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This paper studies the strategies of automotive companies in Argentina during two stages of the country's transformation: neoliberalism (1991-2001) and post-neoliberalism (2002-2011). It starts from understanding the actions of these companies following the productive and commercial reorganization in MERCOSUR as a response to the development and crisis of the sector during the years 1951-1989, and as part of the country's accumulation phases. In methodological terms, theories on business strategies are integrated with historical and empirical examinations of production, sales, types of models and trade. The main findingsshow a particular restructuring in automotive production due to changes in corporate tactics. Most of them created a regional market using complementary EBAE strategies that were combined with traditional MS strategies. This allowed them to achieve large-scale manufacturing and to form a technologically dependent M&D model., El presente trabajo estudia las estrategias de las empresas automotrices en Argentina durante dos etapas de transformación del país: el neoliberalismo (1991-2001) y el posneoliberalismo (2002-2011). Parte de entender las acciones de estas empresas siguiendo la reorganización productiva y comercial en el MERCOSUR como respuesta al desarrollo y crisis del sector durante los años 1951-1989, y como parte de las fases de acumulación del país. En términos metodológicos, se integran teorías sobre estrategias empresarias con exámeneshistóricos y empíricos de la producción, ventas, tipos de modelos y el comercio. Las conclusiones principales muestran una particular reestructuración en la producción automotriz por los cambios en las tácticas de las corporaciones. La mayoría de las mismas crearon un mercado regional utilizando estrategias EBAE-complementarias que fueron combinadas a las tradicionales de MS. Cuestión que les permitió lograr una fabricacióna gran escala y formar un modelo de VyD dependiente en términos tecnológicos.

This paper studies the strategies of automotive companies in Argentina during two stages of the country's transformation: neoliberalism (1991-2001) and post-neoliberalism (2002-2011). It starts from understanding the actions of these companies following the productive and commercial reorganization in MERCOSUR as a response to the development and crisis of the sector during the years 1951-1989, and as part of the country's accumulation phases. In methodological terms, theories on business strategies are integrated with historical and empirical examinations of production, sales, types of models and trade. The main findingsshow a particular restructuring in automotive production due to changes in corporate tactics. Most of them created a regional market using complementary EBAE strategies that were combined with traditional MS strategies. This allowed them to achieve large-scale manufacturing and to form a technologically dependent M&D model., El presente trabajo estudia las estrategias de las empresas automotrices en Argentina durante dos etapas de transformación del país: el neoliberalismo (1991-2001) y el posneoliberalismo (2002-2011). Parte de entender las acciones de estas empresas siguiendo la reorganización productiva y comercial en el MERCOSUR como respuesta al desarrollo y crisis del sector durante los años 1951-1989, y como parte de las fases de acumulación del país. En términos metodológicos, se integran teorías sobre estrategias empresarias con exámeneshistóricos y empíricos de la producción, ventas, tipos de modelos y el comercio. Las conclusiones principales muestran una particular reestructuración en la producción automotriz por los cambios en las tácticas de las corporaciones. La mayoría de las mismas crearon un mercado regional utilizando estrategias EBAE-complementarias que fueron combinadas a las tradicionales de MS. Cuestión que les permitió lograr una fabricacióna gran escala y formar un modelo de VyD dependiente en términos tecnológicos.

Although transnational corporations (hereinafter TNCs) often far outmatch States in terms of resources and influence over the direction of the world economy, they are generally unaccounted for when operating outside the territories in which they are incorporated (hereinafter ‘home States’). This thesis will look specifically at those TNCs that rely on natural resource extraction as their main source of profit. Such TNCs are drawn to States with high levels of natural resources and, perhaps counterintuitively, higher levels of political disorder. Because corporations continue to operate above the law across many resource-rich States, this thesis argues for the domestic use of CCL as the most appropriate mechanism for closing the accountability gap towards ending corporate impunity in Africa. In order for this to be achieved, there must be effective governance regimes based on international cooperation. Although a lofty ambition, it shall be argued that there are underlying frameworks at the international, regional and national levels indicating to the affirmative that closing the accountability gap may be within reach.

Transnational companies are the main actors in the process of economic globalization that was eventually recognized with the Breton Wood conference on July 22, 1944, and it is certain that companies submit to the legal system of the countries in which they operate; however, given the perspective of the globalized world, this model of accountability, before the collectivity of the countries in which they operate, is insufficient in the context of an economy that is global, making many authors seek an international perspective of ensuring the respect of transnational companies to human rights. This concern arose from the analysis of several historical examples, among them the case of the Belgian Congo, in which the private exploitation led by King Leopold married numerous human rights violations, which even inspired the literary work “King Leopold’s Ghost”. In this context, in 2011, the Ruggie Principles were born, a United Nations resolution to reinforce this need for respect for human rights by transnational corporations. The present work aims to explore this evolutionary process that is attempting to exorcise the said “ghost”, and some of the further measures that will be necessary for this development., As empresas transnacionais são os principais atores do processo de globalização econômica que acabou sendo reconhecido com a conferência de Breton Wood em 22 de Julho de 1944, sendo certo que as empresas se submetem ao ordenamento jurídico dos países em que operam; entretanto, diante da perspectiva do mundo globalizado, este modelo de responsabilização, perante a coletividade dos países em que operam, é insuficiente no contexto de uma economia que é global, fazendo muitos autores buscarem uma perspectiva internacional de garantir o respeito das empresas transnacionais aos direitos humanos. Essa preocupação surgiu a partir da análise de vários exemplos históricos, dentre eles o caso do Congo Belga, no qual a exploração privada capitaneada pelo Rei Leopoldo casou inúmeras violações de Direitos Humanos, as quais inclusive inspiraram a obra literária “o Fantasma do Rei Leopoldo”. Neste contexto, em 2011, nascem os Princípios de Ruggie, uma resolução das Nações Unidas para reforçar essa necessidade do respeito dos Direitos Humanos por parte de corporações transnacionais. O presente trabalho visa explorar a evolução histórica da tentativa de se exorcizar o referido “fantasma”, e afirmar certas medidas para esta evolução.

Although transnational corporations (hereinafter TNCs) often far outmatch States in terms of resources and influence over the direction of the world economy, they are generally unaccounted for when operating outside the territories in which they are incorporated (hereinafter ‘home States’). This thesis will look specifically at those TNCs that rely on natural resource extraction as their main source of profit. Such TNCs are drawn to States with high levels of natural resources and, perhaps counterintuitively, higher levels of political disorder. Because corporations continue to operate above the law across many resource-rich States, this thesis argues for the domestic use of CCL as the most appropriate mechanism for closing the accountability gap towards ending corporate impunity in Africa. In order for this to be achieved, there must be effective governance regimes based on international cooperation. Although a lofty ambition, it shall be argued that there are underlying frameworks at the international, regional and national levels indicating to the affirmative that closing the accountability gap may be within reach.

