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Elevated nitrogen (N) fertilization has largely increased crop production in China, but also increased acidification risks, thereby threatening crop yields. However, natural soil acidification due to bicarbonate (HCO3) leaching and base cation (BC) removal by crop harvest also affect soil acidity whereas the input of HCO3 and BC via fertilizers and manure counteract soil acidification. Insights in rates and drivers of soil acidification in different land use types is too limited to support crop- and site-specific mitigation strategies. In this study, we assessed the historical changes in cropland acidification rates and their drivers for the period 1985–2019 at 151 sites in a typical Chinese county with the combined nutrient and soil acidification model VSD+. VSD+ could well reproduce long-term changes in pH and in the BC concentrations of calcium, magnesium and potassium between 1985 and 2019 in non-calcareous soils. In paddy soils, the acidity production rate decreased from 1985 onwards, mainly driven by a pH-induced reduction in HCO3 leaching and N transformations. In upland soils, however, acidity production was mainly driven by N transformations and hardly changed over time. Crop BC removal by harvesting played a minor role in both paddy and upland soils, but its relative importance increased in paddy soils. The acidity input was partly neutralized by HCO3 input from fertilizers and manure, which decreased over time due to a change from ammonia bicarbonate to urea. Soil buffering by both BC and aluminium release decreased in paddy soils due to a reduction in net acidity production, while it stayed relatively constant in upland soils. We conclude that acidification management in paddy soils requires a focus on avoiding high HCO3 leaching whereas the management in upland soils should focus on balancing N with recycling organic manure and crop residues.

Climate change and land cover change often interactively affect plant species distributions. This study addresses the vulnerability of lowland and upland orchids to climate change and land cover change. Endemic orchids of New Guinea were grouped into four classes (lowland epiphyte, lowland terrestrial, upland epiphyte, upland terrestrial) based on their life form and elevation range. Forty occurrence records of endemic orchids were selected for each class, totaling 160 occurrence records. Ensemble modelling combining two machine learning algorithms was used to generate predictive current and future suitable areas for orchid classes. Model performance was evaluated using the AUC and TSS metrics. Suitable areas for both lowland and upland orchids (epiphyte and terrestrial) were predicted decrease in the future due to climate change and land cover change. The loss of suitable areas for upland terrestrial orchids was predicted to be most significant in the worst-case climate change scenario (SSP 5–8.5). Both lowland and upland orchids (epiphyte and terrestrial) tend to shift to higher elevation ranges from the present distributions. The predictive models have AUC values >0.90 and TSS value >0.80, indicating the models have excellent potential for predicting the impact of climate change and land cover change on orchid distributions.

Rice has taken care of more individuals throughout a more extended timeframe than some other yield. As far back as 2500 B.C. rice has been archived in the set of experiences books as a wellspring of food and for custom also. Starting in China and the encompassing regions, its development spread all through Sri Lanka, and India. It was then gone to Greece and region of the Mediterranean. Rice spread all through Southern Europe and to some of North Africa. From Europe rice was brought to the New World. From Portugal it was brought into Brazil and from Spain to Central and South America. Rice could be taken to many regions of the planet because of its adaptability. It can fill in the desert states of Saudi Arabia, in the wetland deltas of Southeast Asia in the overflowed rice fields which we are generally acquainted with. In the view of importance of systems of rice cultivation, this paper tries to provide the information about the systems of rice cultivation.

Rice has taken care of more individuals throughout a more extended timeframe than some other yield. As far back as 2500 B.C. rice has been archived in the set of experiences books as a wellspring of food and for custom also. Starting in China and the encompassing regions, its development spread all through Sri Lanka, and India. It was then gone to Greece and region of the Mediterranean. Rice spread all through Southern Europe and to some of North Africa. From Europe rice was brought to the New World. From Portugal it was brought into Brazil and from Spain to Central and South America. Rice could be taken to many regions of the planet because of its adaptability. It can fill in the desert states of Saudi Arabia, in the wetland deltas of Southeast Asia in the overflowed rice fields which we are generally acquainted with. In the view of importance of systems of rice cultivation, this paper tries to provide the information about the systems of rice cultivation.

Rice has taken care of more individuals throughout a more extended timeframe than some other yield. As far back as 2500 B.C. rice has been archived in the set of experiences books as a wellspring of food and for custom also. Starting in China and the encompassing regions, its development spread all through Sri Lanka, and India. It was then gone to Greece and region of the Mediterranean. Rice spread all through Southern Europe and to some of North Africa. From Europe rice was brought to the New World. From Portugal it was brought into Brazil and from Spain to Central and South America. Rice could be taken to many regions of the planet because of its adaptability. It can fill in the desert states of Saudi Arabia, in the wetland deltas of Southeast Asia in the overflowed rice fields which we are generally acquainted with. In the view of importance of systems of rice cultivation, this paper tries to provide the information about the systems of rice cultivation.

Rice has taken care of more individuals throughout a more extended timeframe than some other yield. As far back as 2500 B.C. rice has been archived in the set of experiences books as a wellspring of food and for custom also. Starting in China and the encompassing regions, its development spread all through Sri Lanka, and India. It was then gone to Greece and region of the Mediterranean. Rice spread all through Southern Europe and to some of North Africa. From Europe rice was brought to the New World. From Portugal it was brought into Brazil and from Spain to Central and South America. Rice could be taken to many regions of the planet because of its adaptability. It can fill in the desert states of Saudi Arabia, in the wetland deltas of Southeast Asia in the overflowed rice fields which we are generally acquainted with. In the view of importance of systems of rice cultivation, this paper tries to provide the information about the systems of rice cultivation.

We evaluate the influences of elevation and climate on the spatio-temporal distribution of wetland and dryland biomes during the Pennsylvanian and early Permian in tropical Pangea. The longstanding “upland model” places drought-tolerant vegetation in elevated habitats, where slope and drainage created moisture-limited substrates under a humid climate that simultaneously promoted peat accumulation in contemporaneous lowlands. Upland plants were periodically transported to, and buried in, lowlands. Rare preservation of dryland vegetation thus reflects its general absence in basins, and taphonomic vagaries of long-distance transport. The alternative “climate model” proposes that drought-tolerant plants dominated tropical habitats when climate was seasonally dry, with wetland vegetation reduced to scattered refugia. Environmental changes attending glacial-interglacial cycles caused alternating wetter-drier conditions, and the relative abundance of wetland versus dryland biomes in basinal lowlands thus varied with climatic oscillations. The paucity of drought-tolerant plants reflects a preservational megabias against habitats with seasonal moisture deficits. The environmental signal of “mixed” plant-fossil assemblages, comprising taxa characteristic of both wetland and dryland biomes, may help resolve these debates. We review key Pennsylvanian and lower Permian mixed assemblages from tropical Euramerican Pangea, and interpret their original habitats and climatic contexts based on multidisciplinary lines of evidence, including sedimentology, taphonomy, physiology, and paleoecology. Evaluations also consider patterns of vegetational distribution and taphonomy in modern tropical environments. We suggest that even a cursory view of current tropical plant distribution exposes flaws in the upland model. Where tropical climate is sufficiently humid to support peat swamps, slopes and elevated habitats do not host drought-tolerant vegetation, but are occupied by plants similar

