic impacts on peri-urban residents. The spatial growth of urban settlements beyond designated boundaries into the urban fringes has resulted in the transformation of prime agricultural land into commercial and residential uses, effectively altering traditional land use patterns. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of proximity to urban settlements on peri-urban land use patterns. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected from both primary and secondary data sources. Data were collected using questionnaires and focus group discussions from a sample of 384 respondents randomly selected from the target population. The data was analysed using Pearson product moment correlation and simple regression analysis techniques. The study established a statistically significant relationship between distance from Kimilili town’s central business district and peri-urban land use change (t = 17.544, p<0.05). This implied that a unit increase in distance from the CBD would result in a variation in land use activities by 46.9%. The study concluded that the proximity of households to Kimilili town has a profound influence on how they use their land. The findings of the study will be useful in addressing challenges associated with urban sprawl in small and medium towns and propose a framework and guide for land use planning in Kimilili’s peri-urban area and other small and medium towns in Kenya.

Urbanisation has caused unprecedented land use changes around urban settlements, leading to enormous socio-economic impacts on peri-urban residents. The spatial growth of urban settlements beyond designated boundaries into the urban fringes has resulted in the transformation of prime agricultural land into commercial and residential uses, effectively altering traditional land use patterns. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of proximity to urban settlements on peri-urban land use patterns. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected from both primary and secondary data sources. Data were collected using questionnaires and focus group discussions from a sample of 384 respondents randomly selected from the target population. The data was analysed using Pearson product moment correlation and simple regression analysis techniques. The study established a statistically significant relationship between distance from Kimilili town’s central business district and peri-urban land use change (t = 17.544, p<0.05). This implied that a unit increase in distance from the CBD would result in a variation in land use activities by 46.9%. The study concluded that the proximity of households to Kimilili town has a profound influence on how they use their land. The findings of the study will be useful in addressing challenges associated with urban sprawl in small and medium towns and propose a framework and guide for land use planning in Kimilili’s peri-urban area and other small and medium towns in Kenya.

This perspective paper highlights the potentials, limitations, and combinations of openly available Earth observation (EO) data and big data in the context of environmental research in urban areas. The aim is to build the resilience of informal settlements to climate change impacts. In particular, it highlights the types, categories, spatial and temporal scales of publicly available big data. The benefits of publicly available big data become clear when looking at issues such as the development and quality of life in informal settlements within and around major African cities. Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cities are among the fastest growing urban areas in the world. However, they lack spatial information to guide urban planning towards climate-adapted cities and fair living conditions for disadvantaged residents who mostly reside in informal settlements. Therefore, this study collected key information on freely available data such as data on land cover, land use, and environmental hazards and pressures, demographic and socio-economic indicators for urban areas. They serve as a vital resource for success of many other related local studies, such as the transdisciplinary research project “DREAMS—Developing REsilient African cities and their urban environMent facing the provision of essential urban SDGs”. In the era of exponential growth of big data analytics, especially geospatial data, their utility in SSA is hampered by the disparate nature of these datasets due to the lack of a comprehensive overview of where and how to access them. This paper aims to provide transparency in this regard as well as a resource to access such datasets. Although the limitations of such big data are also discussed, their usefulness in assessing environmental hazards and human exposure, especially to climate change impacts, are emphasised.

A key challenge in urban biodiversity conservation is to understand the drivers that govern the population establishment of different groups of species in different urban ecosystems. Here, we ask whether and to what extent vascular plant species establishment (i.e., the ability to establish self-sustaining populations within a certain time span) is driven by interactions of species functional traits, native status, and the type of ecosystem species occur in, with types of ecosystems distinguished by their degree of ecosystem novelty. To answer this question, we use a dataset of 1178 vascular plant species occurring in Berlin, Germany that originally had been compiled to substantiate the Berlin Red List of endangered plant species. This dataset classifies native and non-native species into casual and established species based on a minimum of 25 years of expert observation. Whether a species is established or casual is distinguished among four broad types of ecosystems: natural remnant, hybrid, novel immature, and novel mature ecosystems. Moreover, we classify species into those native to Berlin and non-native species (split into archaeophytes and neophytes), and link species to selected functional traits and indicator values. By applying ordinal regression within a Bayesian framework, we show that traits are key drivers of these establishment processes and that the traits that drive species establishment differ across types of ecosystems. While across traits, more established species are present in natural remnants, low canopy height, annual life span, and late end of flowering specifically promote establishment in novel immature ecosystems. In hybrid ecosystems, low canopy height and reproduction by seeds are beneficial traits, with the latter promoting establishment in novel mature ecosystems, too. Traits were less important in predicting species establishment in native as compared to non-native species. All types of ecosystems add to urban biodiversity, and trait

Meteorological and climate prediction models at the urban scale increasingly require more accurate and high-resolution data. The Local Climate Zone (LCZ) system is an initiative to standardize a classification scheme of the urban landscape, based mainly on the properties of surface structure (e.g., building, tree height, density) and surface cover (pervious vs. impervious). This approach is especially useful for studying the influence of urban morphology and fabric on the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect and to evaluate how changes in land use and structures affect thermal regulation in the city. This article will demonstrate three different methodologies of creating LCZs: first, the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT); second, using Copernicus Urban Atlas (UA) data via a geographic information system (GIS) client directly; and third via Google Earth Engine (GEE) using Oslo, Norway as the case study. The WUDAPT and GEE methods incorporate a machine learning (random forest) procedure using Landsat 8 imagery, and offer the most precision while requiring the most time and familiarity with GIS usage and satellite imagery processing. The WUDAPT method is performed principally using multiple GIS clients and image processing tools. The GEE method is somewhat quicker to perform, with work performed entirely on Google’s sites. The UA or GIS method is performed solely via a GIS client and is a conversion of pre-existing vector data to LCZ classes via scripting. This is the quickest method of the three; however, the reclassification of the vector data determines the accuracy of the LCZs produced. Finally, as an illustration of a practical use of LCZs and to further compare the results of the three methods, we map the distribution of the temperature according to the LCZs of each method, correlating to the land surface temperature (LST) from a Landsat 8 image pertaining to a heat wave episode that occurred in Oslo in 2018. These results show, in addition, Postprint (published version)

Lakes receive and actively process terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Urbanization results in elevated inputs of nonpoint-source DOM to headwater streams. Retention of water in lakes allows time for alteration and transformation of the chemical composition of DOM by microbes and UV radiation. Yet, it remains unclear how anthropogenic and natural drivers impact the composition and biolability of DOM in non-pristine lakes. We used optical spectroscopy, Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry, stable isotopic measurements, and laboratory bioincubations to investigate the chemical composition and biolability of DOM across two large data sets of lakes associated with a large gradient of urbanization in lowland Eastern China, encompassing a total of 99 lakes. We found that increased urban land use, gross domestic products, and population density in the catchment were associated with an elevated trophic level index, higher chlorophyll-a, higher bacterial abundance, and a higher amount of organic carbon with proportionally higher contribution of aliphatic and peptide-like DOM fractions, which can be highly biolabile. Catchment areas, water depth, lake area: catchment area, gross primary productivity, delta O-18-H2O, and bacterial abundance, however, had comparatively little linkage with DOM composition and biolability. Urban land use is currently intensifying in many developing countries, and our results anticipate an increase in the level of biolabile aliphatic DOM from nonpoint sources and accelerated carbon cycling in lake ecosystems in such regions.

As the world has grown increasingly urbanized over the last half-century, management of regional metropolitan landscapes has become more complex. Planning and research efforts alike require an understanding of local conditions and variability within cities. In this study, I examine changing land cover, urban hydrology, and surface temperature within the Los Angeles region. Using a deep convolutional neural network, I disaggregated mixed Landsat pixels to track land cover change over a continuous 35-year record. I found relatively constant urban area but a higher abundance of irrigated tree cover than is commonly detected in long-term remote sensing data. I used the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model to examine hydrology in two distinct neighborhoods within Los Angeles, and observed that new urban vegetation in primarily impervious areas reduced precipitation-event runoff but universally increased evapotranspiration more substantially than it did in vegetated areas. Both the hydrologic baseline and the responses to land use change varied substantially across different localities. I assessed the contributions of streets to land surface temperature (LST), and found that localized urban morphology and vegetation, rather than road surface, determine LST. In many cases, large impervious or irrigated pockets dominated neighborhood-scale LST signatures. Together, these analyses demonstrate that disparate vegetation, irrigation strategies, and building footprints across an urban area have unique interactions that can make regional approaches impractical and ineffective. Rather, urban ecosystem services can be strengthened by local consideration and an understanding of scale.

