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A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a new transducer utilizing contact electrification and electrostatic induction to transform mechanical energy into electric energy. Due to its high energy density and flexibility, it can be employed to make electronic devices self-powered by harvesting ambient mechanical energy in many application scenarios, such as biomedical devices, wearable electronics, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors. However, due to the time-varying and low internal capacitance of a TENG, it is challenging to extract electrical energy from it. Hence, good power conversion techniques are crucial in TENG energy harvesting systems. Currently, studies on dedicated integrated power conversion techniques are very limited. Due to the exponentially increasing research interests in TENG, a comprehensive study on the TENG energy harvesting system, emphasizing integrated-circuit (IC) power conversion techniques, is urgently needed. This paper summarizes and compares the state-of-the-art triboelectric energy harvesting systems, focusing on different power conversion techniques for output power enhancement. Some techniques, which have been widely used in other relevant energy harvesting systems, are also mentioned to inspire innovative design strategies for TENG systems., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Electronic Instrumentation

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can convert random mechanical vibrations around the environment into electricity and have huge potential in artificial intelligence, blue energy, carbon neutrality, human-machine interface, e-skin, etc. Although many efforts have been made on the working mechanism and performance enhancement in the past decade, characterizing and evaluating the performance of TENGs remains challenging due to the lack of benchmarking guidelines. Previous works based on different measurement methods and metrics as well as the lack of details result in difficulties in performance comparison. In this review, we discuss fundamental works on electrical measurement and performance evaluation of TENGs. Issues in measurement are elucidated and corresponding solutions are presented. Then, the origin and development of the figure-of-merits (FOMs) of TENGs are reviewed. The standardization not only broadens our understanding but also facilitates the commercialization and industrialization of TENGs. We believe that the correct measurement and fair evaluation can promote the performance assessment of TENGs and the continuous development of this field.

This paper presents a novel wide-bandwidth triboelectric energy harvester (WBTEH) that takes advantage of impact nonlinearity and multi-resonance. The harvester features a triboelectric transducer that operates in contact and separation mode, with two cantilever beams of different resonant frequencies connected to it. By exploiting the relative motion of the beams, the harvester achieves a broad bandwidth through the resonance shift caused by the impact and multi-resonance. A WBTEH prototype with a 3 mm gap between the triboelectric pair shows a total bandwidth of 4.3 Hz even at a low base excitation of 3 m/s2. The matched peaks and bandwidth in the frequency up-sweep and down-sweep tests demonstrate the excellent stability of the WBTEH. The frequency locking phenomenon with strong resonance occurs in the WBTEH when the displacement amplitude/gap ratio exceeds 1.48, which is beneficial for obtaining a continuous bandwidth and a high power output. An electromechanical model is formulated for parametric studies that investigate the effects of contact stiffness and damping on the performance of WBTEH. It is found that large impact stiffness and small damping can cause quasi-periodic motion, leading to a non-constant voltage output that should be prevented in the harvester design. The WBTEH is capable of powering wireless sensors, making it a potential candidate for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) have great potential to help enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings, and thus to contribute significantly to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are major barriers against the adoption of such emerging energy technologies. Meeting the need for sustainable large-scale fabrication of high-performance products remains a critical challenge towards real-world TENGs’ building applications. To mitigate this challenge, we enhance the poor polarizability of native wood by a scalable plasma treatment, a facile approach which to the greatest degree preserves wood's warm colors, mechanical robustness while efficiently enhancing the triboelectric output. We demonstrate the enhancement of electric output by assembling wood triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs) in both contact-separation and single-electrode operation modes. We show that when two radial-cut wood samples (L × R × T: 100 × 80 × 1 mm3), one treated with an O2 plasma and the other with a C4F8 + O2 plasma, are subjected to periodic contact and separation with an applied pressure as low as 0.0225 MPa, a maximum voltage of 227 V and a current of 4.8 µA are produced. Eventually, we showcase the real-world applicability of our approach with two prototypes of triboelectric wood floors, opening up new technological pathways towards a ‘net-zero emissions’ future.