We evaluate the influences of elevation and climate on the spatio-temporal distribution of wetland and dryland biomes during the Pennsylvanian and early Permian in tropical Pangea. The longstanding “upland model” places drought-tolerant vegetation in elevated habitats, where slope and drainage created moisture-limited substrates under a humid climate that simultaneously promoted peat accumulation in contemporaneous lowlands. Upland plants were periodically transported to, and buried in, lowlands. Rare preservation of dryland vegetation thus reflects its general absence in basins, and taphonomic vagaries of long-distance transport. The alternative “climate model” proposes that drought-tolerant plants dominated tropical habitats when climate was seasonally dry, with wetland vegetation reduced to scattered refugia. Environmental changes attending glacial-interglacial cycles caused alternating wetter-drier conditions, and the relative abundance of wetland versus dryland biomes in basinal lowlands thus varied with climatic oscillations. The paucity of drought-tolerant plants reflects a preservational megabias against habitats with seasonal moisture deficits. The environmental signal of “mixed” plant-fossil assemblages, comprising taxa characteristic of both wetland and dryland biomes, may help resolve these debates. We review key Pennsylvanian and lower Permian mixed assemblages from tropical Euramerican Pangea, and interpret their original habitats and climatic contexts based on multidisciplinary lines of evidence, including sedimentology, taphonomy, physiology, and paleoecology. Evaluations also consider patterns of vegetational distribution and taphonomy in modern tropical environments. We suggest that even a cursory view of current tropical plant distribution exposes flaws in the upland model. Where tropical climate is sufficiently humid to support peat swamps, slopes and elevated habitats do not host drought-tolerant vegetation, but are occupied by plants similar

Rice yield reduction due to water limitation depends on its severity and duration and on the phenological stage of its occurrence. We exposed three contrasting rice genotypes, IR64, UPLRi7 and Apo (adapted to lowland, upland and aerobic conditions, respectively), to three water regimes (puddle, 100% and 60% field capacity) in pots during the vegetative (GSI), flowering (GSII) and grain filling (GSIII) stages. Stress at all the three stages significantly reduced yield especially in lowland genotype IR64. Effect of water limitation was more severe at GSII than at the other two stages. Stress at GSI stage reduced both source activity (leaf area and photosynthetic rate) and sink capacity (tiller number or panicle number per pot). When stress was imposed at GSII, spikelet fertility was most affected in all the three genotypes. In both GSII and GSIII, although leaf area was constant in all the three water regimes, estimated relative whole-plant photosynthesis was strongly associated with yield reduction. Reduced photosynthesis due to stress at any given stage was found to have direct impact on yield. Compared to the other genotypes, Apo had deeper roots and maintained a better water relation, thus, higher carbon gain and spikelet viability, and ultimately, higher biomass and productivity under water-limited conditions. Therefore, screening for these stage-dependent adaptive mechanisms is crucial in breeding for sustained rice production under water limitation.

After decades of fire suppression in eastern North America, land managers now are prioritizing prescribed fire as a management tool to restore or maintain fire-adapted vegetation communities. However, in long-fire-suppressed landscapes, such as the central and southern Appalachians, it is unknown how bats will respond to prescribed fire in both riparian and upland forest habitats. To address these concerns, we conducted zero-crossing acoustic surveys of bat activity in burned, unburned, riparian, and non-riparian areas in the central Appalachians, Virginia, USA. Burn and riparian variables had model support (Delta AICc < 4) to explain activity of all bat species. Nonetheless, parameter estimates for these conditions were small and confidence intervals overlapped zero for all species, indicating effect sizes were marginal. Our results suggest that bats respond to fire differently between upland and riparian forest habitats, but overall, large landscape-level prescribed fire has a slightly positive to neutral impact on all bats species identified at our study site post-fire application.

After decades of fire suppression in eastern North America, land managers now are prioritizing prescribed fire as a management tool to restore or maintain fire-adapted vegetation communities. However, in long-fire-suppressed landscapes, such as the central and southern Appalachians, it is unknown how bats will respond to prescribed fire in both riparian and upland forest habitats. To address these concerns, we conducted zero-crossing acoustic surveys of bat activity in burned, unburned, riparian, and non-riparian areas in the central Appalachians, Virginia, USA. Burn and riparian variables had model support (Delta AICc < 4) to explain activity of all bat species. Nonetheless, parameter estimates for these conditions were small and confidence intervals overlapped zero for all species, indicating effect sizes were marginal. Our results suggest that bats respond to fire differently between upland and riparian forest habitats, but overall, large landscape-level prescribed fire has a slightly positive to neutral impact on all bats species identified at our study site post-fire application.

Transgressive segregation in cotton (Gossypium spp.) provides an important approach to enhance resistance to the major pest root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Our previous studies reported transgressive RKN resistance in an intraspecific Gossypium hirsutum resistant NemX × susceptible SJ-2 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and early generations of interspecific cross Gossypium barbadense (susceptible Pima S-7) × G. hirsutum (NemX). However, the underlying functional mechanisms for this phenomenon are not known. In this study, the region of RKN resistance gene rkn1 on chromosome (Chr) 11 and its homoeologous Chr 21 was fine mapped with G. raimondii D5 genome reference sequence. Transgressive resistance was found in the later generation of a new RIL population F2:7 (Pima S-7 × NemX) and one interspecific F2 (susceptible Pima S-7 × susceptible SJ-2). QTL analysis revealed similar contributions to root-galling and egg-production resistance phenotypes associated with SSR marker CIR316 linked to resistance gene rkn1 in NemX on Chr 11 in all seven populations analyzed. In testcross NemX × F1 (Pima S-7 × SJ-2) marker allele CIR069-271 from Pima S-7 linked to CIR316 contributed 63% of resistance to galling phenotype in the presence of rkn1. Similarly, in RIL population F2:8 (NemX × SJ-2), SJ-2 markers closely linked to CIR316 contributed up to 82% of resistance to root-galling. These results were confirmed in BC1F1 SJ-2 × F1 (NemX × SJ-2), F2 (NemX × SJ-2), and F2 (Pima S-7 × SJ-2) populations in which up to 44, 36, and 15% contribution in resistance to galling was found, respectively. Transgressive segregation for resistance was universal in all intra- and inter-specific populations, although stronger transgressive resistance occurred in later than in early generations in the intraspecific cross compared with the interspecific cross. Transgressive effects on progeny from susceptible parents are possibly provided in the rkn1 resistance region of chromosom