As the world has grown increasingly urbanized over the last half-century, management of regional metropolitan landscapes has become more complex. Planning and research efforts alike require an understanding of local conditions and variability within cities. In this study, I examine changing land cover, urban hydrology, and surface temperature within the Los Angeles region. Using a deep convolutional neural network, I disaggregated mixed Landsat pixels to track land cover change over a continuous 35-year record. I found relatively constant urban area but a higher abundance of irrigated tree cover than is commonly detected in long-term remote sensing data. I used the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model to examine hydrology in two distinct neighborhoods within Los Angeles, and observed that new urban vegetation in primarily impervious areas reduced precipitation-event runoff but universally increased evapotranspiration more substantially than it did in vegetated areas. Both the hydrologic baseline and the responses to land use change varied substantially across different localities. I assessed the contributions of streets to land surface temperature (LST), and found that localized urban morphology and vegetation, rather than road surface, determine LST. In many cases, large impervious or irrigated pockets dominated neighborhood-scale LST signatures. Together, these analyses demonstrate that disparate vegetation, irrigation strategies, and building footprints across an urban area have unique interactions that can make regional approaches impractical and ineffective. Rather, urban ecosystem services can be strengthened by local consideration and an understanding of scale.

Intra-city Public Charging Stations (PCSs) play a crucial role in promoting the mass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs). To motivate the investment on PCSs, this work proposes a novel framework to find the optimal location and size of PCSs, which can maximize the benefit of the investment. The impacts of charging behaviors and urban land uses on the income of PCSs are taken into account. An agent-based trip chain model is used to represent the travel and charging patterns of EV owners. A cell-based geographic partition method based on Geographic Information System is employed to reflect the influence of land use on the dynamic and stochastic nature of EV charging behaviors. Based on the distributed charging demand, the optimal location and size of PCSs are determined by mixed-integer linear programming. Västerås, a Swedish city, is used as a case study to demonstrate the model's effectiveness. It is found that the charging demand served by a PCS is critical to its profitability, which is greatly affected by the charging behavior of drivers, the location and the service range of PCS. Moreover, charging price is another significant factor impacting profitability, and consequently the competitiveness of slow and fast PCSs.

Urban expansion is a spatio-temporal process that reflects the localization patterns of the population and its activities, which can cause irreversible impacts on the territory. The construction of narratives and the subsequent mapping of future scenarios has been revealed as a planning technique, which can help in the management and planning of land use and transport. The Corridor of Henares (Madrid) has been chosen as a case study, representing the spatial evolution of five urban land uses in three disruptive scenarios for 2050. The present research aims to determine which explanatory factors influenced the process of spatialization of the five uses that was projected in a previous mapping workshop. In this way, the aim is to provide more precise information about the driving factors of use changes in each scenario, which could later be applied to new spatial models of urban simulation. Thus, given the ubiquitous nature of urbanization processes, Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR) was used as it enables a spatial analysis of the relationships between the explanatory factors that global models do not allow to study. The outcomes showed coincidences between the most significant factors of the model and the scenario narratives., La expansión urbana es un proceso espacio-temporal que refleja los patrones de localización de la población y sus actividades, pudiendo provocar impactos irreversibles sobre el territorio. La construcción de narrativas y el posterior cartografiado de escenarios futuros se ha revelado como una estrategia de planificación que puede ayudar en la organización de los usos del suelo y el transporte. El Corredor del Henares (Madrid) se ha escogido como caso de estudio, representando la evolución espacial de cinco usos del suelo urbano en tres escenarios disruptivos para 2050. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar qué factores explicativos influyeron en la distribución espacial de los cinco usos que se proyectaron en un previo taller de cartografía colaborativa. De esta forma, se pretende obtener información más precisa acerca de los factores explicativos del cambio de uso en cada escenario, que posteriormente pudiera ser aplicable a nuevos modelos espaciales de simulación urbana. Así, dado el carácter ubicuo de los procesos de urbanización, se empleó Regresión Logística Geográficamente Ponderada al permitir un análisis espacial de las relaciones entre los factores explicativos que los modelos globales no permiten estudiar. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron coincidencias entre los factores más significativos del modelo y las narrativas de los escenarios.

Although mapping long-term scenarios can be considered crucial in decision-making, its inclusion in planning processes remains a challenge. This paper aims to gain insights into this by showing a participatory mapping method that creates a dialogue and interaction space between stakeholders and experts. The research was based on three 2050 visions, taking as a case study the eastern sector of the metropolitan area of Madrid, Spain. The method consisted of conducting a participatory mapping workshop involving urban planners, transport engineers, environmental consultants, and property developers. Those experts mapped transformations in urban land use for each 2050 scenario. The results evidenced differences between the three 2050 scenarios, highlighting the usefulness of the participatory mapping workshop to represent the amount and nature of growth in urban land use and organisation of the transport network.

The composition and arrangement of spatial entities, i.e., land cover objects, play a key role in distinguishing land use types from very high resolution (VHR) remote sensing images, in particular in urban environments. This paper presents a new method to characterize the spatial arrangement for urban land use extraction using VHR images. We derive an adjacency unit matrix to represent the spatial arrangement of land cover objects obtained from a VHR image, and use a graph convolutional network to quantify the spatial arrangement by extracting hidden features from adjacency unit matrices. The distribution of the spatial arrangement variables, i.e., hidden features, and the spatial composition variables, i.e., widely used land use indicators, are then estimated. We use a Bayesian method to integrate the variables of spatial arrangement and composition for urban land use extraction. Experiments were conducted using three VHR images acquired in two urban areas: a Pleiades image in Wuhan in 2013, a Superview image in Wuhan in 2019, and a GeoEye image in Oklahoma City in 2012. Our results show that the proposed method provides an effective means to characterize the spatial arrangement of land cover objects, and produces urban land use extractions with overall accuracies (i.e., 86% and 93%) higher than existing methods (i.e., 83% and 88%) that use spatial arrangement information based on building types on the Pleiades and GeoEye datasets. Moreover, it is unnecessary to further categorize the dominant land cover type into finer types for the characterization of spatial arrangement. We conclude that the proposed method has a high potential for the characterization of urban structure using different VHR images, and for the extraction of urban land use in different urban areas.

African cities increasingly aspire global recognition and this has prompted a rapid transformation of the built environment in many urban locales. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into this recent trend through a critical analysis of contemporary land use changes in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. More specifically, this thesis examines the prevailing discourses on desirable urban development amongst urban planners and policy makers in this city region; how and by whom certain city visions are integrated into the built environment; how certain marginalised groups (represented by ‘informal’ street vendors and former residents of an ‘informal settlement’) respond to dominant city visions; and the socio-spatial consequences of contemporary urban interventions. The present thesis is based upon three qualitative case studies of transforming urban areas in the Greater Accra Region. The methods used include semi-structured interviews, observations and policy analysis. Theoretically, this thesis combines critical urban theory, the governmentality perspective and post-colonial urban theory to examine different aspects of the processes behind changing land uses and their consequences. The three cases are analysed in separate papers and discussed together in a comprehensive summary. The first paper analyses the logics behind a state-led demolition of a centrally located informal settlement. The paper shows that ‘conflicting rationalities’ exist between marginalised residents of informal settlements and state actors regarding their understanding of Accra’s built environment. While the demolished settlement constituted a place of affordable housing, place-specific livelihood strategies and sociability to the former residents, state authorities perceived the neighbourhood as problematic and made use of market-driven, ‘generative’ and ‘dispositional’ rationalities to justify the demolition and make space for new urban developments. The second paper explores, At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