There is some debate about the existence of global elites or national globalized elites. This debate has been developed mostly in a theoretical framework. This article argues that the only way to overcome it is through empirical studies. The paper presents a qualitative research conducted through in-depth interviews to Spaniards corporate expatriates. The results show that there is no clear answer to the initial question. On the one hand, a group of Spaniards corporate expatriates can clearly be seen as global national elite. On the other hand, some have more cosmopolitan features and do not feel so tied to their country of origin., Existe un debate acerca de si existen elites globales o si son elites nacionales globalizadas. Este debate se ha movido sobre todo en un marco de referencia teórico. En este artículo se expone que el único modo de superarlo es mediante estudios de carácter empírico. El artículo presenta una investigación cualitativa realizada mediante entrevistas en profundidad a expatriados corporativos españoles. Los resultados muestran que no existe una respuesta clara. Por un lado, un grupo de expatriados corporativos españoles pueden considerarse claramente como una elite nacional globalizada. Por otro lado, algunos presentan características más cosmopolitas y no se sienten tan vinculados a su país de origen.

У статті розглянуто питання перебігу інвестиційної діяльності найбільших представників світового бізнесу – транснаціональних корпорацій, які набувають нових рис, що формуються під впливом Четвертої промислової революції. Підкреслено зростаючу роль корпорацій на міжнародному ринку інвестицій. Автори згадують ознаки риторики, яка супроводжує процес проникнення ТНК у економічні системи країн світу та відображає вплив на економічну, політичну та соціальну складові, окремо виділивши норми державного регулювання процесів прямого іноземного інвестування , виокремлюючи найбільш ліберальні підходи до залучення ПІІ. Прослідковування змін, що відбуваються під впливом Індустрії 4.0, дозволило сформувати перелік ознак, що притаманні інвестиційній діяльності транснаціональних корпорацій. Серед характерних рис набирає популярності процес решорингу, який застосовувався корпораціями Сполучених Штатів Америки вже тривалий час. У роботі відображається перебіг експортно-імпортних операцій з прямими іноземними інвестиціями у світі, що сформований за рахунок аналізу даних потоку ввезення та вивезення ПІІ. Встановлено, що Індустрії 4.0 характерні ризики, які утворюються за рахунок зростання нестабільності та високого рівня невизначеності результату. Спроби інтеграції досягнень Четвертої промислової революції у економічну та підприємницьку практику, які стрімко відбуваються в сучасному світі, прямо стосуються й України, яка відчуває гостру потребу в міжнародній фінансовій та технологічній допомозі. Автори підкреслюють, що забезпечити країну такими ресурсами можуть саме ТНК, як провідні інвестори для України, незважаючи на те, що в нашій державі розмір іноземних інвестицій від ТНК наразі незначний і, в основному, спрямований на задоволення потреб внутрішнього ринку, власного споживання, а не в експортоорієнтовані галузі. У статті також проаналізовано фактори прямого впливу на прийняття менеджментом корпорацій рішення щодо провадження діяльності на території України. Крім того, автори наголо, В статье рассмотрены вопросы хода инвестиционной деятельности крупнейших представителей мирового бизнеса - транснациональных корпораций, которые приобретают новые черты, которые формируются под влиянием Четвертой промышленной революции. Подчеркнуто растущую роль корпораций на международном рынке инвестиций. Авторы вспоминают признаки риторики, которая сопровождает процесс проникновения ТНК в экономические системы стран мира и отражает влияние на экономическую, политическую и социальную составляющие, отдельно выделив нормы государственного регулирования процессов прямого иностранного инвестирования, выделяя наиболее либеральные подходы к привлечения ПИИ. Прослеживания изменений, происходящих под влиянием Индустрии 4.0, позволило сформировать перечень признаков, присущих инвестиционной деятельности транснациональных корпораций. Среди характерных призаков набирает популярность процесс решорингу, который применялся корпорациями Соединенных Штатов Америки уже длительное время. В работе отображается ход экспортно-импортных операций с прямыми иностранными инвестициями в мире, сформированный за счет анализа данных потока ввоза и вывоза ПИИ. Установлено, что Индустрии 4.0 характерные риски, которые образуются за счет роста нестабильности и высокого уровня неопределенности результата. Попытки интеграции достижений Четвертой промышленной революции в экономическую и предпринимательскую практику, стремительно происходящие в современном мире, прямо касаются и Украины, которая испытывает острую потребность в международной финансовой и технологической помощи. Авторы подчеркивают, что обеспечить страну такими ресурсами могут именно ТНК, как ведущие инвесторы для Украины, несмотря на то, что в нашем государстве размер иностранных инвестиций от ТНК пока незначителен и, в основном, направлен на удовлетворение потребностей внутреннего рынка, собственного потребления, а не в экспортоориентированные отрасли. В статье также проанализированы факторы прямого воздействия на принятие менеджмен, The study considers the issue of investment activity of transnational corporations – the largest representatives of world business, which acquire new features that are developed under the influence of the fourth industrial revolution. The study highlighted the increasing role of corporations in the international investment market. The authors mention the features of rhetoric that accompanies the penetration of TNCs into the economic systems of the world and reflects the impact on economic, political, and social components, highlighting the rules of foreign direct investment state regulation, founding the most liberal approaches to attracting FDI. Tracking the changes taking place under the influence of Industry 4.0 allowed to develop a list of features that are inherent in the investment activities of TNCs. Among the inherent features, the reshoring process, which has been used by United States corporations for a long time, is gaining popularity. The study reflects the course of export-import operations with foreign direct investment in the world, which is developed by analysing the data on the flow of FDI imports and exports. It is established that Industry 4.0 is described by such risks, which are developed due to the growth of instability and a high level of uncertainty of the result. Attempts to integrate achievements of the fourth industrial revolution into economic and business practices, which are rapidly taking place in the modern world, are directly related to Ukraine, which is in great need of international financial and technological aid. It is emphasised that TNCs can provide the country with the said resources as the leading investors for Ukraine, despite the fact that in Ukraine the amount of foreign investment from TNCs is currently insignificant and mainly aimed at meeting the needs of the domestic market, own consumption and not in export-oriented industries. The study also analyses the factors of direct influence on the decision of corporate manage