We present results of investigations into the underlying mechanisms that drive the long observed phenomenon of contact electrification. Our experiments indicate identical single-crystal insulators are able to exchange charge at magnitudes comparable to charge transfer between dissimilar materials. Any complete theory of contact electrification must be held accountable to these observations, leading to significant constraints on possible underlying mechanisms of charge transfer between insulators. This self-charging behavior does not appear random when repeated contacts are made, suggesting the possibility of a nucleation-type event developing from seed charges. The confirmation of such a mechanism would require a probe capable of monitoring the charge distribution on the materials' surfaces without affecting the charge distribution. This effect could be direct (e.g. via polar interactions between the tip and sample or by encouraging discharges to the probe) or requiring substantial time to collect data between charging contacts, which could allow for charge redistribution or neutralization, obscuring information on the growth of charge patches.To this end, we demonstrate a novel non-destructive in-situ method of probing the charge distribution, including bipolar charging, on the surfaces of the contacting materials. This method also allows for determination of discharges and charge re-distribution during the experiment. This unprecedented understanding of charge carrier behavior immediately before and after contact provides key clues to the nature of the charge carriers in contact electrification and the underlying mechanism. These results provide constraints on both electron-dominant and ion-dominant theories of charge transfer and significantly narrows the field of possible mechanisms. Another significant aspect of this work is that it provides an explanation as to why a subject studied with so much interest for such a substantial period of time has failed to prov

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) have great potential to help enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings, and thus to contribute significantly to the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are major barriers against the adoption of such emerging energy technologies. Meeting the need for sustainable large-scale fabrication of high-performance products remains a critical challenge towards real-world TENGs’ building applications. To mitigate this challenge, we enhance the poor polarizability of native wood by a scalable plasma treatment, a facile approach which to the greatest degree preserves wood's warm colors, mechanical robustness while efficiently enhancing the triboelectric output. We demonstrate the enhancement of electric output by assembling wood triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs) in both contact-separation and single-electrode operation modes. We show that when two radial-cut wood samples (L × R × T: 100 × 80 × 1 mm3), one treated with an O2 plasma and the other with a C4F8 + O2 plasma, are subjected to periodic contact and separation with an applied pressure as low as 0.0225 MPa, a maximum voltage of 227 V and a current of 4.8 µA are produced. Eventually, we showcase the real-world applicability of our approach with two prototypes of triboelectric wood floors, opening up new technological pathways towards a ‘net-zero emissions’ future.

Triboelectric phenomenon, historically, is one of many problems which engineers wantedto be avoid. However nowadays this phenomenon seems to be useful source of electrical signalfor displacement measurement. In this work all sensing elements are made from pure PVDF byelectrospinning manufacturing method. Nano fibres, which are result of the process are placed toaluminium foil naturally without mechanical rectifying. Used material was tested only for triboelectriccharge generation, although piezoelectric phenomenon was expected. We were not able toquantify it by standard methods, probably due to chaotic structure and fabric behaviour of the finalproduct. Triboelectric phenomenon is possible to measure directly, and systems are more predictable.Finally, two modes were tested, and potential advantages and disadvantages were qualified.

Triboelectric phenomenon, historically, is one of many problems which engineers wantedto be avoid. However nowadays this phenomenon seems to be useful source of electrical signalfor displacement measurement. In this work all sensing elements are made from pure PVDF byelectrospinning manufacturing method. Nano fibres, which are result of the process are placed toaluminium foil naturally without mechanical rectifying. Used material was tested only for triboelectriccharge generation, although piezoelectric phenomenon was expected. We were not able toquantify it by standard methods, probably due to chaotic structure and fabric behaviour of the finalproduct. Triboelectric phenomenon is possible to measure directly, and systems are more predictable.Finally, two modes were tested, and potential advantages and disadvantages were qualified.