African cities increasingly aspire global recognition and this has prompted a rapid transformation of the built environment in many urban locales. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into this recent trend through a critical analysis of contemporary land use changes in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. More specifically, this thesis examines the prevailing discourses on desirable urban development amongst urban planners and policy makers in this city region; how and by whom certain city visions are integrated into the built environment; how certain marginalised groups (represented by ‘informal’ street vendors and former residents of an ‘informal settlement’) respond to dominant city visions; and the socio-spatial consequences of contemporary urban interventions. The present thesis is based upon three qualitative case studies of transforming urban areas in the Greater Accra Region. The methods used include semi-structured interviews, observations and policy analysis. Theoretically, this thesis combines critical urban theory, the governmentality perspective and post-colonial urban theory to examine different aspects of the processes behind changing land uses and their consequences. The three cases are analysed in separate papers and discussed together in a comprehensive summary. The first paper analyses the logics behind a state-led demolition of a centrally located informal settlement. The paper shows that ‘conflicting rationalities’ exist between marginalised residents of informal settlements and state actors regarding their understanding of Accra’s built environment. While the demolished settlement constituted a place of affordable housing, place-specific livelihood strategies and sociability to the former residents, state authorities perceived the neighbourhood as problematic and made use of market-driven, ‘generative’ and ‘dispositional’ rationalities to justify the demolition and make space for new urban developments. The second paper explores, At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

I avhandlingen analyseras möjligheter och hinder för samnyttjande av mark utifrån en fallstudie av skyfallsanpassning i Malmö och Köpenhamn. Som bakgrund står de klimatutmaningar i form av ökad framtida nederbörd och risk för översvämningar som städerna ställs inför, tillsammans med en tilltagande konkurrens om marken från allt fler behov. Fallstudien jämför hur de båda städerna planerat för och tagit sig an skyfallsanpassningen av befintliga stadsmiljöer. Fallstudiens huvudsakliga intresse utgörs dock inte av skyfallsanpassning som sådan, utan denna nyttjas främst för att ta reda på kommunernas inställning till möjligheten att samnyttja mark, samt vilka reella svårigheter samnyttjandet medför. Analysen av fallstudien sker med hjälp av governance-teorier där ett flertal institutionella hinder belyses såväl på strukturell nivå som inom det praktiknära genomförandet. Jämförelsen mellan städerna gör det tydligt att de institutionella förutsättningarna för samnyttjande ser olika ut, men att olikheten också förstärks av kommunernas förmåga att nyttja styrmedel för att möjliggöra skyfallsanpassning genom samnyttjande av mark. Analysen använder även teorier om allmänningar och urbana allmänningar för att belysa institutionella strukturer för samnyttjande av mark utan äganderättsliga anspråk. Avhandlingen har resulterat i att kunna beskriva två olika former av samnyttjande i termer av urban allmänning. Den första formen beskriver allmänningen som ett objekt och belyser i synnerhet materiella och institutionella aspekter. I samband med att ett stort antal markområden inom såväl kvartersmark som allmän platsmark anpassas att avlasta det allmänna va-ledningsnätet vid skyfall, bildas ett nätverk som kan besk- 14 rivas som en urban allmänning. Denna form av urban allmänning utgör ett objekt som sammanfogas genom dess funktionella samband men bibehåller ett diversifierat ägande och förvaltning. Den andra formen beskriver den urbana allmänningen som en process där möjligheten till, Based on a case study, comparing the municipal storm water adaptation plans and its recent implementation in the twin cities of Malmö and Copenhagen, the dissertation analyse the possibilities and practical challenges of combined use of urban land. The continuing process of urban densification, where urban land is seen as a strictly limited and often contentious resource, accompanied by the challenge of climate change through an expected increase of precipitation and risk of urban flooding, provides the background for this study. The ultimate concern, however, is not on storm water adaptation as such, but on the opportunities and obstacles to combine different uses of land within the same area, and how local governments approach this issue. In the analysis, governance theories are used to elucidate obstacles to combined use of land on structural level as well as within its practical realisation. A comparison between the cities demonstrates that the institutional preconditions for combined land use differ, but also, that the difference is reinforced by the ability of the local governments to make use of public policy instruments in order to implement storm water adaptation through combined use of land. The analysis also draws upon commons theory and theories of urban commons. These fields of research have similarities with combined use of land regarding the need of institutional structures to govern land management without claiming ownership. Furthermore, the dissertation describes two forms of combined use of land in terms of urban commons. The first form views the urban commons as an object highlighting its material and institutional aspects. 16 Here, the urban commons forms a network of both public and private property, each one adapted to bring relief to the common sewage system, in order to avoid it from being flooded in case of cloudbursts. This form of urban commons constitutes an object where its parts are associated through its functional relatedness, but ke

African cities increasingly aspire global recognition and this has prompted a rapid transformation of the built environment in many urban locales. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into this recent trend through a critical analysis of contemporary land use changes in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. More specifically, this thesis examines the prevailing discourses on desirable urban development amongst urban planners and policy makers in this city region; how and by whom certain city visions are integrated into the built environment; how certain marginalised groups (represented by ‘informal’ street vendors and former residents of an ‘informal settlement’) respond to dominant city visions; and the socio-spatial consequences of contemporary urban interventions. The present thesis is based upon three qualitative case studies of transforming urban areas in the Greater Accra Region. The methods used include semi-structured interviews, observations and policy analysis. Theoretically, this thesis combines critical urban theory, the governmentality perspective and post-colonial urban theory to examine different aspects of the processes behind changing land uses and their consequences. The three cases are analysed in separate papers and discussed together in a comprehensive summary. The first paper analyses the logics behind a state-led demolition of a centrally located informal settlement. The paper shows that ‘conflicting rationalities’ exist between marginalised residents of informal settlements and state actors regarding their understanding of Accra’s built environment. While the demolished settlement constituted a place of affordable housing, place-specific livelihood strategies and sociability to the former residents, state authorities perceived the neighbourhood as problematic and made use of market-driven, ‘generative’ and ‘dispositional’ rationalities to justify the demolition and make space for new urban developments. The second paper explores, At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

Although urban scenario planning is widely applied for exploring various directions of urban development, it often has high requirements on the medium of quantitative information analysis and transformation. Thus, this study establishes a method of combining scenario planning with a spatial dynamic planning support system to predict urban growth. Specifically, a scenario-based spatial dynamic modelling method is integrated with the information module of planning policy for better decision support. The integrated modelling method is applied for an actual urban land use planning case of Nanjing, an evolving city in China. The spatial forms of future urban land use are simulated under four different pre-set policy scenarios. The differences in simulated results under multi-criteria restrictions reveal the effectiveness and practical value of the integration approach. The findings of this study provide policymakers with a process-based approach to test and evaluate ‘what-if’ consequences and help stakeholders reach consensus., QC 20201228