Transnational corporations are today in general not considered to be obligated under international law to respect human rights. In states where the protection of human rights through national law is weak corporations thus may violate human rights without risking becoming subjects to legal santioncs. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not the conclusion of a treaty that obligates transnational corporations directly under international law to respect human rights would be, on one hand, desirable and, on the other hand, legally and practically possible. For this purpose, the study investigates the content, purpose and effect of and criticism against the UNGPs – the only instrument adopted by the UN that regulates business and human rights. For the same purpose the study furtheron examines a number of issues discussed within the legal doctrine regarding the idea of obligating transnational corporations under international law to respect human rights. In the study it is established that the UNGPs have gained support among states and corporations but that the adoption of the instrument have not resulted in any major change in corporate behaviour. Moreover, the UNGPs have among many things been criticized for being too vaguely formulated and for claiming too little from corporations. Whether a treaty binding corporations to respect human rights is desireable or not is a subjective question. The answer according to the author of the study is, however, yes. The issues addressed within the essay concerning the idea of a corporate-binding treaty are the corporate influence on states’ legal and political decision-making; the difficulties in creating corporate compliance; the risk of impeding national progress in strengthening the protection of human rights; the question of where to draw the line between corporate and state obligations regarding human rights and the question of whether enough international consensus for a treaty to be concluded is ever to be, Transnationella företag anses idag generellt sett inte vara folkrättsligt skyldiga att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. I stater där det nationella skyddet av mänskliga rättigheter brister tillåts således företag begå kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter utan att träffas av juridiska sanktioner. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om en traktat som direkt gör transnationella företag folkrättsligt skyldiga att respektera mänskliga rättigheter vore dels önskvärd, dels rättsligt och praktiskt möjlig. I detta syfte undersöks innehållet och syftet hos, verkan av samt kritiken gentemot UNGP – det enda instrument antaget av FN som reglerar företag och mänskliga rättigheter. I samma syfte undersöks ett antal problem som diskuterats angående idén att göra transnationella företag folkrättsligt skyldiga att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. I uppsatsen konstateras att UNGP har vunnit stöd hos stater och företag men att antagandet av instrumentet i praktiken inte har inneburit några större förändringar vad avser företags faktiska beteenden. Vidare har UNGP bland annat kritiserats för att vara för vagt formulerat och för att ställa för låga krav på företag. Huruvida en traktat som binder företag att respektera mänskliga rättigheter vore önskvärd är en subjektiv fråga. Svaret enligt uppsatsförfattaren är dock ja. De problem som behandlas avseende en företagsbindande traktat är företags inflytande på staters juridiska och politiska beslutsfattande, svårigheterna kring att få företag att respektera ett internationellt regelverk, risken för att nationell utveckling avseende stärkande av skyddet för mänskliga rättigheter bromsas, var gränsen mellan företags och staters ansvar avseende mänskliga rättigheter ska dras, samt frågan om tillräckligt mycket internationell konsensus någonsin kan uppnås för att en traktat ska kunna komma till. Författaren konstaterar att en traktat vore rättsligt möjlig, men att det på grund av ovan nämnda svårigheter och staters bristande tro på och v

In the Swedish news-media we find sporadic critical, or reflective, reporting on the production conditions of Swedish ‘sweat-shop’ factories in the Global South, used to supply Transnational Corporations (TNCs). In this paper we carry out a critical discourse analysis, in particular using Van Leeuwen’s social actor and social action analysis, to look at examples from a larger corpus of 88 news reports and editorials from the Swedish press, between 2012–2017, which report and comment on activities of the Swedish company H&M in relation to its production chains. Analysis reveals how these recontextualize events, processes and motives, to represent Sweden and Swedish TNCs as characterized by a benevolent, democratic, humane, form of capitalism, drawing on discourses of a former social democratic Sweden of the 1960s before it became highly neo-liberalized. This nationalism converges with other discourses promoting the exploitation of the Global South.

Multiple sustainability initiatives have emerged in response to the environmental impacts of soy production, especially deforestation and climate change. But company commitments to reduce deforestation in their supply chains are not leading to outcomes on the ground. Achieving concerted action by supply chain actors requires consideration of their diverse perspectives. We investigate the mental models of Producer Associations, Traders, Fast Moving Consumer Goods Companies (FMCGs), NGOs, and financial institutions to identify the key similarities and differences in the factors perceived to promote or inhibit a reduction of deforestation from soy production in Brazil. Our results show general agreement across participants that NGO pressure and reputational risk are external motivators for companies to move towards sustainability, but only certain actor groups recognised that internal motivators are additionally needed for alignment between a sustainability agenda and a company's corporate strategy—highlighting the importance of internal motivators to stimulate companies to translate commitments into actionable policies. Our results suggest that implementation of commitments to reduce deforestation is hampered by different perceived financial risks, differences in the levels of influence and power held by different actors, and a perceived entitlement to deforest that prevails over a sense of urgency for environmental sustainability. We highlight that any policy that threatens this “right to deforest” mindset can lead to the erosion of producers’ conservation behaviour through unnecessary clearing of land before such policy is implemented. Our findings highlight an opportunity for the organisations driving sustainability initiatives to consider and explore these differences as they seek transnational corporations to transition to a more sustainable soy industry and supply chain. Moreover, our study provides an example of how mental models can provide valuable insight

This paper studies the dynamics and trends in processes of mergers and acquisitions in a highly competitive and global economic environment. The aim of this study is to analyse and divide into periods M&A agreements in the global economy. The study produces a precise definition and discusses benefits and drawbacks of such horizontal and vertical agreements. The authors discuss historical waves of mergers and acquisitions processes and present 11 individual periods containing special aspects and description of types of the agreements, as well as supplement the periods with COVID-19 pandemic flow for 2020-2021. A polynomial regression analysis is used to predict the mechanism, results and magnitude of mergers and acquisitions. Furthermore, a discrete time model enables studying behaviour pattern of mergers and acquisitions happened during 2009-2020. The results demonstrate that transnational companies are greatly attributed to economic growth through mergers and acquisitions despite their rather high preparation and implementation costs. It may be expected an escalation of capital redistribution among pharmaceutical and bioengineering companies in a post-pandemic period due to increased M&A agreements, Este artigo estuda a dinámica e as tendencias nos procesos de fusións e adquisicións nun contorno económico global e altamente competitivo. O obxectivo deste estudo é analizar e dividir en períodos os acordos de fusións e adquisicións na economía global. O traballo ofrece unha definición precisa e analiza os beneficios e os inconvenientes de tales acordos horizontais e verticais. Os autores discuten ondas históricas de procesos de fusións e adquisicións, e presentan 11 períodos individuais que conteñen aspectos especiais e a descrición de tipos de acordos, ademais de complementar estes períodos cos efectos da pandemia pola COVID-19 para os anos 2020 e 2021. Utilízase unha análise de regresión polinomial para predicir o mecanismo, os resultados e a magnitude das fusións e adquisicións. Ademais, un modelo de tempo discreto permite estudar o patrón de comportamento das fusións e adquisicións que tiveron lugar durante o período 2009-2020. Os resultados demostran que o crecemento económico das empresas transnacionais se debe en gran medida ás fusións e adquisicións a pesar dos custos tan elevados de preparación e implementación destes procesos. Pódese esperar unha escalada da redistribución de capital nas empresas farmacéuticas e de bioenxeñaría nun período posterior á pandemia debido ao aumento dos acordos de fusións e adquisicións.