Triboelectric phenomenon, historically, is one of many problems which engineers wantedto be avoid. However nowadays this phenomenon seems to be useful source of electrical signalfor displacement measurement. In this work all sensing elements are made from pure PVDF byelectrospinning manufacturing method. Nano fibres, which are result of the process are placed toaluminium foil naturally without mechanical rectifying. Used material was tested only for triboelectriccharge generation, although piezoelectric phenomenon was expected. We were not able toquantify it by standard methods, probably due to chaotic structure and fabric behaviour of the finalproduct. Triboelectric phenomenon is possible to measure directly, and systems are more predictable.Finally, two modes were tested, and potential advantages and disadvantages were qualified.

Triboelectric phenomenon, historically, is one of many problems which engineers wantedto be avoid. However nowadays this phenomenon seems to be useful source of electrical signalfor displacement measurement. In this work all sensing elements are made from pure PVDF byelectrospinning manufacturing method. Nano fibres, which are result of the process are placed toaluminium foil naturally without mechanical rectifying. Used material was tested only for triboelectriccharge generation, although piezoelectric phenomenon was expected. We were not able toquantify it by standard methods, probably due to chaotic structure and fabric behaviour of the finalproduct. Triboelectric phenomenon is possible to measure directly, and systems are more predictable.Finally, two modes were tested, and potential advantages and disadvantages were qualified.

Triboelectric phenomenon, historically, is one of many problems which engineers wantedto be avoid. However nowadays this phenomenon seems to be useful source of electrical signalfor displacement measurement. In this work all sensing elements are made from pure PVDF byelectrospinning manufacturing method. Nano fibres, which are result of the process are placed toaluminium foil naturally without mechanical rectifying. Used material was tested only for triboelectriccharge generation, although piezoelectric phenomenon was expected. We were not able toquantify it by standard methods, probably due to chaotic structure and fabric behaviour of the finalproduct. Triboelectric phenomenon is possible to measure directly, and systems are more predictable.Finally, two modes were tested, and potential advantages and disadvantages were qualified.

Triboelectric phenomenon, historically, is one of many problems which engineers wantedto be avoid. However nowadays this phenomenon seems to be useful source of electrical signalfor displacement measurement. In this work all sensing elements are made from pure PVDF byelectrospinning manufacturing method. Nano fibres, which are result of the process are placed toaluminium foil naturally without mechanical rectifying. Used material was tested only for triboelectriccharge generation, although piezoelectric phenomenon was expected. We were not able toquantify it by standard methods, probably due to chaotic structure and fabric behaviour of the finalproduct. Triboelectric phenomenon is possible to measure directly, and systems are more predictable.Finally, two modes were tested, and potential advantages and disadvantages were qualified.

Målet med detta arbete var att konstruera en mycket känslig laddningsförstärkare som kan detektera och förstärka laddningar i storleksordningen femtocoulomb. Laddningsförstärkaren är tänkt att användas vid Habia Cables kabeltillverkning för att karaktärisera lågbruskabel med avseende på störning genererad av triboelektrisk uppladdning. Den bästa lågbruskabel Habia Cable tillverkar, så kallad super-lågbruskabel, uppvisar så låg triboelektrisk störning att vanliga laddningsförstärkare inte kan detektera den, därav behovet av en känsligare laddningsförstärkare. I en inledande litteraturstudie söktes information om triboelektrisk uppladdning och hur triboelektrisk uppladdning orsakar störning i kablar. Genom litteraturstudien inhämtades också teori kring hur laddningsförstärkare är uppbyggda och vilka speciella krav som ställs på dessa för att kunna detektera mycket små laddningar. Sedan vidtog arbete med att konstruera en laddningsförstärkare med kretsdesign, kretskortsdesign, lödning, inbyggnad och testning. Resultatet blev en laddningsförstärkaren som kan mäta laddningar från uppskattningsvis 0,1 femtocoulomb till 100 picocoulomb. Vid kvantifiering av triboelektrisk störning i super-lågbruskabel uppmättes så låga laddningar som 1,3 femtocoulomb., The goal of this project was to construct a sensitive charge amplifier that could detect and amplify femtocoulomb charges. The charge amplifier is to be used at Habia Cable manufacturing sites to quantify the triboelectric noise performance of lownoise cables. Super-low-noise cables manufactured by Habia Cable perform so well regarding triboelectric noise that common charge amplifiers cannot detect the noise, thus the need for a more sensitive charge amplifier. Initially a literature study was performed in order to better understand triboelectric charging and triboelectric noise in cables. Thru the literature study knowledge of charge amplifiers and low charge measurements was also gained. After the literature study a charge amplifier was constructed. Work included circuit design, PCB design, soldering, construction of enclosure and testing. Tests shows that the constructed charge amplifier can detect charges as low as 1.3 femtocoulomb when quantifying triboelectric noise in super-low-noise cables. The charge amplifier can measure charges from approximately 0.1 femtocoulomb to 100 picocoulomb.