I avhandlingen analyseras möjligheter och hinder för samnyttjande av mark utifrån en fallstudie av skyfallsanpassning i Malmö och Köpenhamn. Som bakgrund står de klimatutmaningar i form av ökad framtida nederbörd och risk för översvämningar som städerna ställs inför, tillsammans med en tilltagande konkurrens om marken från allt fler behov. Fallstudien jämför hur de båda städerna planerat för och tagit sig an skyfallsanpassningen av befintliga stadsmiljöer. Fallstudiens huvudsakliga intresse utgörs dock inte av skyfallsanpassning som sådan, utan denna nyttjas främst för att ta reda på kommunernas inställning till möjligheten att samnyttja mark, samt vilka reella svårigheter samnyttjandet medför. Analysen av fallstudien sker med hjälp av governance-teorier där ett flertal institutionella hinder belyses såväl på strukturell nivå som inom det praktiknära genomförandet. Jämförelsen mellan städerna gör det tydligt att de institutionella förutsättningarna för samnyttjande ser olika ut, men att olikheten också förstärks av kommunernas förmåga att nyttja styrmedel för att möjliggöra skyfallsanpassning genom samnyttjande av mark. Analysen använder även teorier om allmänningar och urbana allmänningar för att belysa institutionella strukturer för samnyttjande av mark utan äganderättsliga anspråk. Avhandlingen har resulterat i att kunna beskriva två olika former av samnyttjande i termer av urban allmänning. Den första formen beskriver allmänningen som ett objekt och belyser i synnerhet materiella och institutionella aspekter. I samband med att ett stort antal markområden inom såväl kvartersmark som allmän platsmark anpassas att avlasta det allmänna va-ledningsnätet vid skyfall, bildas ett nätverk som kan besk- 14 rivas som en urban allmänning. Denna form av urban allmänning utgör ett objekt som sammanfogas genom dess funktionella samband men bibehåller ett diversifierat ägande och förvaltning. Den andra formen beskriver den urbana allmänningen som en process där möjligheten till, Based on a case study, comparing the municipal storm water adaptation plans and its recent implementation in the twin cities of Malmö and Copenhagen, the dissertation analyse the possibilities and practical challenges of combined use of urban land. The continuing process of urban densification, where urban land is seen as a strictly limited and often contentious resource, accompanied by the challenge of climate change through an expected increase of precipitation and risk of urban flooding, provides the background for this study. The ultimate concern, however, is not on storm water adaptation as such, but on the opportunities and obstacles to combine different uses of land within the same area, and how local governments approach this issue. In the analysis, governance theories are used to elucidate obstacles to combined use of land on structural level as well as within its practical realisation. A comparison between the cities demonstrates that the institutional preconditions for combined land use differ, but also, that the difference is reinforced by the ability of the local governments to make use of public policy instruments in order to implement storm water adaptation through combined use of land. The analysis also draws upon commons theory and theories of urban commons. These fields of research have similarities with combined use of land regarding the need of institutional structures to govern land management without claiming ownership. Furthermore, the dissertation describes two forms of combined use of land in terms of urban commons. The first form views the urban commons as an object highlighting its material and institutional aspects. 16 Here, the urban commons forms a network of both public and private property, each one adapted to bring relief to the common sewage system, in order to avoid it from being flooded in case of cloudbursts. This form of urban commons constitutes an object where its parts are associated through its functional relatedness, but ke

African cities increasingly aspire global recognition and this has prompted a rapid transformation of the built environment in many urban locales. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into this recent trend through a critical analysis of contemporary land use changes in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. More specifically, this thesis examines the prevailing discourses on desirable urban development amongst urban planners and policy makers in this city region; how and by whom certain city visions are integrated into the built environment; how certain marginalised groups (represented by ‘informal’ street vendors and former residents of an ‘informal settlement’) respond to dominant city visions; and the socio-spatial consequences of contemporary urban interventions. The present thesis is based upon three qualitative case studies of transforming urban areas in the Greater Accra Region. The methods used include semi-structured interviews, observations and policy analysis. Theoretically, this thesis combines critical urban theory, the governmentality perspective and post-colonial urban theory to examine different aspects of the processes behind changing land uses and their consequences. The three cases are analysed in separate papers and discussed together in a comprehensive summary. The first paper analyses the logics behind a state-led demolition of a centrally located informal settlement. The paper shows that ‘conflicting rationalities’ exist between marginalised residents of informal settlements and state actors regarding their understanding of Accra’s built environment. While the demolished settlement constituted a place of affordable housing, place-specific livelihood strategies and sociability to the former residents, state authorities perceived the neighbourhood as problematic and made use of market-driven, ‘generative’ and ‘dispositional’ rationalities to justify the demolition and make space for new urban developments. The second paper explores, At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

I avhandlingen analyseras möjligheter och hinder för samnyttjande av mark utifrån en fallstudie av skyfallsanpassning i Malmö och Köpenhamn. Som bakgrund står de klimatutmaningar i form av ökad framtida nederbörd och risk för översvämningar som städerna ställs inför, tillsammans med en tilltagande konkurrens om marken från allt fler behov. Fallstudien jämför hur de båda städerna planerat för och tagit sig an skyfallsanpassningen av befintliga stadsmiljöer. Fallstudiens huvudsakliga intresse utgörs dock inte av skyfallsanpassning som sådan, utan denna nyttjas främst för att ta reda på kommunernas inställning till möjligheten att samnyttja mark, samt vilka reella svårigheter samnyttjandet medför. Analysen av fallstudien sker med hjälp av governance-teorier där ett flertal institutionella hinder belyses såväl på strukturell nivå som inom det praktiknära genomförandet. Jämförelsen mellan städerna gör det tydligt att de institutionella förutsättningarna för samnyttjande ser olika ut, men att olikheten också förstärks av kommunernas förmåga att nyttja styrmedel för att möjliggöra skyfallsanpassning genom samnyttjande av mark. Analysen använder även teorier om allmänningar och urbana allmänningar för att belysa institutionella strukturer för samnyttjande av mark utan äganderättsliga anspråk. Avhandlingen har resulterat i att kunna beskriva två olika former av samnyttjande i termer av urban allmänning. Den första formen beskriver allmänningen som ett objekt och belyser i synnerhet materiella och institutionella aspekter. I samband med att ett stort antal markområden inom såväl kvartersmark som allmän platsmark anpassas att avlasta det allmänna va-ledningsnätet vid skyfall, bildas ett nätverk som kan besk- 14 rivas som en urban allmänning. Denna form av urban allmänning utgör ett objekt som sammanfogas genom dess funktionella samband men bibehåller ett diversifierat ägande och förvaltning. Den andra formen beskriver den urbana allmänningen som en process där möjligheten till, Based on a case study, comparing the municipal storm water adaptation plans and its recent implementation in the twin cities of Malmö and Copenhagen, the dissertation analyse the possibilities and practical challenges of combined use of urban land. The continuing process of urban densification, where urban land is seen as a strictly limited and often contentious resource, accompanied by the challenge of climate change through an expected increase of precipitation and risk of urban flooding, provides the background for this study. The ultimate concern, however, is not on storm water adaptation as such, but on the opportunities and obstacles to combine different uses of land within the same area, and how local governments approach this issue. In the analysis, governance theories are used to elucidate obstacles to combined use of land on structural level as well as within its practical realisation. A comparison between the cities demonstrates that the institutional preconditions for combined land use differ, but also, that the difference is reinforced by the ability of the local governments to make use of public policy instruments in order to implement storm water adaptation through combined use of land. The analysis also draws upon commons theory and theories of urban commons. These fields of research have similarities with combined use of land regarding the need of institutional structures to govern land management without claiming ownership. Furthermore, the dissertation describes two forms of combined use of land in terms of urban commons. The first form views the urban commons as an object highlighting its material and institutional aspects. 16 Here, the urban commons forms a network of both public and private property, each one adapted to bring relief to the common sewage system, in order to avoid it from being flooded in case of cloudbursts. This form of urban commons constitutes an object where its parts are associated through its functional relatedness, but ke

African cities increasingly aspire global recognition and this has prompted a rapid transformation of the built environment in many urban locales. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into this recent trend through a critical analysis of contemporary land use changes in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. More specifically, this thesis examines the prevailing discourses on desirable urban development amongst urban planners and policy makers in this city region; how and by whom certain city visions are integrated into the built environment; how certain marginalised groups (represented by ‘informal’ street vendors and former residents of an ‘informal settlement’) respond to dominant city visions; and the socio-spatial consequences of contemporary urban interventions. The present thesis is based upon three qualitative case studies of transforming urban areas in the Greater Accra Region. The methods used include semi-structured interviews, observations and policy analysis. Theoretically, this thesis combines critical urban theory, the governmentality perspective and post-colonial urban theory to examine different aspects of the processes behind changing land uses and their consequences. The three cases are analysed in separate papers and discussed together in a comprehensive summary. The first paper analyses the logics behind a state-led demolition of a centrally located informal settlement. The paper shows that ‘conflicting rationalities’ exist between marginalised residents of informal settlements and state actors regarding their understanding of Accra’s built environment. While the demolished settlement constituted a place of affordable housing, place-specific livelihood strategies and sociability to the former residents, state authorities perceived the neighbourhood as problematic and made use of market-driven, ‘generative’ and ‘dispositional’ rationalities to justify the demolition and make space for new urban developments. The second paper explores, At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