This paper studies the dynamics and trends in processes of mergers and acquisitions in a highly competitive and global economic environment. The aim of this study is to analyse and divide into periods M&A agreements in the global economy. The study produces a precise definition and discusses benefits and drawbacks of such horizontal and vertical agreements. The authors discuss historical waves of mergers and acquisitions processes and present 11 individual periods containing special aspects and description of types of the agreements, as well as supplement the periods with COVID-19 pandemic flow for 2020-2021. A polynomial regression analysis is used to predict the mechanism, results and magnitude of mergers and acquisitions. Furthermore, a discrete time model enables studying behaviour pattern of mergers and acquisitions happened during 2009-2020. The results demonstrate that transnational companies are greatly attributed to economic growth through mergers and acquisitions despite their rather high preparation and implementation costs. It may be expected an escalation of capital redistribution among pharmaceutical and bioengineering companies in a post-pandemic period due to increased M&A agreements, Este artigo estuda a dinámica e as tendencias nos procesos de fusións e adquisicións nun contorno económico global e altamente competitivo. O obxectivo deste estudo é analizar e dividir en períodos os acordos de fusións e adquisicións na economía global. O traballo ofrece unha definición precisa e analiza os beneficios e os inconvenientes de tales acordos horizontais e verticais. Os autores discuten ondas históricas de procesos de fusións e adquisicións, e presentan 11 períodos individuais que conteñen aspectos especiais e a descrición de tipos de acordos, ademais de complementar estes períodos cos efectos da pandemia pola COVID-19 para os anos 2020 e 2021. Utilízase unha análise de regresión polinomial para predicir o mecanismo, os resultados e a magnitude das fusións e adquisicións. Ademais, un modelo de tempo discreto permite estudar o patrón de comportamento das fusións e adquisicións que tiveron lugar durante o período 2009-2020. Os resultados demostran que o crecemento económico das empresas transnacionais se debe en gran medida ás fusións e adquisicións a pesar dos custos tan elevados de preparación e implementación destes procesos. Pódese esperar unha escalada da redistribución de capital nas empresas farmacéuticas e de bioenxeñaría nun período posterior á pandemia debido ao aumento dos acordos de fusións e adquisicións.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the problem of determining the status of transnational corporations in the system of global governance, in revealing the transition of transnational corporations from an economic subject of international relations to understanding it as a political actor in the system of international relations. The article covers a range of issues related to attempts to regulate foreign TNCs by national states, It also touches upon the issue of changing the positions of leading TNCs in the ratings compiled by authoritative publications over the past decade, an analysis of the influence of transnational corporations as non-state actors in world politics is carried out. Research methodology. Analysis of published survey reports of international organizations and individual leading transnational corporations. One of the most pressing issues in the study of the role and place of transnational corporations in world politics is the problem of determining the status of transnational corporations in the global governance system. As a result, we find that transnational corporations act in the global governance system as tools and as institutions, which requires the development of new scientific approaches that reflect the dynamics of the introduction of these actors into the system of world politics., El objetivo del estudio es analizar el estatus de las empresas transnacionales en el sistema de gobernanza global, donde se observa la transición de las empresas transnacionales de un sujeto económico de las relaciones internacionales a un actor político en el sistema de relaciones internacionales. El artículo abarca una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con los intentos de regular las empresas trasnacionales extranjeras por parte de los Estados nacionales. Metodología de investigación. Análisis de informes de encuestas publicados de organizaciones internacionales y empresas transnacionales líderes individuales. Uno de los temas más urgentes en el estudio del papel y el lugar de las corporaciones transnacionales en la política mundial es el problema de determinar el estatus de las corporaciones transnacionales en el sistema de gobernanza global. Como resultado, encontramos que las empresas transnacionales actúan en el sistema de gobernanza global como herramientas y como instituciones, lo que requiere el desarrollo de nuevos enfoques científicos que reflejen la dinámica de la introducción de estos actores en el sistema de la política mundial.

Multiple sustainability initiatives have emerged in response to the environmental impacts of soy production, especially deforestation and climate change. But company commitments to reduce deforestation in their supply chains are not leading to outcomes on the ground. Achieving concerted action by supply chain actors requires consideration of their diverse perspectives. We investigate the mental models of Producer Associations, Traders, Fast Moving Consumer Goods Companies (FMCGs), NGOs, and financial institutions to identify the key similarities and differences in the factors perceived to promote or inhibit a reduction of deforestation from soy production in Brazil. Our results show general agreement across participants that NGO pressure and reputational risk are external motivators for companies to move towards sustainability, but only certain actor groups recognised that internal motivators are additionally needed for alignment between a sustainability agenda and a company's corporate strategy-highlighting the importance of internal motivators to stimulate companies to translate commitments into actionable policies. Our results suggest that implementation of commitments to reduce deforestation is hampered by different perceived financial risks, differences in the levels of influence and power held by different actors, and a perceived entitlement to deforest that prevails over a sense of urgency for environmental sustainability. We highlight that any policy that threatens this right to deforest mindset can lead to the erosion of producers' conservation behaviour through unnecessary clearing of land before such policy is implemented. Our findings highlight an opportunity for the organisations driving sustainability initiatives to consider and explore these differences as they seek transnational corporations to transition to a more sustainable soy industry and supply chain. Moreover, our study provides an example of how mental models can provide valuable insights for

Neoliberal globalisation has expanded transnational corporations’ (TNCs) boundaries of operation and sphere of exploitation, particularly in the Global South where much of the production of traditional TNC manufacturing now occurs. In this article, using a longitudinal approach, I conduct a detailed critical discourse analysis of a large Swedish press corpus reporting on TNC activities in Global South countries. The analysis suggests that the issue of workers’ conditions is made relevant to the Swedish public through a “consumer framework” that not only confers proximity and relevance on the topic, but also effectively recontextualises agency and responsibility towards particular or individual social actors, obscuring the class dimension of labour relations and global production. Moreover, rooted in a highly problematic colonial imagery, exploitation in the Global South is seen as a “cultural problem” of “them” rather than a problem related to the social and spatial relations of global capitalism.

Neoliberal globalisation has expanded transnational corporations’ (TNCs) boundaries of operation and sphere of exploitation, particularly in the Global South where much of the production of traditional TNC manufacturing now occurs. In this article, using a longitudinal approach, I conduct a detailed critical discourse analysis of a large Swedish press corpus reporting on TNC activities in Global South countries. The analysis suggests that the issue of workers’ conditions is made relevant to the Swedish public through a “consumer framework” that not only confers proximity and relevance on the topic, but also effectively recontextualises agency and responsibility towards particular or individual social actors, obscuring the class dimension of labour relations and global production. Moreover, rooted in a highly problematic colonial imagery, exploitation in the Global South is seen as a “cultural problem” of “them” rather than a problem related to the social and spatial relations of global capitalism.

Neoliberal globalisation has expanded transnational corporations’ (TNCs) boundaries of operation and sphere of exploitation, particularly in the Global South where much of the production of traditional TNC manufacturing now occurs. In this article, using a longitudinal approach, I conduct a detailed critical discourse analysis of a large Swedish press corpus reporting on TNC activities in Global South countries. The analysis suggests that the issue of workers’ conditions is made relevant to the Swedish public through a “consumer framework” that not only confers proximity and relevance on the topic, but also effectively recontextualises agency and responsibility towards particular or individual social actors, obscuring the class dimension of labour relations and global production. Moreover, rooted in a highly problematic colonial imagery, exploitation in the Global South is seen as a “cultural problem” of “them” rather than a problem related to the social and spatial relations of global capitalism.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the problem of determining the status of transnational corporations in the system of global governance, in revealing the transition of transnational corporations from an economic subject of international relations to understanding it as a political actor in the system of international relations. The article covers a range of issues related to attempts to regulate foreign TNCs by national states, It also touches upon the issue of changing the positions of leading TNCs in the ratings compiled by authoritative publications over the past decade, an analysis of the influence of transnational corporations as non-state actors in world politics is carried out. Research methodology. Analysis of published survey reports of international organizations and individual leading transnational corporations. One of the most pressing issues in the study of the role and place of transnational corporations in world politics is the problem of determining the status of transnational corporations in the global governance system. As a result, we find that transnational corporations act in the global governance system as tools and as institutions, which requires the development of new scientific approaches that reflect the dynamics of the introduction of these actors into the system of world politics., El objetivo del estudio es analizar el estatus de las empresas transnacionales en el sistema de gobernanza global, donde se observa la transición de las empresas transnacionales de un sujeto económico de las relaciones internacionales a un actor político en el sistema de relaciones internacionales. El artículo abarca una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con los intentos de regular las empresas trasnacionales extranjeras por parte de los Estados nacionales. Metodología de investigación. Análisis de informes de encuestas publicados de organizaciones internacionales y empresas transnacionales líderes individuales. Uno de los temas más urgentes en el estudio del papel y el lugar de las corporaciones transnacionales en la política mundial es el problema de determinar el estatus de las corporaciones transnacionales en el sistema de gobernanza global. Como resultado, encontramos que las empresas transnacionales actúan en el sistema de gobernanza global como herramientas y como instituciones, lo que requiere el desarrollo de nuevos enfoques científicos que reflejen la dinámica de la introducción de estos actores en el sistema de la política mundial.