Transgressive segregation in cotton (Gossypium spp.) provides an important approach to enhance resistance to the major pest root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Our previous studies reported transgressive RKN resistance in an intraspecific Gossypium hirsutum resistant NemX × susceptible SJ-2 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population and early generations of interspecific cross Gossypium barbadense (susceptible Pima S-7) × G. hirsutum (NemX). However, the underlying functional mechanisms for this phenomenon are not known. In this study, the region of RKN resistance gene rkn1 on chromosome (Chr) 11 and its homoeologous Chr 21 was fine mapped with G. raimondii D5 genome reference sequence. Transgressive resistance was found in the later generation of a new RIL population F2:7 (Pima S-7 × NemX) and one interspecific F2 (susceptible Pima S-7 × susceptible SJ-2). QTL analysis revealed similar contributions to root-galling and egg-production resistance phenotypes associated with SSR marker CIR316 linked to resistance gene rkn1 in NemX on Chr 11 in all seven populations analyzed. In testcross NemX × F1 (Pima S-7 × SJ-2) marker allele CIR069-271 from Pima S-7 linked to CIR316 contributed 63% of resistance to galling phenotype in the presence of rkn1. Similarly, in RIL population F2:8 (NemX × SJ-2), SJ-2 markers closely linked to CIR316 contributed up to 82% of resistance to root-galling. These results were confirmed in BC1F1 SJ-2 × F1 (NemX × SJ-2), F2 (NemX × SJ-2), and F2 (Pima S-7 × SJ-2) populations in which up to 44, 36, and 15% contribution in resistance to galling was found, respectively. Transgressive segregation for resistance was universal in all intra- and inter-specific populations, although stronger transgressive resistance occurred in later than in early generations in the intraspecific cross compared with the interspecific cross. Transgressive effects on progeny from susceptible parents are possibly provided in the rkn1 resistance region of chromosom

Aragon, Spain?

Col de Légal, Cantal, Auvergne, France

Torbel, Valais, Switzerland

The distribution of a freshwater species is often dependent on its ability to disperse within the riverine system. Species with high dispersal abilities tend to be widespread, whereas those with restricted dispersal tend to be geographically restricted and are usually given higher conservation priority. Population structure was compared between a widespread freshwater prawn species, Macrobrachium australiense, and a narrow-range endemic freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium koombooloomba. The distribution of M. australiense and M. koombooloomba did not overlap, although suggested historical river-boundary rearrangements indicate that there has been the potential for dispersal into neighbouring catchments. A fragment of the mtDNA CO1 gene was analysed and a Mantel test revealed a significant isolation by distance effect for both species. Significant overall FST values confirmed that both species exhibited low levels of dispersal, a prediction for populations inhabiting a fragmented upland environment. The level of structure in M. australiense is surprising for a widely distributed species. Not all M. australiense populations conformed to the stream-hierarchy model, with results being best explained by historical river realignment or cross-catchment dispersal. The fact that both species show limited dispersal highlights the importance of conservation in highland areas for both endemic and widely spread species.

Hara nitrogen merupakan hara makro yang penting bagi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman jagung, sementara itu ketersediaan di dalam tanah tidak cukup bagi tanaman. Kajian untuk mengetahui respon sembilan varietas jagung terhadap peningkatan dosis pupuk nitrogen telah dilakukan di lahan sawah dan lahan kering Kabupaten Bantaeng, Sulawesi Selatan pada bulan Mei-Desember 2009. Percobaan ditata dalam rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial dua faktor dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor I adalah sembilan varietas jagung dan faktor II dua dosis pupuk Nitrogen (200 dan 400 kg N/ha). Ukuran petak 3 m x 5 m, jarak tanam 75 cm x 20 cm, 2 biji/lubang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bobot tongkol, bobot 1000 biji dan tinggi letak tongkol jagung dipengaruhi oleh interaksi tiga faktor (lokasi x varietas x pupuk), sehingga untuk mendapatkan keragaan yang optimal untuk karakter tersebut membutuhkan kombinasi perlakuan lokasi, varietas dan pupuk N tertentu (spesifik lokasi). Pola respon varietas jagung terhadap pupuk N di lahan sawah berbeda dengan pola respon varietas terhadap pupuk N di lahan kering, di mana respon positif varietas terhadap pupuk N ditemukan di lahan sawah, tetapi respon negatif terdapat di lahan kering. Respon positif terbaik terhadap pupuk N di lahan sawah terdapat pada varietas Lokal B kuning dan X01904, sementara respon negative terkecil di lahan kering terdapat pada varietas X02804. Berdasarkan bobot tongkol, varietas Bima 1 dan X01904 layak dikembangkan di lahan sawah Kabupaten Bantaeng, dan varietas Bima 1, X02904, dan X03604 cukup prospektif untuk lahan kering Kabupaten Bantaeng, Sulawesi Selatan.

Medininkų aukštumos reljefas vienas iš seniausių Lietuvos teritorijoje. Darbe analizuojamas Medininkų aukštumos apgyvendinimas nuo akmens amžiaus iki šių dienų. Akmens amžiaus gyvenviečių šioje teritorijoje nerasta, seniausios gyvenvietės buvo iš bronzos bei geležies amžiaus, kurių vietas liudijo piliakalniai bei pilkapynai. Vėlesniais laikais gyvenviečių tinklas patyrė daug pokyčių dėl besikeičiančios valdžio, bei žemės reformų. Šiuo metu Medininkų aukštumoje yra įsikūruios 486 skirtingo dydžio ir struktūros gyvenvietės, kurias daugiausiai sudaro mažos ir vidutinio dydžio dispersiškos gyvenvietės, kurios apima 90% visų gyvenviečių esančių šioje aukštumoje. Gyvenviečių dydis ir forma yra labiau įtakota morfogeninių ypatumų, nei hidrografinio tinklo, nes mažiau nei 30% gyvenviečių yra įsikūrusios prie upių, kurių dauguma yra mažos bei Medininkų aukštumoje nėra ežerų., Medininkai highland is the oldest relief area in Lithuania. The study is based on analysis of settlements establishment in Medininkai highland since Stone Age to present days. There were not found any settlement traces of Stone Age in this area. The oldest settlements in Medininkai highland were mounds and barrows from late Bronze Age to Iron Age. During later periods settlements in this area went though many changes due to change of government and new land reforms each time. At present this highland area has 486 settelments of different size and structure. The area mainly consists of small and average dispersed settlements, which make about 90% of all settlements found in Medininkai highland. The size and form of settlements are more influenced by morphogenic peculiarities, than by hydrographic network in area because less than 30% of settlement are established by rivers that are mainly small and there are no lakes in Medininkai highland.