African cities increasingly aspire global recognition and this has prompted a rapid transformation of the built environment in many urban locales. This thesis provides empirical and conceptual insights into this recent trend through a critical analysis of contemporary land use changes in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. More specifically, this thesis examines the prevailing discourses on desirable urban development amongst urban planners and policy makers in this city region; how and by whom certain city visions are integrated into the built environment; how certain marginalised groups (represented by ‘informal’ street vendors and former residents of an ‘informal settlement’) respond to dominant city visions; and the socio-spatial consequences of contemporary urban interventions. The present thesis is based upon three qualitative case studies of transforming urban areas in the Greater Accra Region. The methods used include semi-structured interviews, observations and policy analysis. Theoretically, this thesis combines critical urban theory, the governmentality perspective and post-colonial urban theory to examine different aspects of the processes behind changing land uses and their consequences. The three cases are analysed in separate papers and discussed together in a comprehensive summary. The first paper analyses the logics behind a state-led demolition of a centrally located informal settlement. The paper shows that ‘conflicting rationalities’ exist between marginalised residents of informal settlements and state actors regarding their understanding of Accra’s built environment. While the demolished settlement constituted a place of affordable housing, place-specific livelihood strategies and sociability to the former residents, state authorities perceived the neighbourhood as problematic and made use of market-driven, ‘generative’ and ‘dispositional’ rationalities to justify the demolition and make space for new urban developments. The second paper explores, At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

In the twenty-first century, ongoing rapid urbanization highlights the need to gain deeper insights into the social structure of cities. While work on this challenge can profit from abundant data sources, the complexity of this data itself proves to be a challenge. In this paper, we use diffusion maps, a manifold learning method, to discover hidden manifolds in the UK 2011 census dataset. The census key statistics and quick statistics report 1450 different statistical features for each census output area. Here, we focus primarily on the city of Bristol and the surrounding countryside, comprising 3490 of these output areas. Our analysis finds the main variables that span the census responses, highlighting that university student density and poverty are the most important explanatory variables of variation in census responses.

Aging, shrinking cities, urban agglomerations and other new key terms continue to emerge when describing the large-scale population changes in various cities in mainland China. It is important to simulate the distribution of residential populations at a coarse scale to manage cities as a whole, and at a fine scale for policy making in infrastructure development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the DN (Digital number, value assigned to a pixel in a digital image) value of NPP-VIIRS (the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) and LuoJia1-01 and the residential populations of urban areas at a district, sub-district, community and court level, to compare the influence of resolution of remote sensing data by taking urban land use to map out auxiliary data in which first-class (R1), second-class (R2) and third-class residential areas (R3) are distinguished by house price. The results show that LuoJia1-01 more accurately analyzes population distributions at a court level for second- and third-class residential areas, which account for over 85% of the total population. The accuracy of the LuoJia1-01 simulation data is higher than that of Landscan and GHS (European Commission Global Human Settlement) population. This can be used as an important tool for refining the simulation of residential population distributions. In the future, higher-resolution night-time light data could be used for research on accurate simulation analysis that scales down large-scale populations.

Aging, shrinking cities, urban agglomerations and other new key terms continue to emerge when describing the large-scale population changes in various cities in mainland China. It is important to simulate the distribution of residential populations at a coarse scale to manage cities as a whole, and at a fine scale for policy making in infrastructure development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the DN (Digital number, value assigned to a pixel in a digital image) value of NPP-VIIRS (the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) and LuoJia1-01 and the residential populations of urban areas at a district, sub-district, community and court level, to compare the influence of resolution of remote sensing data by taking urban land use to map out auxiliary data in which first-class (R1), second-class (R2) and third-class residential areas (R3) are distinguished by house price. The results show that LuoJia1-01 more accurately analyzes population distributions at a court level for second- and third-class residential areas, which account for over 85% of the total population. The accuracy of the LuoJia1-01 simulation data is higher than that of Landscan and GHS (European Commission Global Human Settlement) population. This can be used as an important tool for refining the simulation of residential population distributions. In the future, higher-resolution night-time light data could be used for research on accurate simulation analysis that scales down large-scale populations.

Aging, shrinking cities, urban agglomerations and other new key terms continue to emerge when describing the large-scale population changes in various cities in mainland China. It is important to simulate the distribution of residential populations at a coarse scale to manage cities as a whole, and at a fine scale for policy making in infrastructure development. This paper analyzes the relationship between the DN (Digital number, value assigned to a pixel in a digital image) value of NPP-VIIRS (the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) and LuoJia1-01 and the residential populations of urban areas at a district, sub-district, community and court level, to compare the influence of resolution of remote sensing data by taking urban land use to map out auxiliary data in which first-class (R1), second-class (R2) and third-class residential areas (R3) are distinguished by house price. The results show that LuoJia1-01 more accurately analyzes population distributions at a court level for second- and third-class residential areas, which account for over 85% of the total population. The accuracy of the LuoJia1-01 simulation data is higher than that of Landscan and GHS (European Commission Global Human Settlement) population. This can be used as an important tool for refining the simulation of residential population distributions. In the future, higher-resolution night-time light data could be used for research on accurate simulation analysis that scales down large-scale populations.

In the twenty-first century, ongoing rapid urbanization highlights the need to gain deeper insights into the social structure of cities. While work on this challenge can profit from abundant data sources, the complexity of this data itself proves to be a challenge. In this paper, we use diffusion maps, a manifold learning method, to discover hidden manifolds in the UK 2011 census dataset. The census key statistics and quick statistics report 1450 different statistical features for each census output area. Here, we focus primarily on the city of Bristol and the surrounding countryside, comprising 3490 of these output areas. Our analysis finds the main variables that span the census responses, highlighting that university student density and poverty are the most important explanatory variables of variation in census responses.

Extending beyond previous research biases towards large cities or analyses based largely on one type of urban agriculture (UA) (such as market gardening, or home gardening), this research aimed to investigate all forms of UA within two intermediate-sized Ghanaian cities (Techiman and Tamale). Where was being farmed? For whom, and why? The paper considers how findings compare to Ghana’s larger cities, and possible implications for theory and for planning. Methods included remote sensing, field mapping, interviews and a 1000-household per city questionnaire. The most common reason for farming was food supplementation. This was often via staple foods, particularly maize, rather than the leafy vegetables common in larger cities’ market gardening. Farming was predominantly via home gardening, particularly for the better off. The larger city of Tamale also sustained organised irrigated-vegetable market gardens. Findings suggest a picture not dissimilar to Ghana’s larger cities but with greater prevalence of home gardening, and a dominance of staple foods rather than perishable or high value crops. A compelling finding, which has received less attention in the literature, is the extent of, and roles played by, what this study refers to as ‘institutional land. Both Ghanaian Ministry of Food and Agriculture’s policy framing, and market crisis theorising, of the drivers and role of UA were not found to be an accurate reflection of Techiman and Tamale’s UA. Rather than being a localised survival activity of the poor or marginalised, of recent migrants, or of predominantly women, these cities contained a large scale and diverse spatiality of UA mainly for non-poor and non-migrants’ supplementation of their staple food larder. Results emphasise the context-specific nature of a city’s urban agriculture, and underline the need for researchers and UA advocates to be specific about the form of UA under the microscope when making claims for ‘an urban agriculture’., Agriculture and Double Burden Malnutrition in Urban Africa, Formas 225-2012-609, Sida SWE-2011-028

Modern land use planning is the opportunity to insert environmental sustainability through the minimum content required by the Law 388. The first LUP achieved some progress in this respect with particular initiatives from different origin. Subsequently, political, technical, and legal instruments have promoted other advances in environmental sustainability, which in most cases, have not been implemented. In the end, advance is scarce, and improving environmental sustainability becomes increasingly urgent in recognizing the state of deterioration of the environment and with it, the quality of life., Los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Modernos son la oportunidad para insertar la sostenibilidad ambiental a través de los contenidos mínimos exigidos por la Ley 388. Los primeros POT lograron algunos avances al respecto con iniciativas particulares de diferentes orígenes. Posteriormente instrumentos políticos, técnicos y jurídicos han promovido otros adelantos en sostenibilidad ambiental que en la mayoría de los casos no se han conseguido implementar. Al final, los avances son escasos, y mejorar la sostenibilidad ambiental se hace cada vez más urgente al reconocer el estado de deterioro del ambiente y con ello de la calidad de vida.