Neoliberal globalisation has expanded transnational corporations’ (TNCs) boundaries of operation and sphere of exploitation, particularly in the Global South where much of the production of traditional TNC manufacturing now occurs. In this article, using a longitudinal approach, I conduct a detailed critical discourse analysis of a large Swedish press corpus reporting on TNC activities in Global South countries. The analysis suggests that the issue of workers’ conditions is made relevant to the Swedish public through a “consumer framework” that not only confers proximity and relevance on the topic, but also effectively recontextualises agency and responsibility towards particular or individual social actors, obscuring the class dimension of labour relations and global production. Moreover, rooted in a highly problematic colonial imagery, exploitation in the Global South is seen as a “cultural problem” of “them” rather than a problem related to the social and spatial relations of global capitalism.

Neoliberal globalisation has expanded transnational corporations’ (TNCs) boundaries of operation and sphere of exploitation, particularly in the Global South where much of the production of traditional TNC manufacturing now occurs. In this article, using a longitudinal approach, I conduct a detailed critical discourse analysis of a large Swedish press corpus reporting on TNC activities in Global South countries. The analysis suggests that the issue of workers’ conditions is made relevant to the Swedish public through a “consumer framework” that not only confers proximity and relevance on the topic, but also effectively recontextualises agency and responsibility towards particular or individual social actors, obscuring the class dimension of labour relations and global production. Moreover, rooted in a highly problematic colonial imagery, exploitation in the Global South is seen as a “cultural problem” of “them” rather than a problem related to the social and spatial relations of global capitalism.

In the Swedish news-media we find sporadic critical, or reflective, reporting on the production conditions of Swedish ‘sweat-shop’ factories in the Global South, used to supply Transnational Corporations (TNCs). In this paper we carry out a critical discourse analysis, in particular using Van Leeuwen’s social actor and social action analysis, to look at examples from a larger corpus of 88 news reports and editorials from the Swedish press, between 2012–2017, which report and comment on activities of the Swedish company H&M in relation to its production chains. Analysis reveals how these recontextualize events, processes and motives, to represent Sweden and Swedish TNCs as characterized by a benevolent, democratic, humane, form of capitalism, drawing on discourses of a former social democratic Sweden of the 1960s before it became highly neo-liberalized. This nationalism converges with other discourses promoting the exploitation of the Global South.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the problem of determining the status of transnational corporations in the system of global governance, in revealing the transition of transnational corporations from an economic subject of international relations to understanding it as a political actor in the system of international relations. The article covers a range of issues related to attempts to regulate foreign TNCs by national states, It also touches upon the issue of changing the positions of leading TNCs in the ratings compiled by authoritative publications over the past decade, an analysis of the influence of transnational corporations as non-state actors in world politics is carried out. Research methodology. Analysis of published survey reports of international organizations and individual leading transnational corporations. One of the most pressing issues in the study of the role and place of transnational corporations in world politics is the problem of determining the status of transnational corporations in the global governance system. As a result, we find that transnational corporations act in the global governance system as tools and as institutions, which requires the development of new scientific approaches that reflect the dynamics of the introduction of these actors into the system of world politics., El objetivo del estudio es analizar el estatus de las empresas transnacionales en el sistema de gobernanza global, donde se observa la transición de las empresas transnacionales de un sujeto económico de las relaciones internacionales a un actor político en el sistema de relaciones internacionales. El artículo abarca una serie de cuestiones relacionadas con los intentos de regular las empresas trasnacionales extranjeras por parte de los Estados nacionales. Metodología de investigación. Análisis de informes de encuestas publicados de organizaciones internacionales y empresas transnacionales líderes individuales. Uno de los temas más urgentes en el estudio del papel y el lugar de las corporaciones transnacionales en la política mundial es el problema de determinar el estatus de las corporaciones transnacionales en el sistema de gobernanza global. Como resultado, encontramos que las empresas transnacionales actúan en el sistema de gobernanza global como herramientas y como instituciones, lo que requiere el desarrollo de nuevos enfoques científicos que reflejen la dinámica de la introducción de estos actores en el sistema de la política mundial.

In the Swedish news-media we find sporadic critical, or reflective, reporting on the production conditions of Swedish ‘sweat-shop’ factories in the Global South, used to supply Transnational Corporations (TNCs). In this paper we carry out a critical discourse analysis, in particular using Van Leeuwen’s social actor and social action analysis, to look at examples from a larger corpus of 88 news reports and editorials from the Swedish press, between 2012–2017, which report and comment on activities of the Swedish company H&M in relation to its production chains. Analysis reveals how these recontextualize events, processes and motives, to represent Sweden and Swedish TNCs as characterized by a benevolent, democratic, humane, form of capitalism, drawing on discourses of a former social democratic Sweden of the 1960s before it became highly neo-liberalized. This nationalism converges with other discourses promoting the exploitation of the Global South.

Transnational corporations are today in general not considered to be obligated under international law to respect human rights. In states where the protection of human rights through national law is weak corporations thus may violate human rights without risking becoming subjects to legal santioncs. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not the conclusion of a treaty that obligates transnational corporations directly under international law to respect human rights would be, on one hand, desirable and, on the other hand, legally and practically possible. For this purpose, the study investigates the content, purpose and effect of and criticism against the UNGPs – the only instrument adopted by the UN that regulates business and human rights. For the same purpose the study furtheron examines a number of issues discussed within the legal doctrine regarding the idea of obligating transnational corporations under international law to respect human rights. In the study it is established that the UNGPs have gained support among states and corporations but that the adoption of the instrument have not resulted in any major change in corporate behaviour. Moreover, the UNGPs have among many things been criticized for being too vaguely formulated and for claiming too little from corporations. Whether a treaty binding corporations to respect human rights is desireable or not is a subjective question. The answer according to the author of the study is, however, yes. The issues addressed within the essay concerning the idea of a corporate-binding treaty are the corporate influence on states’ legal and political decision-making; the difficulties in creating corporate compliance; the risk of impeding national progress in strengthening the protection of human rights; the question of where to draw the line between corporate and state obligations regarding human rights and the question of whether enough international consensus for a treaty to be concluded is ever to be, Transnationella företag anses idag generellt sett inte vara folkrättsligt skyldiga att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. I stater där det nationella skyddet av mänskliga rättigheter brister tillåts således företag begå kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter utan att träffas av juridiska sanktioner. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om en traktat som direkt gör transnationella företag folkrättsligt skyldiga att respektera mänskliga rättigheter vore dels önskvärd, dels rättsligt och praktiskt möjlig. I detta syfte undersöks innehållet och syftet hos, verkan av samt kritiken gentemot UNGP – det enda instrument antaget av FN som reglerar företag och mänskliga rättigheter. I samma syfte undersöks ett antal problem som diskuterats angående idén att göra transnationella företag folkrättsligt skyldiga att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. I uppsatsen konstateras att UNGP har vunnit stöd hos stater och företag men att antagandet av instrumentet i praktiken inte har inneburit några större förändringar vad avser företags faktiska beteenden. Vidare har UNGP bland annat kritiserats för att vara för vagt formulerat och för att ställa för låga krav på företag. Huruvida en traktat som binder företag att respektera mänskliga rättigheter vore önskvärd är en subjektiv fråga. Svaret enligt uppsatsförfattaren är dock ja. De problem som behandlas avseende en företagsbindande traktat är företags inflytande på staters juridiska och politiska beslutsfattande, svårigheterna kring att få företag att respektera ett internationellt regelverk, risken för att nationell utveckling avseende stärkande av skyddet för mänskliga rättigheter bromsas, var gränsen mellan företags och staters ansvar avseende mänskliga rättigheter ska dras, samt frågan om tillräckligt mycket internationell konsensus någonsin kan uppnås för att en traktat ska kunna komma till. Författaren konstaterar att en traktat vore rättsligt möjlig, men att det på grund av ovan nämnda svårigheter och staters bristande tro på och v