Land use and farmers' livelihoods in mountainous regions of northern Laos are rapidly moving away fromsubsistence to market based agricultural systems, changing farmers' relationship with land and naturalresources. The current study examines patterns of land use change in northern Laos, especially focusingon the expansion of agricultural land in upland areas. It also examines factors that influence local farmers'livelihood and their decisions on land use. A series of government policies that were implemented sincethe 1980s restricted upland farmers' access to upland fields and fallow forests, and led to the relocation ofupland communities. The opening of regional borders for trade in the early 1990s, which brought neweconomic opportunities for local farmers, further accelerated the demand for agricultural land and led to aconcentration of population in settlements along the road. A combination of both external and internalfactors are influencing households in rural areas to actively seek new economic opportunities and adapttheir livelihood basis, as well as altering their relationship with land and resources. This rapid transformationalso questions the effectiveness of the government's resource management policy that developedduring the 1990s aiming to control expansion of upland shifting cultivation practices through delineationof resource boundaries.

Small streams account for the majority of channel length in river basins worldwide and are the primary conveyors of terrestrial nutrients to rivers and ultimately the oceans. The controls of stream nutrient fluxes, however, are debated. Classical models emphasize that nutrient transport in streams integrates nutrient cycling in the terrestrial watershed while others argue that in-stream processes control nutrient flux. Recent studies have shown that in-stream cycling can be important in determining downstream nutrient fluxes, but results have not been reconciled with mass-balance calculations at the small-watershed scale. Here we use a simple analytical framework to assess nutrient cycling in streams and show that, under most conditions, longitudinally static nutrient concentrations reflect in-stream biotic balance between uptake and regeneration and groundwater inputs. Using measures of nutrient concentrations in small streams across four biomes, we provide evidence for generality of biogeochemical steady state (inputs outputs) in stream ecosystems: overall, longitudinal profiles were. at for nitrogen and phosphorus and were similar in concentration to soil and ground waters. Deviation from. at longitudinal profiles was associated with seasonal or successional biomass growth and small groundwater inputs relative to in-stream sink strength. We conclude that streams tend strongly toward nutrient balance, allowing use of their chemistry as an integrated measure of terrestrial nutrient losses.

A flood exceeding the 100 year average recurrence interval in November 2005 led to the failure of an upland peat bog in Waterfall Gully. The area is prone to severe bushfire and flood events and the control dam at the base of First Falls was filled with sediment sourced from Wilson Bog. A resistant quartzite bar at Fourth Falls has formed a natural constriction point against which burnt logs and debris have collected following previous fire events forming a natural dam resulting in sediment/peat accumulation upstream. The failure of the bog was inevitable as the vegetative material in the log-jam progressively weakened and rotted. Intense flooding triggered the failure but it was augmented by the build up of a critical mass of sediment upstream of the restriction point. The downstream force of the flood waters and the weight of the saturated bog sediments was enough to overcome the basal frictional forces resulting in slumping and headward erosion. LiDAR data clearly shows an erosion channel scoured out by the flood. Approximately 5000 m3 of sediment (-10,100 tonnes) was washed downstream. LiDAR coupled with a tri-spectral scanner has the capacity to identify other upland peat bogs due to their high NDVI value and assess their stability on steep slopes or narrow valleys. Fire is another risk to the stability of these bogs as it has the potential to remove binding vegetation and expose unconsolidated sediments to erosion during subsequent rain events. Groundsurface and vegetation surface DEM's generated from LiDAR combined with NDVI maps derived from a tri-spectral scanner provide an ideal tool to monitor and assess the risk of slumping in other upland peat bogs.

A flood exceeding the 100 year average recurrence interval in November 2005 led to the failure of an upland peat bog in Waterfall Gully. The area is prone to severe bushfire and flood events and the control dam at the base of First Falls was filled with sediment sourced from Wilson Bog. A resistant quartzite bar at Fourth Falls has formed a natural constriction point against which burnt logs and debris have collected following previous fire events forming a natural dam resulting in sediment/peat accumulation upstream. The failure of the bog was inevitable as the vegetative material in the log-jam progressively weakened and rotted. Intense flooding triggered the failure but it was augmented by the build up of a critical mass of sediment upstream of the restriction point. The downstream force of the flood waters and the weight of the saturated bog sediments was enough to overcome the basal frictional forces resulting in slumping and headward erosion. LiDAR data clearly shows an erosion channel scoured out by the flood. Approximately 5000 m3 of sediment (-10,100 tonnes) was washed downstream. LiDAR coupled with a tri-spectral scanner has the capacity to identify other upland peat bogs due to their high NDVI value and assess their stability on steep slopes or narrow valleys. Fire is another risk to the stability of these bogs as it has the potential to remove binding vegetation and expose unconsolidated sediments to erosion during subsequent rain events. Groundsurface and vegetation surface DEM's generated from LiDAR combined with NDVI maps derived from a tri-spectral scanner provide an ideal tool to monitor and assess the risk of slumping in other upland peat bogs.

A flood exceeding the 100 year average recurrence interval in November 2005 led to the failure of an upland peat bog in Waterfall Gully. The area is prone to severe bushfire and flood events and the control dam at the base of First Falls was filled with sediment sourced from Wilson Bog. A resistant quartzite bar at Fourth Falls has formed a natural constriction point against which burnt logs and debris have collected following previous fire events forming a natural dam resulting in sediment/peat accumulation upstream. The failure of the bog was inevitable as the vegetative material in the log-jam progressively weakened and rotted. Intense flooding triggered the failure but it was augmented by the build up of a critical mass of sediment upstream of the restriction point. The downstream force of the flood waters and the weight of the saturated bog sediments was enough to overcome the basal frictional forces resulting in slumping and headward erosion. LiDAR data clearly shows an erosion channel scoured out by the flood. Approximately 5000 m3 of sediment (-10,100 tonnes) was washed downstream. LiDAR coupled with a tri-spectral scanner has the capacity to identify other upland peat bogs due to their high NDVI value and assess their stability on steep slopes or narrow valleys. Fire is another risk to the stability of these bogs as it has the potential to remove binding vegetation and expose unconsolidated sediments to erosion during subsequent rain events. Groundsurface and vegetation surface DEM's generated from LiDAR combined with NDVI maps derived from a tri-spectral scanner provide an ideal tool to monitor and assess the risk of slumping in other upland peat bogs.

Small streams account for the majority of channel length in river basins worldwide and are the primary conveyors of terrestrial nutrients to rivers and ultimately the oceans. The controls of stream nutrient fluxes, however, are debated. Classical models emphasize that nutrient transport in streams integrates nutrient cycling in the terrestrial watershed while others argue that in-stream processes control nutrient flux. Recent studies have shown that in-stream cycling can be important in determining downstream nutrient fluxes, but results have not been reconciled with mass-balance calculations at the small-watershed scale. Here we use a simple analytical framework to assess nutrient cycling in streams and show that, under most conditions, longitudinally static nutrient concentrations reflect in-stream biotic balance between uptake and regeneration and groundwater inputs. Using measures of nutrient concentrations in small streams across four biomes, we provide evidence for generality of biogeochemical steady state (inputs outputs) in stream ecosystems: overall, longitudinal profiles were. at for nitrogen and phosphorus and were similar in concentration to soil and ground waters. Deviation from. at longitudinal profiles was associated with seasonal or successional biomass growth and small groundwater inputs relative to in-stream sink strength. We conclude that streams tend strongly toward nutrient balance, allowing use of their chemistry as an integrated measure of terrestrial nutrient losses.