Modern land use planning is the opportunity to insert environmental sustainability through the minimum content required by the Law 388. The first LUP achieved some progress in this respect with particular initiatives from different origin. Subsequently, political, technical, and legal instruments have promoted other advances in environmental sustainability, which in most cases, have not been implemented. In the end, advance is scarce, and improving environmental sustainability becomes increasingly urgent in recognizing the state of deterioration of the environment and with it, the quality of life., Los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial Modernos son la oportunidad para insertar la sostenibilidad ambiental a través de los contenidos mínimos exigidos por la Ley 388. Los primeros POT lograron algunos avances al respecto con iniciativas particulares de diferentes orígenes. Posteriormente instrumentos políticos, técnicos y jurídicos han promovido otros adelantos en sostenibilidad ambiental que en la mayoría de los casos no se han conseguido implementar. Al final, los avances son escasos, y mejorar la sostenibilidad ambiental se hace cada vez más urgente al reconocer el estado de deterioro del ambiente y con ello de la calidad de vida.

Extending beyond previous research biases towards large cities or analyses based largely on one type of urban agriculture (UA) (such as market gardening, or home gardening), this research aimed to investigate all forms of UA within two intermediate-sized Ghanaian cities (Techiman and Tamale). Where was being farmed? For whom, and why? The paper considers how findings compare to Ghana’s larger cities, and possible implications for theory and for planning. Methods included remote sensing, field mapping, interviews and a 1000-household per city questionnaire. The most common reason for farming was food supplementation. This was often via staple foods, particularly maize, rather than the leafy vegetables common in larger cities’ market gardening. Farming was predominantly via home gardening, particularly for the better off. The larger city of Tamale also sustained organised irrigated-vegetable market gardens. Findings suggest a picture not dissimilar to Ghana’s larger cities but with greater prevalence of home gardening, and a dominance of staple foods rather than perishable or high value crops. A compelling finding, which has received less attention in the literature, is the extent of, and roles played by, what this study refers to as ‘institutional land. Both Ghanaian Ministry of Food and Agriculture’s policy framing, and market crisis theorising, of the drivers and role of UA were not found to be an accurate reflection of Techiman and Tamale’s UA. Rather than being a localised survival activity of the poor or marginalised, of recent migrants, or of predominantly women, these cities contained a large scale and diverse spatiality of UA mainly for non-poor and non-migrants’ supplementation of their staple food larder. Results emphasise the context-specific nature of a city’s urban agriculture, and underline the need for researchers and UA advocates to be specific about the form of UA under the microscope when making claims for ‘an urban agriculture’., Agriculture and Double Burden Malnutrition in Urban Africa, Formas 225-2012-609, Sida SWE-2011-028

Extending beyond previous research biases towards large cities or analyses based largely on one type of urban agriculture (UA) (such as market gardening, or home gardening), this research aimed to investigate all forms of UA within two intermediate-sized Ghanaian cities (Techiman and Tamale). Where was being farmed? For whom, and why? The paper considers how findings compare to Ghana’s larger cities, and possible implications for theory and for planning. Methods included remote sensing, field mapping, interviews and a 1000-household per city questionnaire. The most common reason for farming was food supplementation. This was often via staple foods, particularly maize, rather than the leafy vegetables common in larger cities’ market gardening. Farming was predominantly via home gardening, particularly for the better off. The larger city of Tamale also sustained organised irrigated-vegetable market gardens. Findings suggest a picture not dissimilar to Ghana’s larger cities but with greater prevalence of home gardening, and a dominance of staple foods rather than perishable or high value crops. A compelling finding, which has received less attention in the literature, is the extent of, and roles played by, what this study refers to as ‘institutional land. Both Ghanaian Ministry of Food and Agriculture’s policy framing, and market crisis theorising, of the drivers and role of UA were not found to be an accurate reflection of Techiman and Tamale’s UA. Rather than being a localised survival activity of the poor or marginalised, of recent migrants, or of predominantly women, these cities contained a large scale and diverse spatiality of UA mainly for non-poor and non-migrants’ supplementation of their staple food larder. Results emphasise the context-specific nature of a city’s urban agriculture, and underline the need for researchers and UA advocates to be specific about the form of UA under the microscope when making claims for ‘an urban agriculture’., article; 2019-02-15T15:17:40.945+01:00

Ecosystem services (ESs) are gaining ground in urban policy as a key to attaining sustainable cities. However, strategic and land-use planners need operational and accessible tools to better understand the consequences of policy and planning measures. Based on a study of the City of Stockholm and its surrounding region, we argue that spatially explicit land-use mapping is a good base for modeling and visualizing the supply of urban ESs provided by different patterns of Service Providing Units. By adding more detailed characteristics of land use through the concept of Service Providing Elements (SPEs), and by assessing synergies and trade-offs between these attributes, implications for the supply of ESs at different scale levels could be identified and discussed. Detailed land-use mapping and ES modeling were applied to two future land-use alternatives. The supply of eight urban ESs was found to vary significantly between the two alternatives depending on the ratios of different SPEs, even within identical land-use classes. One of the land-use alternatives had significantly higher potential for food and energy provision, much higher air cooling and air quality regulation capacity especially in densely built areas, showed less surface sealing, and provided better conditions for mental recreation. The exception was supply of physical recreation opportunities, where the other land-use option had an advantage. These differences became more accentuated when we zoomed in on two local urban areas. Based on these findings, our main conclusion is that, in order to provide planning and policy-making with an adequate knowledge base, it is necessary to move beyond land-use classes, as defined by European data sets like Urban Atlas, and toward tools capable of capturing more detailed aspects of land use and its relations to the supply of urban ESs. This should be made a priority, especially in early stages of planning and policy formation, and also used to support development of

In this work we study the profile of land use and population density in European cities with respect to the distance to the city centre. More specifically we address the scaling of land use and density curves with respect to city population and rely on fine grained land use data. Our main objective is to retrieve generic laws that can support the calibration of monocentric urban economic models for European cities. We use the GMES Urban Atlas database, providing a precise description of land use at 5m resolution in the 305 major European urban areas (more than 100.000 inhabitants). We combine this dataset with population density from the Geostat population grid, which covers the whole of European Union (EU) with a 1km2 resolution. Population is allocated proportionally to surface and weighted by soil sealing and density classes of the GMES data. We analyse the evolution with distance to the city centre, which we define for convenience as the location of the city hall, of population density and of the share of land used for different purposes: housing, roads, railways, urban green, water, agriculture, forest. To this end, we define concentric rings of fixed width around the city centre, in which we average each land use and population. In order to compare different cities and to identify a global picture, i.e. a standard representative European city, we study scaling relationships for the ob- tained monocentric land use shares and density curves. We analyse the scaling of these curves with respect to city population, following similar approaches con- ducted in the literature for different parameters (such as income or road space). The total population for each city is computed from the population grid. We find that land use curves, in particular housing and roads shares, tend to scale like the square root of city population. Population curves have roughly exponential shapes, as it has been widely modelled in the literature, although usually not based on land use and

