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5 results on '"Turkheimer, E."'

1. Genetically informed, multilevel analysis of the Flynn Effect across four decades and three WISC versions

Author

Giangrande, E. J., Beam, C. R., Finkel, Deborah, Davis, D. W., Turkheimer, E., Giangrande, E. J., Beam, C. R., Finkel, Deborah, Davis, D. W., and Turkheimer, E.

Abstract

This study investigated the systematic rise in cognitive ability scores over generations, known as the Flynn Effect, across middle childhood and early adolescence (7–15 years; 291 monozygotic pairs, 298 dizygotic pairs; 89% White). Leveraging the unique structure of the Louisville Twin Study (longitudinal data collected continuously from 1957 to 1999 using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC], WISC–R, and WISC–III ed.), multilevel analyses revealed between-subjects Flynn Effects—as both decrease in mean scores upon test re-standardization and increase in mean scores across cohorts—as well as within-child Flynn Effects on cognitive growth across age. Overall gains equaled approximately three IQ points per decade. Novel genetically informed analyses suggested that individual sensitivity to the Flynn Effect was moderated by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

Published
2022
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2. Genetic and environmental influences on human height from infancy through adulthood at different levels of parental education

Author

Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Latvala, A, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Willemsen, G, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Turkheimer, E, Boomsma, D, Srensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, Silventoinen, K, Jelenkovic, A, Sund, R, Yokoyama, Y, Latvala, A, Sugawara, M, Tanaka, M, Matsumoto, S, Freitas, DL, Maia, JA, Knafo-Noam, A, Mankuta, D, Abramson, L, Ji, F, Ning, F, Pang, Z, Rebato, E, Saudino, KJ, Cutler, TL, Hopper, JL, Ullemar, V, Almqvist, C, Magnusson, PKE, Cozen, W, Hwang, AE, Mack, TM, Nelson, TL, Whitfield, KE, Sung, J, Kim, J, Lee, J, Lee, S, Llewellyn, CH, Fisher, A, Medda, E, Nistico, L, Toccaceli, V, Baker, LA, Tuvblad, C, Corley, RP, Huibregtse, BM, Derom, CA, Vlietinck, RF, Loos, RJF, Burt, SA, Klump, KL, Silberg, JL, Maes, HH, Krueger, RF, McGue, M, Pahlen, S, Gatz, M, Butler, DA, Harris, JR, Brandt, I, Nilsen, TS, Harden, KP, Tucker-Drob, EM, Franz, CE, Kremen, WS, Lyons, MJ, Lichtenstein, P, Bartels, M, van Beijsterveldt, CEM, Willemsen, G, Oncel, SY, Aliev, F, Jeong, H-U, Hur, Y-M, Turkheimer, E, Boomsma, D, Srensen, TIA, Kaprio, J, and Silventoinen, K

Abstract

Genetic factors explain a major proportion of human height variation, but differences in mean stature have also been found between socio-economic categories suggesting a possible effect of environment. By utilizing a classical twin design which allows decomposing the variation of height into genetic and environmental components, we tested the hypothesis that environmental variation in height is greater in offspring of lower educated parents. Twin data from 29 cohorts including 65,978 complete twin pairs with information on height at ages 1 to 69 years and on parental education were pooled allowing the analyses at different ages and in three geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia). Parental education mostly showed a positive association with offspring height, with significant associations in mid-childhood and from adolescence onwards. In variance decomposition modeling, the genetic and environmental variance components of height did not show a consistent relation to parental education. A random-effects meta-regression analysis of the aggregate-level data showed a trend towards greater shared environmental variation of height in low parental education families. In conclusion, in our very large dataset from twin cohorts around the globe, these results provide only weak evidence for the study hypothesis.

