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Additive manufacturing (AM) can produce complex vascular network configurations, yet limited testing has been done to characterize the damage and healing behavior of concrete with embedded networks for self-healing. In this study, different AM methods and network wall materials were used to produce vascular networks for self-healing concrete prisms, where their load-response behavior, healing efficiency and microstructure were evaluated using non-destructive techniques: acoustic emission (AE), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), digital image correlation (DIC), and X -ray computed tomography (CT). The types of healing agent release mechanisms that were studied include a ductile-porous network that supplies fluid from its pores and a brittle network that fractures under load to release fluid. DIC coupled with AE verified debonding of ductile-porous networks from the cementitious matrix, and was able to track damage progression as well as healing for all networks with load regains up to 56% and stiffness regains up to 91% using polyurethane.

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Nowadays the self-healing process efficiency in loaded structural materials is evaluated by studying the damage mechanisms. Based on fracture mechanics theories, the resistance to damage and the cracking recovery can be an indication of healing performance. Experimentally, the cracking behavior is quantified by measuring the fracture energy of the material during cracking and the fracture process zone area at which the damage is expanded. In literature, damage detection at loading stage of testing and damage recovery due to healing mechanisms at the reloading stage is monitored by application of several experimental (Non-) Destructive Methods. In this study, the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) in different heterogeneous materials (polymer and cementitious composites) is visualized in strain and deformation (crack opening-close-reopening) profiles of the crack tip area by application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and the fracture energy released in different stages of cracking is quantified and located by Acoustic Emission (AE). The combination of the aforementioned optical and acoustic techniques can confirm the recovery of cracked specimens in which healing mechanisms are applied.

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Nowadays the self-healing process efficiency in loaded structural materials is evaluated by studying the damage mechanisms. Based on fracture mechanics theories, the resistance to damage and the cracking recovery can be an indication of healing performance. Experimentally, the cracking behavior is quantified by measuring the fracture energy of the material during cracking and the fracture process zone area at which the damage is expanded. In literature, damage detection at loading stage of testing and damage recovery due to healing mechanisms at the reloading stage is monitored by application of several experimental (Non-) Destructive Methods. In this study, the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) in different heterogeneous materials (polymer and cementitious composites) is visualized in strain and deformation (crack opening-close-reopening) profiles of the crack tip area by application of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and the fracture energy released in different stages of cracking is quantified and located by Acoustic Emission (AE). The combination of the aforementioned optical and acoustic techniques can confirm the recovery of cracked specimens in which healing mechanisms are applied.