Neoliberal globalisation has expanded transnational corporations’ (TNCs) boundaries of operation and sphere of exploitation, particularly in the Global South where much of the production of traditional TNC manufacturing now occurs. In this article, using a longitudinal approach, I conduct a detailed critical discourse analysis of a large Swedish press corpus reporting on TNC activities in Global South countries. The analysis suggests that the issue of workers’ conditions is made relevant to the Swedish public through a “consumer framework” that not only confers proximity and relevance on the topic, but also effectively recontextualises agency and responsibility towards particular or individual social actors, obscuring the class dimension of labour relations and global production. Moreover, rooted in a highly problematic colonial imagery, exploitation in the Global South is seen as a “cultural problem” of “them” rather than a problem related to the social and spatial relations of global capitalism.

We review the extant literature on market entry modes to explain the multi-levels of the political environment that can have a moderating effect on transnational corporations' (TNC) market entry processes. Based on a systematic review of the Uppsala model, transaction cost analysis, real options, eclectic paradigm, industrial network, and institutional approaches, we show that the market entry modes literature has largely excluded some aspects of the political environment from market entry mode decisions. Consequently, we continue to struggle with the question of how TNCs can factor the political environment into their foreign market entry processes. We suggest a more detailed analysis of the political environment may enable future research to address this challenge using corporate political activity literature and institutional theory. In particular, a distinction between macro and micro levels of analysis can explain how the moderating effect of the political environment on market entry mode decisions can be untangled. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the modern world, the number of subjects of international law continues to increase. This is due to the increase in commodity circulation and investment activity of business structures. This paper addresses the issue of the essence of the legal personality of transnational corporations as legal entities via analysis, synthesis, comparative method, comparative legal method, methods of dialectics. As a result, The combination of nationality and personal statute creates an enormous difficulty in determining the nationality of legal entities. we can conclude that the basis for the international legal personality of the legal entity is its domestic legal personality

The subject matter of the article is the theoretical and practical aspects of growth, expansion, and functioning of the transnational corporations against the backdrop of the modern transnationalization of the economy. The aim of the work is to research the transnationalization of the economy and to identify the main factors of growth and development of modern transnational corporations. The following tasks were solved in the article: analysis of the level of transnationalization of the economy; definition of modern geographical diversification of TNCs; research the theoretical foundations of corporate growth; creation of practical evidence of a theoretical basis on modern databases; analysis of the influence of the elements of the expansion of TNCs on their profitability. The following methods are used: the graphic method, the statistical method, the comparative method, the index method. The following results were obtained: the level of transnationalization of the world economy in dynamics over the past years has been revealed, which is characterized by a stagnant situation from 2014. The study of the transnationalization of individual economies shows a certain approach of the leaders to the more similar indicators. This trend demonstrates the importance of geographical diversification for TNCs. The relationship between the profit and the using of various specific expenses was discovered. It has been revealed that R & D, as a component cannot independently provide the sufficient competitive advantages to the ever-growing technological solution of global competitors. The need for the existence of specific capabilities of the company due to the proper management in the geographical structure is confirmed. It is noted about the change in the local position of both the parent companies and affiliates of TNCs, which leads to transnational competition between countries. The need of simultaneous use of multiple methods of growth is noted. Conclusions: the studied at t, Предметом исследования в статье являются теоретические и практические аспекты роста, расширения и функционирования транснациональных корпораций на фоне современной транснационализации экономики. Цель работы - анализ особенностей транснационализации мирового хозяйства и выявление основных факторов роста и развития современных транснациональных корпораций. В статье решаются следующие задачи: анализ уровня транснационализации экономики; определение современной географической диверсификации ТНК; исследование теоретических основ роста корпораций; создание практических подтверждений теоретической основы на основе анализа современных баз данных; рассмотрение влияния элементов расширения ТНК на их доходность. Используются следующие методы: графический метод, статистический метод, сравнительный метод, индексный метод. Получены следующие результаты: выявлен уровень транснационализации мирового хозяйства в динамике на протяжении последних лет, который характеризуется стагнационная ситуацией от 2014 года. Исследование транснационализации отдельных экономик свидетельствует об определенном приближении стран лидеров к более похожим показателям. Такая тенденция свидетельствует о важности географической диверсификации для ТНК. Было обнаружено взаимосвязь доходности фирмы при использовании различных спецефических расходов. При рассмотрении показателей доходности констатируется рост размера от вложения в НИОКР и маркетинг. Выявлено, что НИОКР, как составляющая, не может самостоятельно обеспечить достаточные конкурентные преимущества постоянно растущим технологическим решением глобальных конкурентов. Подтверждена необходимость существования специфических возможностей компании за счет правильного менеджмента в географической структуре. Отмечается об изменении локального расположения как материнских компаний, так и филиалов ТНК, что приводит к транснациональной конкурентной борьбы между странами. Отмечена значимость одновременного использования нескольких методов роста корпораций. Выводы, Предметом дослідження в статті є теоретичні та практичні аспекти зростання, розширення та функціонування транснаціональних корпорацій на тлі сучасної транснаціоналізації господарського простору. Мета роботи - аналіз особливостей транснаціоналізації світового господарства та виявлення основних чинників зростання й розвитку сучасних транснаціональних корпорацій. В статті вирішуються наступні завдання: аналіз рівня транснаціоналізації економіки; визначення сучасної географічної диверсифікації ТНК; дослідження теоретичних основ зростання корпорацій; створення практичних підтверджень теоретичної основи на основі аналізу сучасних баз даних; розгляд впливу елементів розширення ТНК на їх дохідність. Використовуються такі методи: графічний метод, статистичний метод, порівняльний метод, індексний метод. Отримано наступні результати: виявлено рівень транснаціоналізації світового господарства в динаміці на протязі останніх років, що характеризується стагнаційною ситуацією від 2014 року. Дослідження транснаціоналізації окремих економік свідчить про певне наближення країн лідерів до більш схожих показників. Така тенденція свідчить про важливість географічної диверсифікації для ТНК. Було виявлено взаємозв’язок дохідності фірми при використанні різних витрат. При розгляді показників дохідності констатується зростання розміру від витрат на НДДКР та маркетинг. Виявлено, що НДДКР, як складова, не може самостійно забезпечити достатні конкурентні переваги постійно зростаючим технологічним рішенням глобальних конкурентів. Підтверджено необхідність існування специфічних можливостей компанії при використанні правильного менеджменту в географічній структурі. Зазначається про зміну локального розташування як материнських компаній так і філій ТНК, що призводить до транснаціональної конкурентної боротьби між країнами. Зазначено про важливість одночасного використання декількох методів зростання корпорацій. Висновки: дослідженні теоретичні та практичні основи в роботі свідчать про важливість к