Published
2020

5. Differences in genetic and environmental variation in adult BMI by sex, age, time period, and region : An individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts

Author

Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Hur, Y. -M, Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Tomizawa, R., Pietilainen, K. H., Rissanen, A., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Piirtola, M., Aaltonen, S., Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Hjelmborg, J. B., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Cutler, T. L., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Song, Y. -M, Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. -U, Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Willemsen, G., Goldberg, J. H., Rasmussen, F., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Hopper, J. L., Sung, J., Maes, H. H., Turkheimer, E., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., Kaprio, J., Silventoinen, K., Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Yokoyama, Y., Hur, Y. -M, Cozen, W., Hwang, A. E., Mack, T. M., Honda, C., Inui, F., Iwatani, Y., Watanabe, M., Tomizawa, R., Pietilainen, K. H., Rissanen, A., Siribaddana, S. H., Hotopf, M., Sumathipala, A., Rijsdijk, F., Tan, Q., Zhang, D., Pang, Z., Piirtola, M., Aaltonen, S., Oncel, S. Y., Aliev, F., Rebato, E., Hjelmborg, J. B., Christensen, K., Skytthe, A., Kyvik, K. O., Silberg, J. L., Eaves, L. J., Cutler, T. L., Ordonana, J. R., Sanchez-Romera, J. F., Colodro-Conde, L., Song, Y. -M, Yang, S., Lee, K., Franz, C. E., Kremen, W. S., Lyons, M. J., Busjahn, A., Nelson, T. L., Whitfield, K. E., Kandler, C., Jang, K. L., Gatz, M., Butler, D. A., Stazi, M. A., Fagnani, C., D'Ippolito, C., Duncan, G. E., Buchwald, D., Martin, N. G., Medland, S. E., Montgomery, G. W., Jeong, H. -U, Swan, G. E., Krasnow, R., Magnusson, P. K. E., Pedersen, N. L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., McAdams, T. A., Eley, T. C., Gregory, A. M., Tynelius, P., Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Bayasgalan, G., Narandalai, D., Spector, T. D., Mangino, M., Lachance, G., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., Harris, J. R., Brandt, I., Nilsen, T. S., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Pahlen, S., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Bartels, M., Van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Willemsen, G., Goldberg, J. H., Rasmussen, F., Tarnoki, A. D., Tarnoki, D. L., Derom, C. A., Vlietinck, R. F., Loos, R. J. F., Hopper, J. L., Sung, J., Maes, H. H., Turkheimer, E., Boomsma, D. I., Sørensen, T. I. A., and Kaprio, J.

Abstract

Background: Genes and the environment contribute to variation in adult body mass index [BMI (in kg/m2)], but factors modifying these variance components are poorly understood. Objective: We analyzed genetic and environmental variation in BMI between men and women from young adulthood to old age from the 1940s to the 2000s and between cultural-geographic regions representing high (North America and Australia), moderate (Europe), and low (East Asia) prevalence of obesity. Design: We used genetic structural equation modeling to analyze BMI in twins ≥20 y of age from 40 cohorts representing 20 countries (140,379 complete twin pairs). Results: The heritability of BMI decreased from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.78) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.75) in men and women 20-29 y of age to 0.57 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.60) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.65) in men 70-79 y of age and women 80 y of age, respectively. The relative influence of unique environmental factors correspondingly increased. Differences in the sets of genes affecting BMI in men and women increased from 20-29 to 60-69 y of age. Mean BMI and variances in BMI increased from the 1940s to the 2000s and were greatest in North America and Australia, followed by Europe and East Asia. However, heritability estimates were largely similar over measurement years and between regions. There was no evidence of environmental factors shared by co-twins affecting BMI. Conclusions: The heritability of BMI decreased and differences in the sets of genes affecting BMI in men and women increased from young adulthood to old age. The heritability of BMI was largely similar between cultural-geographic regions and measurement years, despite large differences in mean BMI and variances in BMI. Our results show a strong influence of genetic factors on BMI, especially in early adulthood, regardless of the obesity level in the population.

Published
2017
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