In this work we study the profile of land use and population density in European cities with respect to the distance to the city centre. More specifically we address the scaling of land use and density curves with respect to city population and rely on fine grained land use data. Our main objective is to retrieve generic laws that can support the calibration of monocentric urban economic models for European cities. We use the GMES Urban Atlas database, providing a precise description of land use at 5m resolution in the 305 major European urban areas (more than 100.000 inhabitants). We combine this dataset with population density from the Geostat population grid, which covers the whole of European Union (EU) with a 1km2 resolution. Population is allocated proportionally to surface and weighted by soil sealing and density classes of the GMES data. We analyse the evolution with distance to the city centre, which we define for convenience as the location of the city hall, of population density and of the share of land used for different purposes: housing, roads, railways, urban green, water, agriculture, forest. To this end, we define concentric rings of fixed width around the city centre, in which we average each land use and population. In order to compare different cities and to identify a global picture, i.e. a standard representative European city, we study scaling relationships for the ob- tained monocentric land use shares and density curves. We analyse the scaling of these curves with respect to city population, following similar approaches con- ducted in the literature for different parameters (such as income or road space). The total population for each city is computed from the population grid. We find that land use curves, in particular housing and roads shares, tend to scale like the square root of city population. Population curves have roughly exponential shapes, as it has been widely modelled in the literature, although usually not based on land use and

This master thesis examines how much of the urban area of the city of Lund, could be released from parking space in different future scenarios. These scenarios are based on three different options of car sharing and unfold around year 2040. Historically city planning has had various influences from different centuries with both economic and military ideals. But the 20th century and the introduction of the automobile shaped the city landscape with great impact in both new urban areas and in the town centre. However, there is an increased awareness of the environmental impact that motorized traffic entails. Some reports claim that the west has reached its peak in car use. The thesis explores alternative use of urban space from the perspective of both literature and interviews with urban planners and representatives from municipalities. Huge traffic solutions create barriers and these should be counteracted by infill projects and by expanding the city’s structure within its borders. A higher population density could be achieved which provides a healthier city life and better business climate. Based on a comparison of some chosen European towns which are planned for a low car use the thesis computes how much of the traffic space in Lund that can be released. It indicates that in 2040 between 10 to 74 hectares of urban space could be released from parking space, based on three different options of car sharing depending on how big the user share of the population will be. A space that could contain households for up to 1 200 citizens. The span of outcomes depends of the user share. The two options of 10 and 40 per cent of the city population have been studied., Det här examensarbetet undersöker hur stor yta av Lunds tätort man kan frigöra från parkeringsplatser i tre olika framtida scenarier. Dessa scenarier utspelar sig ungefär år 2040 och handlar om tre varianter av bilpoolslösningar. Bilen tar fysiskt upp mycket yta i staden. Detta har bl.a. undersökts i tidigare examensarbeten, men med fokus på utvecklingen av andelen tätortsyta som låses av trafiklösningar. I denna trafikyta räknas mark som går till öppen markparkering, vägyta, buffertyta och impediment. Studien visade att från 1940 till 2010 hade denna andel ökat från 14 till 22 procent varav markparkeringen ökade från en till fem procent. Historiskt har stadsplaneringen haft olika influenser från epok till epok med både ekonomiska som militära utgångslägen. Men 1900-talet och bilens introduktion påverkade stadsbilden enormt mycket och har gjort avtryck i såväl nyplanerade stadsdelar som medeltida stadskärnor. Bilen har onekligen haft en central position i enskilda människors privatliv vilket också har speglat av sig i bebyggelsen och rörelsemönstret. Istället för kortare restid på samma sträcka reser man istället en längre sträcka på samma tid. Men nu börjar man i dagens samhälle märka en tilltagande medvetenhet om biltrafikens miljöpåverkan och rapporter om att västvärlden har nått den så kallade peak car use. Därför är det intressant att följa upp tidigare examensarbeten om den historiska utvecklingen om andelen trafikyta med hypotetiska framåtblickar om hur den framtida utvecklingen ser ut. Eftersom det finns en större öppenhet till bildelning på senare tid och att det blir mer och mer trendigt att åka kollektivt valdes tre möjliga utfall av ett brett användande av bilpooler: En traditionell bilpool med fasta stationer. Free floating car sharing, en slags rörlig bilpool utan fasta stationer Medlemmarna lokaliserar och bokar bilarna med mobiltelefoner, gör sin resa och därefter lämnar bilen till förfogande för nästa användare. Transport som tjänst där det erbjuds

Cities in Malawi continue to be sites and spaces of resistance, struggle and contest over urban spaces. Since the introduction of colonial modernist planning with its adherence to segregation through functional zoning, homogenisation, and fragmentation of urban areas, squatting and land invasions on urban land have remained one of the widespread struggles for space in urban Malawi. Continued occurrence of squatting, land invasions, and encroachments on urban land reflect the inability of urban planning and its attendant land policies to provide land and housing to the majority of urban dwellers mainly the middle income as well as the marginalised urban poor. Over the years, government efforts have not decisively addressed the issue of land contestations in urban areas in spite of numerous reports of increasing cases of conflicts and competing claims over urban land in Malawi including land dispossessions, conflicts over land uses in urban and peri-urban areas and most significantly contestations manifested in squatting and land invasions on state land leading to growth of spontaneous settlements. In urban areas, efforts to address these competitions have included relocation; titling programmes, sites-and-services schemes, land reform programmes, and forced evictions, but struggles such as squatting and land invasions persist. In urban Malawi, the question is: why is urban planning, as it is conceived and acted upon (i.e. as mode of thought and spatial practice), a creator and not a mediator of urban land conflicts? The study aimed to answer this question, by using Lefebvre’s conceptual triad of social production of space, to gain an in-depth understanding of how the contradictions between people’s perceptions and daily life practices in relation to space, on one hand, and planner’s conceptions of space as informed by colonial, post-colonial, and neoliberal perceptions of space, generate perpetual struggle for urban space in Malawi. The study also in

This study has the objective to demonstrate the applicability of landscape metric analysis undertaken in fragments of urban land use. More specifically, it focuses in low vegetation cover, arboreal and shrubbery vegetation and their distribution on land use. Differences of vegetation cover in dense urban areas are explained. It also discusses briefly the state-of-the-art Landscape Ecology and landscape metrics. It develops, as an example, a case study in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. For this study, it selects the use of the area’s metrics, the relation between area, perimeter, core, and circumscribed circle. From this analysis, this paper proposes the definition of priority areas for conservation, urban parks, free spaces of common land, linear parks and green corridors. It is demonstrated that, in order to design urban landscape, studies of two-dimension landscape representations are still interesting, but should consider the systemic relation between different factors related to shape and land use.

For nearly one decade, the German political and research-agenda has been to a large extent determined by the ongoing question of how to limit the expansion of settlement areas around cities in order to preserve natural resources, make settlement growth more sustainable and to strengthen the re-use of existing inner-urban areas (see a.o. Kötter et al. 2009a, 2010; Schetke et al. 2009, 2010b). What is already under discussion within the international literature are the recommendations of the German Council for Sustainability to quantitatively reduce the daily greenfield consumption from the current rate of over 100 ha per day to a rate of 30 ha per day in 2020 and to bring urban infill development up to a ratio of 3:1 with greenfield development (German Council for Sustainability, 2004).). This paper addresses the added value beyond those abstract political targets and presents an innovative, multi-criteria assessment (MCA) of greenfield and infill sites to evaluate their sustainability and resource efficiency. MCA development and its incorporation into a Decision Support System (DSS) were accomplished by utilising a stakeholder-driven approach. The resulting tool can be applied in preparing and revising land-use plans. The paper presents the concept and the development process of the MCA-DSS. Test runs with planners prove that the evaluation of potential housing sites using individually weighted environmental indicators helps to identify those strategies of housing development that accord most closely with sustainability goals. The tests further show that the development of greenfield sites generally exhibits less sustainability than that of infill sites.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise do tecido urbano com foco na qualidade das localizações, propondo uma forma de abordagem à questão da atratividade de determinada região em diferentes cenários. Aplicando metodologias já desenvolvidas para medir a qualidade localizacional, buscou-se atribuir uma “nota” a determinada região com base em seu conjunto de atributos de localização sob a ótica dos usuários e potenciais usuários dos produtos. No estudo de caso da região do Panamby em São Paulo, foram feitas análises tanto para a situação atual quanto para alguns cenários simulados, cuja construção obedece aos princípios formulados por SCHUARTZ (1996) e cuja análise foi aplicada trecho a trecho dentro da região estudada. O estudo procurou estabelecer a maneira pela qual determinadas mudanças poderiam impactar os atributos de localização, tornando cada trecho mais ou menos atrativo para determinado uso. Como resultado da aplicação da matriz de atributos de qualidade localizacional, conclui-se que, nesse caso, o uso residencial apresenta uma situação de atributos de qualidade melhores atualmente nos setores já consolidados para este uso, localizados, porém, em áreas próximas a trechos que apresentam usos complementares ao residencial. Analisando os cenários propostos em comparação com a região da maneira como se encontra hoje, pode- se dizer que o adensamento natural da região como um todo teria pouco impacto na área e mesmo assim, o pequeno impacto ocorreria em alguns setores específicos dentro do perímetro estudado. Já no caso das intervenções de infra-estrutura previstas para a região, os cenários prospectivos indicam que os impactos também seriam causados de maneiras diferentes em setores específicos, por conta da singularidade de cada um deles e da extensão da área de estudo que acarreta distâncias físicas por vezes grandes entre as intervenções propriamente ditas e certos pontos localizados no perímetro da área objeto de estudo. Para