Economic globalization and the rise of transnational corporate have created a favorable climate for corporate human abusers, which are governed principally by codes of supply and demand and show loyalty only to their stockholders. This phenomenon is one of the most important challenges for a labor framework articulated around Nation-State, supporting a growing asymmetry of power between transnationals corporations and the States. Although on 26 June 2014, the Human Rights Council adopted Resolution 26/9 to elaborate an internationally legal binding instrument to regulate, in international human rights law, the activities of transnationals corporations and other business enterprises, this instrument has not been yet approved. This articles focuses in the effects on the enactment of the binding agreement and subsidiary paper adopted by Global Framework Agreements on the achievement of Decent Work in global supply chains., La compleja estructura de las empresas transnacionales, en parte por la consolidación de las cadenas de suministro como elemento definitorio del sistema de producción de bienes y servicios en estas compañías, no solo supone uno de los principales desafíos para la eficacia de una legislación laboral, articulada en torno a un Estado-Nación, sino que evidencia una asimetría de poder entre los actores económicos y los Estados. Y aunque ya en junio de 2014, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU adoptó la Resolución 26/9 dirigida a la elaboración de un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante para regular la actividad de las empresas transnacionales y sus cadenas de suministro, todavía no se ha alcanzado un acuerdo en este sentido. El presente artículo, además de examinar cuál podría ser el efecto de su aprobación, plantea qué papel han jugado los acuerdos marco globales ante la falta de un marco heterónomo. Finalmente se cuestiona cuál es el interés de las empresas transnacionales para monitorizar a las empresas con las que mantienen relaciones comerciales dentro de sus cadenas de suministro.

This paper analyses the economic impact of Transnational Corporations through their activities across Global Value Chains (GVCs), using Mexico as baseline country. By exploiting the UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain database, we conduct an exploratory research methodology. We first unfold the relationship between GVC trade and economic development by disaggregating GVC trade into its two components (Foreign value-added and Indirect value-added). Further, we examine the actual volumes of value-added trade across GVCs in absolute terms by comparing Mexico to other Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries from Latin America. Lastly, we compute Mexico’s GVC participation and upstream position indexes in comparison to its major trading partners. Overall, our results suggest that TNCs’ activities in Mexico have a detrimental impact over Mexico’s economic role and level of economic integration across GVCs. The country’s economic role is restricted as a merely net importer of value-added trade, and while GVC participation remains high, its negative upstream position indicates high losses in their production length and a high risk to remain locked in lowvalue adding activities.

Nahiz eta gertakari berri bat izan, elkarlaneko ekonomiak langilegoaren babesaren eta haren araudiaren inguruan dituen arazoen gehiengoa behintzat, nahiko ezagunak dira Lan Zuzenbidean. Jakina, haren osagarri digitalak, lan harremanaren aurre-baldintza sortzaileak eta subjektuak azaleratzea oztopatzen du, baina ala eta guztiz ere, erraza da elkarlaneko ekonomiaren arazoak azpikontratazioaren arazoekin parekatzea; enpresa transnazionalak bien garapenean izandako eraginak gainera oso alderagarriak dira. Abiapuntu honen arabera, elkarlaneko ekonomia, ekoizpenaren deszentralizazioari loturiko gertakarien bilakaera baino ezer gitxi gehiagotzat hartu daiteke, eta horrek haren arauketa internazionalak eskainitako aukerak eta haren joera orokorren berri eman dezake., Despite being a new phenomenon, at least most of the issues of the sharing economy related to the lack of protection of workers and their regulation are well known for Labor Law. Obviously, its digital component contributes to dilute the identification of the subjects and constituent elements of an employment relationship, but it is easy to assimilate these problems to those presented by outsourcing; in addition, the influence that the Transnational Corporation has on its development is very comparable. Under these premises, the sharing economy would not be much more than an evolution of those transformations linked to productive decentralization, which helps exploring the possibilities and general tendencies in its international regulation, despite its particularities., A pesar de ser un fenómeno novedoso, al menos la mayor parte de los problemas de la economía colaborativa en relación a la desprotección de las personas trabajadoras y su regulación son conocidos para el Derecho del Trabajo. Evidentemente el componente digital contribuye a diluir la identificación de los sujetos y elementos constitutivos de una relación laboral, pero es fácil asimilar estas problemáticas a las que presentaba la subcontratación; además, la influencia que la Empresa Trasnacional tiene en su desarrollo es muy comparable. Bajo estas premisas, la economía colaborativa sería poco más que una evolución de los fenómenos ligados a la descentralización productiva, lo que permite explorar las posibilidades y tendencias generales en su regulación internacional a pesar de sus particularidades.

Transnational corporations (TNCs) shape population health both positively and negatively through their national and international social, political and economic power and influence; and are a vital commercial determinant of health. Individual and group advocacy and activism in response to corporate products, practices or policy influences can mediate negative health impacts. This paper discusses the unequal power relations existing between TNCs that promote their own financial interests, and activists and advocates who support population and environmental health by challenging corporate power. It draws on interview data from 19 respondents who informed 2 health impact assessments conducted on TNCs; 1 from the fast food industry, and 1 from the extractive industries sector. It reveals the types of strategies that civil society organizations (CSOs) have used to encourage TNCs to act in more health promoting ways. It discusses the extent to which these strategies have been effective, and how TNCs have used their power to respond to civil society action. The paper highlights the rewards, and the very real challenges faced by CSOs trying to change TNC practices related to health, within a neoliberal policy environment. It aims to provide evidence for socially oriented actors to inform their advocacy for changes in public policy or corporate practices that can contribute to improving population health and equity and tackling commercial determinants of health.