A flood exceeding the 100 year average recurrence interval in November 2005 led to the failure of an upland peat bog in Waterfall Gully. The area is prone to severe bushfire and flood events and the control dam at the base of First Falls was filled with sediment sourced from Wilson Bog. A resistant quartzite bar at Fourth Falls has formed a natural constriction point against which burnt logs and debris have collected following previous fire events forming a natural dam resulting in sediment/peat accumulation upstream. The failure of the bog was inevitable as the vegetative material in the log-jam progressively weakened and rotted. Intense flooding triggered the failure but it was augmented by the build up of a critical mass of sediment upstream of the restriction point. The downstream force of the flood waters and the weight of the saturated bog sediments was enough to overcome the basal frictional forces resulting in slumping and headward erosion. LiDAR data clearly shows an erosion channel scoured out by the flood. Approximately 5000 m3 of sediment (-10,100 tonnes) was washed downstream. LiDAR coupled with a tri-spectral scanner has the capacity to identify other upland peat bogs due to their high NDVI value and assess their stability on steep slopes or narrow valleys. Fire is another risk to the stability of these bogs as it has the potential to remove binding vegetation and expose unconsolidated sediments to erosion during subsequent rain events. Groundsurface and vegetation surface DEM's generated from LiDAR combined with NDVI maps derived from a tri-spectral scanner provide an ideal tool to monitor and assess the risk of slumping in other upland peat bogs.

A flood exceeding the 100 year average recurrence interval in November 2005 led to the failure of an upland peat bog in Waterfall Gully. The area is prone to severe bushfire and flood events and the control dam at the base of First Falls was filled with sediment sourced from Wilson Bog. A resistant quartzite bar at Fourth Falls has formed a natural constriction point against which burnt logs and debris have collected following previous fire events forming a natural dam resulting in sediment/peat accumulation upstream. The failure of the bog was inevitable as the vegetative material in the log-jam progressively weakened and rotted. Intense flooding triggered the failure but it was augmented by the build up of a critical mass of sediment upstream of the restriction point. The downstream force of the flood waters and the weight of the saturated bog sediments was enough to overcome the basal frictional forces resulting in slumping and headward erosion. LiDAR data clearly shows an erosion channel scoured out by the flood. Approximately 5000 m3 of sediment (-10,100 tonnes) was washed downstream. LiDAR coupled with a tri-spectral scanner has the capacity to identify other upland peat bogs due to their high NDVI value and assess their stability on steep slopes or narrow valleys. Fire is another risk to the stability of these bogs as it has the potential to remove binding vegetation and expose unconsolidated sediments to erosion during subsequent rain events. Groundsurface and vegetation surface DEM's generated from LiDAR combined with NDVI maps derived from a tri-spectral scanner provide an ideal tool to monitor and assess the risk of slumping in other upland peat bogs.

A total of ten upland dune sheets, totaling 245 km in combined length, have been investigated for their origin(s) along the Oregon coast (500 km in length). The ages of dune emplacement range from 0.1 to 103 ka based on radiocarbon (36 samples) and luminescence (46 samples) dating techniques. The majority of the emplacement dates fall into two periods of late-Pleistocene age (11–103 ka) and mid–late-Holocene age (0.1–8 ka) that correspond to marine low-stand and marine high-stand conditions, respectively. The distribution of both the late-Pleistocene dune sheets (516 km2 total surface area) and the late-Holocene dune sheets (184 km2) are concentrated (90% of total surface area) along a 100 km coastal reach of the south-central Oregon coast. This coastal reach lies directly landward of a major bight (Heceta–Perpetua–Stonewall Banks) on the continental shelf, at depths of 30–200 m below present mean sea level (MSL). The banks served to trap northward littoral drift during most of the late-Pleistocene conditions of lowered sea level (− 50 ± 20 m MSL). The emerged inner-shelf permitted cross-shelf, eolian sand transport (10–50 km distance) by onshore winds. The depocenter sand deposits were reworked by the Holocene marine transgression and carried landward by asymmetric wave transport during early- to mid-Holocene time. The earliest dated onset of Holocene dune accretion occurred at 8 ka in the central Oregon coast. A northward migration of Northeast Pacific storm tracks to the latitude of the shelf depocenter (Stonewall, Perpetua, Heceta Banks) in Holocene time resulted in eastward wave transport from the offshore depocenter. The complex interplay of coastal morphology, paleosea-level, and paleoclimate yielded the observed peak distribution of beach and dune sand observed along the south-central Oregon coast.

A total of ten upland dune sheets, totaling 245 km in combined length, have been investigated for their origin(s) along the Oregon coast (500 km in length). The ages of dune emplacement range from 0.1 to 103 ka based on radiocarbon (36 samples) and luminescence (46 samples) dating techniques. The majority of the emplacement dates fall into two periods of late-Pleistocene age (11–103 ka) and mid–late-Holocene age (0.1–8 ka) that correspond to marine low-stand and marine high-stand conditions, respectively. The distribution of both the late-Pleistocene dune sheets (516 km2 total surface area) and the late-Holocene dune sheets (184 km2) are concentrated (90% of total surface area) along a 100 km coastal reach of the south-central Oregon coast. This coastal reach lies directly landward of a major bight (Heceta–Perpetua–Stonewall Banks) on the continental shelf, at depths of 30–200 m below present mean sea level (MSL). The banks served to trap northward littoral drift during most of the late-Pleistocene conditions of lowered sea level (− 50 ± 20 m MSL). The emerged inner-shelf permitted cross-shelf, eolian sand transport (10–50 km distance) by onshore winds. The depocenter sand deposits were reworked by the Holocene marine transgression and carried landward by asymmetric wave transport during early- to mid-Holocene time. The earliest dated onset of Holocene dune accretion occurred at 8 ka in the central Oregon coast. A northward migration of Northeast Pacific storm tracks to the latitude of the shelf depocenter (Stonewall, Perpetua, Heceta Banks) in Holocene time resulted in eastward wave transport from the offshore depocenter. The complex interplay of coastal morphology, paleosea-level, and paleoclimate yielded the observed peak distribution of beach and dune sand observed along the south-central Oregon coast.