Fossil fuels produce most of the world’s energy. They have a high energy density, but they release greenhouse gases and are a limited resource. Renewable energy is a relatively new concept that produces low to zero emissions and consists of a variety of methods such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy. While the ocean is a very large resource, there is limited research in harvesting energy from it. This research develops and tests a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using rotational motion at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). The concept follows previous experiments at NPS with friction between PTFE and copper. The cost and production are reduced by using copper foil tape and PTFE tape and 3D printing the TENG components. The TENG consists of three parts: a top half shell containing half of the copper electrodes, a bottom half containing the other half of the copper electrodes, and an inner rod with PTFE tape. The inner rod is connected to a DC motor and run at various speeds to determine the most effective output voltage and current., http://archive.org/details/triboelectricnan1094564912, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Målet med detta arbete var att konstruera en mycket känslig laddningsförstärkare som kan detektera och förstärka laddningar i storleksordningen femtocoulomb. Laddningsförstärkaren är tänkt att användas vid Habia Cables kabeltillverkning för att karaktärisera lågbruskabel med avseende på störning genererad av triboelektrisk uppladdning. Den bästa lågbruskabel Habia Cable tillverkar, så kallad super-lågbruskabel, uppvisar så låg triboelektrisk störning att vanliga laddningsförstärkare inte kan detektera den, därav behovet av en känsligare laddningsförstärkare. I en inledande litteraturstudie söktes information om triboelektrisk uppladdning och hur triboelektrisk uppladdning orsakar störning i kablar. Genom litteraturstudien inhämtades också teori kring hur laddningsförstärkare är uppbyggda och vilka speciella krav som ställs på dessa för att kunna detektera mycket små laddningar. Sedan vidtog arbete med att konstruera en laddningsförstärkare med kretsdesign, kretskortsdesign, lödning, inbyggnad och testning. Resultatet blev en laddningsförstärkaren som kan mäta laddningar från uppskattningsvis 0,1 femtocoulomb till 100 picocoulomb. Vid kvantifiering av triboelektrisk störning i super-lågbruskabel uppmättes så låga laddningar som 1,3 femtocoulomb., The goal of this project was to construct a sensitive charge amplifier that could detect and amplify femtocoulomb charges. The charge amplifier is to be used at Habia Cable manufacturing sites to quantify the triboelectric noise performance of lownoise cables. Super-low-noise cables manufactured by Habia Cable perform so well regarding triboelectric noise that common charge amplifiers cannot detect the noise, thus the need for a more sensitive charge amplifier. Initially a literature study was performed in order to better understand triboelectric charging and triboelectric noise in cables. Thru the literature study knowledge of charge amplifiers and low charge measurements was also gained. After the literature study a charge amplifier was constructed. Work included circuit design, PCB design, soldering, construction of enclosure and testing. Tests shows that the constructed charge amplifier can detect charges as low as 1.3 femtocoulomb when quantifying triboelectric noise in super-low-noise cables. The charge amplifier can measure charges from approximately 0.1 femtocoulomb to 100 picocoulomb.