We develop an urban-search model in which firms post wages. When all workers are identical, there is a unique wage in equilibrium even in the presence of search and spatial frictions. This wage is affected by spatial and labor costs. When workers differ according to the value imputed to leisure, we show that, under some conditions, two wages emerge in equilibrium. The commuting cost not only affects the land market but also the labor market through wages. Workers' productivity also affects housing prices and this impact can be positive or negative depending on the location in the city. We then run some numerical simulations to reproduce some stylized facts about the labor-market outcomes of black and white workers. We find that a reduction in commuting costs for all workers reduces the unemployment rate of white workers and the profit of all firms but increases the wage of all workers (black and white) and raises the fraction of firms posting the high wage.

This paper proposes a new definition of sub-centers. Density of workers is complemented with the observation of four approaches for the analysis of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. These four approaches are the urban lands paterns (based on CORINE land cover information), the mobility of workers (from data of the Spanish Census), electric consumption (from information of the electric companies) and the estimated CO2 production. Consequently, the urban structure will be defined based on these four approaches, which also will validate the reviously defined 15 subcenters of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area., Peer Reviewed

This article poses ideas about counterinsurgency, law enforcement, and stability operations in the context of land-use planning. Here, seven proposed categories of illegal slum land use are tested against a recent, complex Latin American case. Admittedly, this application of the term land use may be overly literal, and is to be distinguished from land-use planning. That latter term generally connotes a set of theoretical norms and objectives centered, in part, on the concept of sustainability (often presented in planning literature as a balance or reconciliation of environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic maximization). Land-use planning also connotes a specialized set of opinions and plans coming from persons whom we can stereotype as technocratic and bureaucratic -- as governmental. Government land-use planning in Medellin, Colombia, has sought to achieve the values supposed by sustainability, but in the process has had to wrest land-use dominance from violent illegal armed groups (IAGs), and to provide the population with physical security and conflict resolution services. Outsider illegal armed groups (IAG) pursue and enjoy eight principal, overlapping uses of urban slum land in Medellin in relation to their illicit pursuits. These eight land uses, in no particular order, are taxation, free trade, sanctuary, clandestine manufacture or processing, staging for violent operations outside the slum, safe transit of contraband, recruiting, and as a prison or graveyard for their victims. The IAG land-use categories are suitable as variables in a forensic police/military Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data table. While such use of GIS may be the most immediate or directly relevant application to government reduction of illegal armed groups, other uses, such as informing urban building and street design, may yield the more important longer term security benefits., Published in Small Wars Journal, October 17, 2011.

Suburbanization is changing the urban spatial structure and less monocentric metropolitan regions are becoming the new urban reality. Focused only on centers, most works have studied these spatial changes neglecting the role of transport infrastructure and its related location model, the “accessibility city”, in which employment and population concentrate in low-density settlements and close to transport infrastructure. For the case of Barcelona, we consider this location model and study the population spatial structure between 1991 and 2006. The results reveal a mix between polycentricity and the accessibility city, with movements away from the main centers, but close to the transport infrastructure.

This paper discusses the design of a rainfall simulator for undertaking urban water quality research. Currently there is limited understanding of many of the fundamental concepts relating to urban stormwater pollution. This can be primarily attributed to research studies being dependent on natural rainfall with its inherent high variability and the use of heterogenous urban areas. These factors can act as significant constraints to the transferability of research outcomes outside the study area. The proposed rainfall simulator has the potential to significantly enhance research outcomes and has demonstrated its ability to successfully re-create the physical characteristics of natural rainfall. Rainfall simulation techniques used in agricultural research have been refined and made appropriate for use on paved surfaces. The procedures undertaken to calibrate its performance to match natural rainfall is described. It is important that the water used in the simulations is of a similar chemical quality to that of natural rainfall. This is because the chemical characteristics of rainfall can significantly influence the physico-chemical characteristics of pollutants in runoff. A rainfall quality profile has been developed for the proposed study area using natural rainfall samples and will form the basis for the chemical quality of the water used in simulations.

Urbanisation significantly impacts on water environments with increased runoff and the degradation of water quality. The management of quantity impacts are straight forward, but quality impacts are far more complex. Current approaches to safeguard water quality are largely ineffective and guided by entrenched misconceptions with a primary focus on ‘end-of-pipe’ solutions. The outcomes of a research study presented in the paper, which investigated relationships between water quality and six different land uses offer practical guidance in the planning of future urban developments. In terms of safeguarding water quality, high density residential development which results in a relatively smaller footprint would be the preferred option. The research study outcomes bring into question a number of fundamental concepts and misconceptions routinely accepted in stormwater quality management. The research findings confirmed the need to move beyond customary structural measures and identified the key role that urban planning can play in safeguarding urban water environments.

We develop a model in which workers' search efficiency is negatively affected by access to jobs. Workers' location in a city is endogenous and reflects a trade-off between commuting costs and the surplus associated with search. Different configurations emerge in equilibrium; notably, the unemployed workers may reside far away (segregated city) or close to jobs (integrated city). We prove that there exists a unique and stable market equilibrium in which both land and labor markets are solved for simultaneously. We find that, despite inefficient search in the segregated city equilibrium, the welfare difference between the two equilibria is not so large due to differences in commuting costs. We also show how a social planner can manipulate wages by subsidizing/taxing the transport costs and can accordingly restore the efficiency. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We develop a model in which workers' search efficiency is negatively affected by access to jobs. Workers' location in a city is endogenous and reflects a trade-off between commuting costs and the surplus associated with search. Different configurations emerge in equilibrium; notably, the unemployed workers may reside far away (segregated city) or close to jobs (integrated city). We prove that there exists a unique and stable market equilibrium in which both land and labor markets are solved for simultaneously. We find that, despite inefficient search in the segregated city equilibrium, the welfare difference between the two equilibria is not so large due to differences in commuting costs. We also show how a social planner can manipulate wages by subsidizing/taxing the transport costs and can accordingly restore the efficiency. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In the article authors consider a good practice of urban planning in the light of urban land use in the Belgrade. The paper pointed out discuss the practice of urban planing and mechanisms of management in the field of land use. The paper discuss the legislation in the field of land economics and land politics, which caused many problems, like that: capitalized investment, particularly in the central cities zones (or CBD - central business districts), investment of urban renewal, avoidance balance approach and many forms of cost - benefit methods in the locations use, on efficiency investment in the land use, privacy of citizens ownship and safety of private land of citizens. There is concludеd that process of urban planning must to be “sustainable”. Authors assumе that efficient urban development is dependent on the consolidated urban land market, regulative mechanisms and institutions, new methods in the urban land investment. There are recognized the need for detailed studies in the field of urban redevelopment, like: market movements, establishment of market institutions in the urban lands, feasibility analysis, development gain, plans gain assessment and socio-economic and environmental consequences.