A total of ten upland dune sheets, totaling 245 km in combined length, have been investigated for their origin(s) along the Oregon coast (500 km in length). The ages of dune emplacement range from 0.1 to 103 ka based on radiocarbon (36 samples) and luminescence (46 samples) dating techniques. The majority of the emplacement dates fall into two periods of late-Pleistocene age (11–103 ka) and mid–late-Holocene age (0.1–8 ka) that correspond to marine low-stand and marine high-stand conditions, respectively. The distribution of both the late-Pleistocene dune sheets (516 km2 total surface area) and the late-Holocene dune sheets (184 km2) are concentrated (90% of total surface area) along a 100 km coastal reach of the south-central Oregon coast. This coastal reach lies directly landward of a major bight (Heceta–Perpetua–Stonewall Banks) on the continental shelf, at depths of 30–200 m below present mean sea level (MSL). The banks served to trap northward littoral drift during most of the late-Pleistocene conditions of lowered sea level (− 50 ± 20 m MSL). The emerged inner-shelf permitted cross-shelf, eolian sand transport (10–50 km distance) by onshore winds. The depocenter sand deposits were reworked by the Holocene marine transgression and carried landward by asymmetric wave transport during early- to mid-Holocene time. The earliest dated onset of Holocene dune accretion occurred at 8 ka in the central Oregon coast. A northward migration of Northeast Pacific storm tracks to the latitude of the shelf depocenter (Stonewall, Perpetua, Heceta Banks) in Holocene time resulted in eastward wave transport from the offshore depocenter. The complex interplay of coastal morphology, paleosea-level, and paleoclimate yielded the observed peak distribution of beach and dune sand observed along the south-central Oregon coast.

A total of ten upland dune sheets, totaling 245 km in combined length, have been investigated for their origin(s) along the Oregon coast (500 km in length). The ages of dune emplacement range from 0.1 to 103 ka based on radiocarbon (36 samples) and luminescence (46 samples) dating techniques. The majority of the emplacement dates fall into two periods of late-Pleistocene age (11–103 ka) and mid–late-Holocene age (0.1–8 ka) that correspond to marine low-stand and marine high-stand conditions, respectively. The distribution of both the late-Pleistocene dune sheets (516 km2 total surface area) and the late-Holocene dune sheets (184 km2) are concentrated (90% of total surface area) along a 100 km coastal reach of the south-central Oregon coast. This coastal reach lies directly landward of a major bight (Heceta–Perpetua–Stonewall Banks) on the continental shelf, at depths of 30–200 m below present mean sea level (MSL). The banks served to trap northward littoral drift during most of the late-Pleistocene conditions of lowered sea level (− 50 ± 20 m MSL). The emerged inner-shelf permitted cross-shelf, eolian sand transport (10–50 km distance) by onshore winds. The depocenter sand deposits were reworked by the Holocene marine transgression and carried landward by asymmetric wave transport during early- to mid-Holocene time. The earliest dated onset of Holocene dune accretion occurred at 8 ka in the central Oregon coast. A northward migration of Northeast Pacific storm tracks to the latitude of the shelf depocenter (Stonewall, Perpetua, Heceta Banks) in Holocene time resulted in eastward wave transport from the offshore depocenter. The complex interplay of coastal morphology, paleosea-level, and paleoclimate yielded the observed peak distribution of beach and dune sand observed along the south-central Oregon coast.

This is a study on livelihood transformation in a rural village in the Philippines. It documents the economy of the village during the period of the late 1960s to the 1990s. While the coconut industry has been a major source of livelihood in this village, the village people still sought other economic opportunities. From the 1960s, they worked as seasonal workers in lowland farms, planted vegetables in the mountains, and raised hogs. This research shows that livelihood transformation in this village was facilitated by a combination of several factors: desire of the people to continuously improve their economic situation, opportunities offered by improved infrastructure such as roads, existence of markets for their products (vegetables, hogs), and the favorable land conditions within and in the surrounding areas of the village. The livelihood of this village is not solely dependent on an export-oriented coconut industry, but rather on the wise use of the land and the economic opportunities offered by the domestic market.

In the humid tropics of SE-Asia the last primary forests are dwindling at an alarming rate. In many regions cultivated and degraded land outnumbers by far natural ecosystems. In the upland of Leyte island this is due to commercial and illegal logging activities and intensive slash-and-burn agriculture. The loss of the natural vegetation cover is accompanied by a decrease in diversity of fauna and flora, consequently also in ecosystem services and interactions, thus destabilizing the system and finally leading to degradation. To further preserve and restore natural biodiversity landscapes dominated by man need to be included in an overall research strategy. So far only few studies focus on the biodiversity of cleared and converted land adjacent to natural areas in the tropics. This study was conducted in a Philippine upland area and focused on interchanges of insects between the natural and the managed landscape. Two questions were approached. (1) Which structures and components of the cultural landscape are of significance for conserving arthropod biodiversity, and (2) are there species which originate from the natural forest and are able to become resident in the man-made systems? In order to answer these questions insect- and plant surveys as well as the movement patterns of selected insect species were examined along a gradient from the natural forest through the agricultural land. So as to define the effects of habitat destruction on the arthropod community of the research area arthropod communities of different habitats between the natural and agricultural ecosystems with increasing distance to the forest, in relation to the vegetation were compared. Insect sampling was carried out using modified Malaise traps, whereby four habitats were considered: (a) forest interior, (b) forest margin, (c) vegetable fields and (d) chayote ((Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Cucurbitaceae); the only perennial vegetable of the area) fields. These traps allowed a separate catch for ea, In den feuchten Tropen Süd-Ost Asiens nehmen die natürlichen Waldbestände weiterhin ab. Der Landschaftsanteil genutzter und degradierter Flächen liegt heute zumeist deutlich höher als derjenige naturbelassener Standorte. Im Hochland der Insel Leyte, Philippinen, wird der Verlust natürlicher Waldbestände vor allem durch kommerzielle und illegale Abholzung sowie intensive Brandrodung verursacht. Der Rückgang der natürlichen Vegetation wird begleitet von einer abnehmenden Vielfalt an Flora und Fauna und damit auch von Leistungen und Wechselbeziehungen innerhalb des Ökosystems. Dies führt zum Ungleichgewicht und letztendlich zur Zerstörung des betreffenden Ökosystems. Um die natürliche Biodiversität so weit als möglich erhalten und wiederherstellen zu können, müssen sowohl die Ökosysteme der natürlichen als auch der genutzten und degradierten Flächen mit ihren Wechselbeziehungen erfasst werden. Bis heute hatten in den Tropen nur wenige Studien die Artenvielfalt degradierter und genutzter Flächen im Vergleich zu den angrenzenden, natürlichen Arealen zum Gegenstand. Die vorliegende Studie wurde in einer Hochlandregion der Philippinen durchgeführt und konzentrierte sich auf ausgewählte Insekten und deren Wanderungsverhalten zwischen natürlichen (Regenwald) und landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen. Zwei Fragen standen hierbei im Vordergrund: (1) welche Strukturen und Komponenten der Kulturlandschaft sind für die Erhaltung der Arthropodendiversität von Bedeutung, und (2) gibt es Arten, welche im natürlichen System, dem Regenwald, beheimatet sind und sich in der neu entstandenen Kulturlandschaft ansiedeln können? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurden Bestandsaufnahmen zum Vorkommen von Insekten- und Pflanzenarten entlang des Habitatgradienten Wald ? Feld durchgeführt, sowie die Abundanzmuster ausgewählter Insektenarten erfasst. Die Insekten wurden mit Hilfe modifizierter Malaise-Fallen in den vier Habitaten Wald, Waldrand, annuelle Gemüsekulturen, - und perennierende Chayote

