Search

This study, based on the economic and legal metrics of the Russian Federation, considers the possibility of implementing the concept of the rule of law in the modern world. The study emphasises the issue of the rule of law in any country being directly related to the problem of redistribution of public goods. In many ways, this can be considered an example of how economic stability ensures legal stability. The research methodology includes a dialectical method, which allowed to ensure compliance with the principles of scientific knowledge. The study shows the dynamics of ensuring human rights, the distribution of income and expenses in society over different periods in the history of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the authors come to the conclusion that the perception and functions of the concept of the rule of law will soon deviate from classical liberal values towards the basic ideas of social equality and justice.

Purpose of the study: to investigate the epidemiology of sepsis in patients with different locations of the infection focus, who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a multi-specialty hospital in 2014 and 2016.Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of examination and treatment of 860 patients admitted to ICU of a multi-specialty hospital with the diagnosis ‘sepsis’ in 2014 and 2016 was carried out. Sepsis was diagnosed pursuant to the Sepsis-2 Guidelines and verified by blood procalcitonin test. The gender, age, main diagnosis, patient’s severity at the time of admission to ICU, duration in ICU, and peculiarities of intensive care and outcomes were studied.Results. Sepsis was diagnosed at admission in 2014 in 361 (8.6%) patients out of 4175 patients, in 2016 — in 499 (10.5%) out of 4726 patients who were admitted to ICU and had infection foci of different location. Abdominal sepsis was diagnosed in 72.3% of patients, pulmonary — in 19.7%; in 8% of patients, sepsis complicated the terminal stage of various, mostly oncological, diseases. In 2016, sepsis detectability at admission to ICU increased by 22.1% vs. the 2014 level assumed as 100% (χ2=9.281; P=0.003). In case of the abdominal sepsis, mortality amounted to 50.3% and was not different from mortality in pulmonary sepsis — 52.1% (χ2=0,163; P=0.687). The ICU in-patient duration in case of pulmonary sepsis was considerably longer than in case of abdominal. The age was a predictor of mortality in case of abdominal sepsis (the age older than 65 years predicted the risk of lethal outcome with sensitivity equal to 58.8% and specificity equal to 59.9%), which was not true for pulmonary sepsis. The mortality prognosis during abdominal sepsis was improved by combined analysis of the SOFA score and patient’s age at admission: AUROC of the combined index was equal to 0.816 (95%-confidence interval: 0.783–0.846). Depending on the infection focus location, specificity of influence rendered on mortality by, Цель исследования: изучить эпидемиологию сепсиса у больных у больных с различной локализацией инфекционного очага, поступивших в отделение реаниматологии (ОР) многопрофильного стационара в 2014 и 2016 гг.Материал и методы. Ретроспективно проанализировали данные обследования и лечения 860 больных, поступивших в ОР многопрофильного стационара с диагнозом «сепсис» в 2014 и 2016 г. Сепсис диагностировали в соответствии с рекомендациями «Сепсис-2» и верифицировали с помощью определения содержания прокальцитонина в крови. Изучили половой состав, возраст, основной диагноз, тяжесть состояния больных при поступлении в ОР, длительность нахождения в ОР, особенности интенсивного лечения и исходы.Результаты. Сепсис при поступлении был диагностирован в 2014 г. у 361 (8,6%) больного из 4175 больных, в 2016 г. — у 499 (10,5%) из 4726 больных, госпитализированных в ОР и имевших инфекционные очаги различной локализации. Абдоминальный сепсис диагностировали у 72,3% больных, пульмоногенный — у 19,7%; у 8% больных сепсис осложнил терминальную стадию различных, преимущественно онкологических, заболеваний. В 2016 г. выявляемость сепсиса при поступлении в ОР увеличилась на 22,1% от уровня 2014 г., принятого за 100% (χ2=9,281; р=0,003). При абдоминальном сепсисе летальность составила 50,3% и не отличалась от летальности при пульмоногенном — 52,1% (χ2=0,163; р=0,687). Длительность госпитализации в ОР при пульмоногенном сепсисе была значительно продолжительней, чем при абдоминальном. Возраст был предиктором летальности при абдоминальном сепсисе (возраст старше 65 лет предсказывал риск летального исхода с чувствительностью 58,8% и специфичностью 59,9%), но не при пульмоногенном. Улучшение прогноза летальности при абдоминальном сепсисе обеспечил совместный анализ оценки по SOFA при поступлении и возраста больных: площадь под ROC-кривой объединенного показателя составила 0,816 (95%-ный доверительный интервал 0,783–0,846). В зависимости от локализации очага инфекции отмечены особенности влияния н