In the humid tropics of SE-Asia the last primary forests are dwindling at an alarming rate. In many regions cultivated and degraded land outnumbers by far natural ecosystems. In the upland of Leyte island this is due to commercial and illegal logging activities and intensive slash-and-burn agriculture. The loss of the natural vegetation cover is accompanied by a decrease in diversity of fauna and flora, consequently also in ecosystem services and interactions, thus destabilizing the system and finally leading to degradation. To further preserve and restore natural biodiversity landscapes dominated by man need to be included in an overall research strategy. So far only few studies focus on the biodiversity of cleared and converted land adjacent to natural areas in the tropics. This study was conducted in a Philippine upland area and focused on interchanges of insects between the natural and the managed landscape. Two questions were approached. (1) Which structures and components of the cultural landscape are of significance for conserving arthropod biodiversity, and (2) are there species which originate from the natural forest and are able to become resident in the man-made systems? In order to answer these questions insect- and plant surveys as well as the movement patterns of selected insect species were examined along a gradient from the natural forest through the agricultural land. So as to define the effects of habitat destruction on the arthropod community of the research area arthropod communities of different habitats between the natural and agricultural ecosystems with increasing distance to the forest, in relation to the vegetation were compared. Insect sampling was carried out using modified Malaise traps, whereby four habitats were considered: (a) forest interior, (b) forest margin, (c) vegetable fields and (d) chayote ((Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Cucurbitaceae); the only perennial vegetable of the area) fields. These traps allowed a separate catch for ea, In den feuchten Tropen Süd-Ost Asiens nehmen die natürlichen Waldbestände weiterhin ab. Der Landschaftsanteil genutzter und degradierter Flächen liegt heute zumeist deutlich höher als derjenige naturbelassener Standorte. Im Hochland der Insel Leyte, Philippinen, wird der Verlust natürlicher Waldbestände vor allem durch kommerzielle und illegale Abholzung sowie intensive Brandrodung verursacht. Der Rückgang der natürlichen Vegetation wird begleitet von einer abnehmenden Vielfalt an Flora und Fauna und damit auch von Leistungen und Wechselbeziehungen innerhalb des Ökosystems. Dies führt zum Ungleichgewicht und letztendlich zur Zerstörung des betreffenden Ökosystems. Um die natürliche Biodiversität so weit als möglich erhalten und wiederherstellen zu können, müssen sowohl die Ökosysteme der natürlichen als auch der genutzten und degradierten Flächen mit ihren Wechselbeziehungen erfasst werden. Bis heute hatten in den Tropen nur wenige Studien die Artenvielfalt degradierter und genutzter Flächen im Vergleich zu den angrenzenden, natürlichen Arealen zum Gegenstand. Die vorliegende Studie wurde in einer Hochlandregion der Philippinen durchgeführt und konzentrierte sich auf ausgewählte Insekten und deren Wanderungsverhalten zwischen natürlichen (Regenwald) und landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen. Zwei Fragen standen hierbei im Vordergrund: (1) welche Strukturen und Komponenten der Kulturlandschaft sind für die Erhaltung der Arthropodendiversität von Bedeutung, und (2) gibt es Arten, welche im natürlichen System, dem Regenwald, beheimatet sind und sich in der neu entstandenen Kulturlandschaft ansiedeln können? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, wurden Bestandsaufnahmen zum Vorkommen von Insekten- und Pflanzenarten entlang des Habitatgradienten Wald ? Feld durchgeführt, sowie die Abundanzmuster ausgewählter Insektenarten erfasst. Die Insekten wurden mit Hilfe modifizierter Malaise-Fallen in den vier Habitaten Wald, Waldrand, annuelle Gemüsekulturen, - und perennierende Chayote

This is a study on livelihood transformation in a rural village in the Philippines. It documents the economy of the village during the period of the late 1960s to the 1990s. While the coconut industry has been a major source of livelihood in this village, the village people still sought other economic opportunities. From the 1960s, they worked as seasonal workers in lowland farms, planted vegetables in the mountains, and raised hogs. This research shows that livelihood transformation in this village was facilitated by a combination of several factors: desire of the people to continuously improve their economic situation, opportunities offered by improved infrastructure such as roads, existence of markets for their products (vegetables, hogs), and the favorable land conditions within and in the surrounding areas of the village. The livelihood of this village is not solely dependent on an export-oriented coconut industry, but rather on the wise use of the land and the economic opportunities offered by the domestic market.

This manual is a resource document providing technical guidance for evaluation of potential contaminant migration pathways from confined disposal facilities (CDFs). Disposal of dredged material in CDFs is one of the most commonly considered alternatives for material deemed unsuitable for conventional open water disposal because of potential contaminant impacts and is also an option commonly considered for disposal of contaminated sediments dredged for purposes of sediment remediation. If contaminated sediments are placed in a CDF, consideration of pathways for migration of contaminants from the site and potential contaminant impacts may be required. A suite of evaluation procedures and laboratory test procedures has been developed to evaluate CDF contaminant pathways and is presented in detail in this manual. A tiered testing and evaluation approach is used. The Tier I evaluation determines the need for pathway evaluations, pathways of concern, contaminants of concern, and which pathways require more detailed evaluations based on existing information. Tier II evaluations consist of determining the need for management actions derived from very conservative techniques that use the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of the dredged material and basic information about the CDF. Tier III focuses primarily on definitive evaluations, including pathway testing. Tier IV, which should rarely be needed for navigation projects, includes formal quantitative risk assessment designed to answer specific, well-defined questions., The original document contains color images.

4 photographs of intersection at West Foothill Boulevard and North Mountain Avenue, Upland, 3 photographs of wrecked automobile, Southern California, 1934. "Subject: Case of Jacob Groner assured, Intersection of Foothill b[ou]l[e]v[ar]d and Mountain Ave[nue], Uplands [sic]; Client: Metropolitan Casualty, Mr. Gill; Original Print Order: 2ea[ch]; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Job: 1-23-112; Year: 1934" -- on envelope front. "#1- 150 feet w[est] looking east; #2- 50 feet w[est] look N[orth] E[ast], skid marks; #3- 150 feet s[outh] looking North; #4- from N[orth] E[ast] corner looking So[uth] E[ast]" -- on card front. "Operator's Report Name: Joe; 7 Original Photographs--Size: 8x10; 90 Miles: Transportation at 7¢; 4 Hours: Time @ 2.00; Amount: 10.00, 6.30, 8.00" -- on envelope back. "Groner car going east on Valley B[ou]l[e]v[ar]d saw car coming that could not stop, swerved over to north east corner and was hit on right rear part of car and dragged to abutment and into Orange grove on North East corner." -- on envelope back.

Photograph of aerial view of flooded area of Foothill Boulevard, east of Upland, 1938. In the foreground at left, a large road can be seen extending into the background at right. In the foreground and at center, large amounts of silt and dirt completely cover sections of the road. The silt and dirt can also be seen covering the surrounding areas near the road. To the left and right of the road, large fields dotted with shrubs and vegetation can be seen. In the background at right, small structures can be seen besides plots of land. Photoprint reads: "This photograph is loaned to you. Please return to: Illustrator. L.A. City Planning Dept. Rm.361 F City Hall, Los Angeles, California".

Photograph of aerial view of flooded area on Foothill Boulevard, east of Upland, 1938. At center, the intersection of two large streets separates the image into four large quadrants. In the lower-left quadrant, large fields are visible. In the lower-right quadrant, large buildings and additional fields can be seen. In the upper left quadrant, a branching river can be seen trickling down over sections of the road into portions of the upper-right quadrant and lower-right quadrant. Large fields can be seen further to the left of the upper-left quadrant. Photoprint reads: "This photograph is loaned to you. Please return to: Illustrator. L.A. City Planning Dept. Rm.361 F City Hall, Los Angeles, California".

13 images. Upland Picture layout... City Hall... Fire Department... Orange Grove and Orchard... Main Street... New Housing projects... Monument, "Madonna of the Trail", 25 March 1952. Susan Ford, student, Junior High School; Bonnie Hadley, Student, Junior High School; Tony Bermudez, Building Trades workman; Gene Nisbet, Orange grower; Dog, "Trinka", owned by above; Alfred Tello, Orchard Foreman, from Cucamonga.; Caption slip reads: "Photographer: Mercurio. Reporter: Ostler. Assignment: Upland Pix layout. 164-41: Upland Junior High students Susan ford and Bonnie Hadley view city's landmark, the Madonna of the Trail, dedicated to the pioneer mothers of the covered wagon days. One of the notables attending the dedication in 1929, was President Truman who at that time was a judge. Monument located on Euclid Avenue and Foothill Boulevard. 10: Workman tony Bermudez of Ettiwanda seen carrying lumber with new housing project in background. 116-117: General view of the City Hall and Fire Department of Upland. 40-114, 113: View of city's main street -- looking north on Second Avenue. 165: Close-up of the monument, 'The Madonna of the Trail'. 7-8: General view of new Subdivision Housing development located just off Euclid Avenue south of Foothill Boulevard. 9: Workman clearing dirt from street with tractor-scraper at new housing project, one of seven currently under construction. 14: Orange grower Gene Nisbet with dog, Trinka, is checking trees and fruit with workman seen on ladder. 13: Orange grove view as seen from top of truck loaded with oranges. 206: Orchard foreman Alfred Tello of Cucamonga checks oranges in boxes. Note: workmen on ladders".

Encroachment of high-density urban development in the area of sand and gravel deposits at the base of the San Gabriel mountain range in southern California has led to the concentration of aggregate mining in a handful of open-pit mines with single production faces reaching up to 55 m in height, and long transport distances from the pit to the processing plant. The deposits are characterised by the thickness of the mineable stratigraphic unit and by vertical variation in size gradation and quality, with high compaction in the lower levels. Exploitation methods introduced by Vulcan Materials Company are presented. For mining above the water table at the Sun Valley, Reliance and Upland open pit mines, a modified dragline has been used as a highly productive excavation tool for the large, steep banks. For wet mining along the San Gabriel River Channel at the Durbin facility, a large high-capacity clamshell bucket dredge equipped with an on-board jaw crusher has been fitted with state-of-the-art GPS- and sonar-based navigation and control equipment., Encroachment of high-density urban development in the area of sand and gravel deposits at the base of the San Gabriel mountain range in southern California has led to the concentration of aggregate mining in a handful of open-pit mines with single production faces reaching up to 55 m in height, and long transport distances from the pit to the processing plant. The deposits are characterised by the thickness of the mineable stratigraphic unit and by vertical variation in size gradation and quality, with high compaction in the lower levels. Exploitation methods introduced by Vulcan Materials Company are presented. For mining above the water table at the Sun Valley, Reliance and Upland open pit mines, a modified dragline has been used as a highly productive excavation tool for the large, steep banks. For wet mining along the San Gabriel River Channel at the Durbin facility, a large high-capacity clamshell bucket dredge equipped with an on-board jaw crusher has been fitted with state-of-the-art GPS- and sonar-based navigation and control equipment.

Photograph of an exterior view of Dr. Millikan's residence in Upland, ca.1900. A two-story building with a sloped roof and at least five rectangular-shaped windows is visible at left. The residence is obscured by a few trees, while a horse and buggy can be seen in front of it at left. A woman can be seen seated inside the buggy, while a man wearing a hat can be seen standing behind the horse. Two yucca plants are visible in a grass lawn at center, while other trees can be seen behind them. A man wearing a cap is visible standing at right on a dirt road that runs across the foreground, while a utility pole is visible to the right of center near the road. Palm trees can be seen at right, while other homes can be seen in the background.

Photograph of an Y.M.C.A building in Upland, California. At center, a small one-story Craftsman-style building can be seen. The lower half of the building is made of cobblestone masonry, while a small tree stands to the left of the front door. A sidewalk runs past the front and right side of the building. Some editing of the image is evident.

Photograph looking north on Second Avenue (Main Street?) in Upland with a snowy Mount Baldy in the background, ca.1900. The buildings lining the unpaved street are mostly shops, and a line of utility poles on the left side. There is also a barber pole on the right side of the street. The only living thing visible on the street is a dog sitting near the estate office.; Legible signs include "Shoe Shop", "Livery Stables", "Hospital", "Harness Shop", "Shoes Repaired", "Horse Clipping", "F.W. Harts Estate Office", "News Depot", "Upland Store Dry Goods Furnishings", and "Laundry".

Photograph of a long view of a Santa Fe Railroad yard in San Bernardino, ca.1910. Long strips of metal with wheels at their ends lie across the foreground with rotating devices behind them. A man stands beneath an American flag displayed at the top of a small, brick building at center. A larger brick building stands on the left with tall, arched doorways. A locomotive can be seen in the distance while another is rolling stock. Compares to CHS-33365, another view of same location.

Photograph of an exterior view of the Santa Fe Railroad station in Upland, ca.1905. The station is at right and is a small wooden building with dark walls and a steeply sloped roof. Several people are standing in front of the building, and a man in a dark suit can be standing near a thick palm tree in the foreground at left. A set of railroad tracks can be seen in the foreground, and a small brick building can be seen in the background at left.