The article summarizes the international experience of using different types of anesthesia for the surgical treatment of carotid artery lesions. The anesthesiology support of surgery on the carotid basin includes general and combined anesthesia of various types. The regional anesthesia is a separate field in the carotid surgery. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of each anesthetic technique. The recent publications show the superiority of regional anesthesia in terms of its cost-effectiveness, less frequent use of temporary intraluminal shunt, the possibility to constant monitoring of patient’s neurological status throughout the operation, and lower incidence of neurologic and cardiac complications. Complications of the regional anesthesia and the methods of their correction are described in detail. There is still no consensus about the choice of the optimal type of anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy, hence further large-scale randomized trials are needed., В обзоре обобщен мировой опыт использования различных видов анестезии при хирургическом лечении поражения сонных артерий. Анестезиологическое обеспечение операций на каротидном бассейне включает в себя различные виды общей и комбинированной анестезии. Отдельным направлением в хирургии сонных артерий является регионарная анестезия. В работе представлены преимущества и недостатки каждого из методов обезболивания. В современной литературе продемонстрировано превосходство регионарной анестезии по следующим параметрам: экономическая эффективность, редкость использования временного внутреннего шунта, возможность постоянного контроля за неврологическим статусом пациента в течение всей операции, снижение частоты неврологических и кардиальных осложнений. Подробно описаны осложнения регионарной анестезии и способы их коррекции.До сих пор не существует единого мнения относительно выбора оптимального вида анестезии при выполнении каротидной эндартерэктомии, что говорит о необходимости проведения дальнейших крупномасштабных рандомизированных исследований.

The treatment by avermectins led to increasing susceptibility of Colorado potato beetle larvae to the fungal infection (Metarhizium robertsii). Application of entomopathogenic fungi and complex of natural avermectins together caused synergetic effect. Changes of insect’s immune status and impairment of pathological process during mycosis have been registered in presence of toxicogenic half-lethal concentrations of avermectins.

An increase of the sensitivity of the bait method of entomopathogenic fungi isolation from the soil was registered under the use of larvae Galleria mellonella envenomated by ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor. Further, modified method will allow to isolate fungi from soil with low titer of colony forming unit, particularly from steppes soils.

Non-spherical dielectric microparticles were suspended in a water-filled cell and exposed to a coherent Gaussian light beam with controlled state of polarization. When the beam polarization is linear, the particles were trapped at certain off-axial position within the beam cross section. After switching to the right (left) circular polarization, the particles performed spinning motion in agreement with the angular momentum imparted by the field, but they were involved in an orbital rotation around the beam axis as well, which in previous works [Y. Zhao et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 073901 (2007)] was treated as evidence for the spin-to orbital angular momentum conversion. Since in our realization the moderate focusing of the beam excluded the possibility for such a conversion, we consider the observed particle behavior as a demonstration of the macroscopic “spin energy flow” predicted by the theory of inhomogeneously polarized paraxial beams [A. Bekshaev et al, J. Opt. 13, 053001 (2011)].

Non-spherical dielectric microparticles were suspended in a water-filled cell and exposed to a coherent Gaussian light beam with controlled state of polarization. When the beam polarization is linear, the particles were trapped at certain off-axial position within the beam cross section. After switching to the right (left) circular polarization, the particles performed spinning motion in agreement with the angular momentum imparted by the field, but they were involved in an orbital rotation around the beam axis as well, which in previous works [Y. Zhao et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 073901 (2007)] was treated as evidence for the spin-to orbital angular momentum conversion. Since in our realization the moderate focusing of the beam excluded the possibility for such a conversion, we consider the observed particle behavior as a demonstration of the macroscopic “spin energy flow” predicted by the theory of inhomogeneously polarized paraxial beams [A. Bekshaev et al, J. Opt. 13, 053001 (2011)].