Nahiz eta gertakari berri bat izan, elkarlaneko ekonomiak langilegoaren babesaren eta haren araudiaren inguruan dituen arazoen gehiengoa behintzat, nahiko ezagunak dira Lan Zuzenbidean. Jakina, haren osagarri digitalak, lan harremanaren aurre-baldintza sortzaileak eta subjektuak azaleratzea oztopatzen du, baina ala eta guztiz ere, erraza da elkarlaneko ekonomiaren arazoak azpikontratazioaren arazoekin parekatzea; enpresa transnazionalak bien garapenean izandako eraginak gainera oso alderagarriak dira. Abiapuntu honen arabera, elkarlaneko ekonomia, ekoizpenaren deszentralizazioari loturiko gertakarien bilakaera baino ezer gitxi gehiagotzat hartu daiteke, eta horrek haren arauketa internazionalak eskainitako aukerak eta haren joera orokorren berri eman dezake., Despite being a new phenomenon, at least most of the issues of the sharing economy related to the lack of protection of workers and their regulation are well known for Labor Law. Obviously, its digital component contributes to dilute the identification of the subjects and constituent elements of an employment relationship, but it is easy to assimilate these problems to those presented by outsourcing; in addition, the influence that the Transnational Corporation has on its development is very comparable. Under these premises, the sharing economy would not be much more than an evolution of those transformations linked to productive decentralization, which helps exploring the possibilities and general tendencies in its international regulation, despite its particularities., A pesar de ser un fenómeno novedoso, al menos la mayor parte de los problemas de la economía colaborativa en relación a la desprotección de las personas trabajadoras y su regulación son conocidos para el Derecho del Trabajo. Evidentemente el componente digital contribuye a diluir la identificación de los sujetos y elementos constitutivos de una relación laboral, pero es fácil asimilar estas problemáticas a las que presentaba la subcontratación; además, la influencia que la Empresa Trasnacional tiene en su desarrollo es muy comparable. Bajo estas premisas, la economía colaborativa sería poco más que una evolución de los fenómenos ligados a la descentralización productiva, lo que permite explorar las posibilidades y tendencias generales en su regulación internacional a pesar de sus particularidades.

My purpose in this paper is to deepen the literature on Chinese foreign investments (particularly in Brazilian agribusiness), and the formation of a transnational capitalist class, by utilizing practices of global ethnography and the conceptual apparatus of ‘assemblages’ emerging in human geography. I trace the genealogy of the Chinese-owned Brazilian company BBCA Brazil and its agroindustrial project in Mato Grosso do Sul state, since it is illustrative of the conditions of possibility for Chinese direct investments in agribusiness in Brazil and Brazil–China agroindustrial partnerships more generally. I argue the central characters of this story aptly illustrate the transnational class of boosters, brokers, bureaucrats and businessmen who rise by assembling Chinese capital with Brazilian (agri)business expertise, labour and land. It is the particular work of assemblage and set of skills of these characters, especially those operating at the ‘middle levels’ of state and corporate governance, that both enables the successful implementation of transnational investments, and also explains why such projects propel them while marginalizing others, increasing social inequality, and aggravating environmental degradation.

This thesis examines the mediated representation of workers’ working conditions in the Global South. Using a qualitative approach inspired by Critical Discourse Studies, it focuses on ideological representation in newspapers from Sweden, the USA, Chile and China/Hong Kong. The aims are to understand how working conditions are represented; identify key themes of news reporting; understand how newspapers convey ideological discourses about ‘foreign’ and ‘distant’ working conditions; and provide critical insights into how the topic is represented in newspapers in terms of its relevance (to a national readership) as well as agency and responsibility (i.e. who is responsible for working conditions?) and the possible ideological impact thereof on the reader and their knowledge/interpretation of this issue. The results suggest that the general structuring of Swedish media discourse on workers’ conditions runs thematically across various parts/sections of the production industry: garments, electronics, food, furniture and toys. In addition, further themes/frames are used in the coverage (working conditions in the workplace, salary, conditions of employment, housing, workforce composition and workers’ organizations), further particularising the explored focus of media representation. The study also suggests that mainstream news media represent working conditions in ways that exclude a range of key issues, actors and causalities. Constructed at the level of media discourse, such problematic representations largely conceal the structural, institutional and corporatist responsibility behind the global exploitation of workers and their largely unfavourable working conditions. Instead, responsibility for those working conditions is effectively and strategically shifted away from the wider global system of capitalist-driven exploitation into individual social actors, in both the Western world (in the form of particular transnational corporations and in the form of readers/ users a

The article explores the application of the Californian agricultural model in the strawberry sector in the San Quintin Valley in Baja California, Mexico. It analyzes economic operations by transnational commercial companies, as well as anti-corporate mobilization among agricultural day laborers. The study contributes to the debate on global production chains and networks, transnational corporations, and agri-food studies, combining analyses of the processes of capital circulation and the social relations of production. The research was conducted over several stages in 2016 and 2017, using a combination of quantitative and above all qualitative techniques., El artículo investiga la aplicación del modelo agrícola californiano en el sector fresero del Valle de San Quintín, en Baja California, México. Se analizan las operaciones económicas implementadas por las compañías comerciales transnacionales, así como la movilización anticorporativa de los jornaleros agrícolas. La investigación contribuye al debate sobre cadenas y redes globales de producción, corporaciones transnacionales y estudios agroalimentarios, combinando un análisis de los procesos de circulación del capital y de las relaciones sociales de producción. La investigación se ha desarrollado durante varias etapas en los años 2016 y 2017, con una combinación de técnicas cuantitativas y, sobre todo, cualitativas.

Nahiz eta gertakari berri bat izan, elkarlaneko ekonomiak langilegoaren babesaren eta haren araudiaren inguruan dituen arazoen gehiengoa behintzat, nahiko ezagunak dira Lan Zuzenbidean. Jakina, haren osagarri digitalak, lan harremanaren aurre-baldintza sortzaileak eta subjektuak azaleratzea oztopatzen du, baina ala eta guztiz ere, erraza da elkarlaneko ekonomiaren arazoak azpikontratazioaren arazoekin parekatzea; enpresa transnazionalak bien garapenean izandako eraginak gainera oso alderagarriak dira. Abiapuntu honen arabera, elkarlaneko ekonomia, ekoizpenaren deszentralizazioari loturiko gertakarien bilakaera baino ezer gitxi gehiagotzat hartu daiteke, eta horrek haren arauketa internazionalak eskainitako aukerak eta haren joera orokorren berri eman dezake., Despite being a new phenomenon, at least most of the issues of the sharing economy related to the lack of protection of workers and their regulation are well known for Labor Law. Obviously, its digital component contributes to dilute the identification of the subjects and constituent elements of an employment relationship, but it is easy to assimilate these problems to those presented by outsourcing; in addition, the influence that the Transnational Corporation has on its development is very comparable. Under these premises, the sharing economy would not be much more than an evolution of those transformations linked to productive decentralization, which helps exploring the possibilities and general tendencies in its international regulation, despite its particularities., A pesar de ser un fenómeno novedoso, al menos la mayor parte de los problemas de la economía colaborativa en relación a la desprotección de las personas trabajadoras y su regulación son conocidos para el Derecho del Trabajo. Evidentemente el componente digital contribuye a diluir la identificación de los sujetos y elementos constitutivos de una relación laboral, pero es fácil asimilar estas problemáticas a las que presentaba la subcontratación; además, la influencia que la Empresa Trasnacional tiene en su desarrollo es muy comparable. Bajo estas premisas, la economía colaborativa sería poco más que una evolución de los fenómenos ligados a la descentralización productiva, lo que permite explorar las posibilidades y tendencias generales en su regulación internacional a pesar de sus particularidades.

Economic globalization and the rise of transnational corporate have created a favorable climate for corporate human abusers, which are governed principally by codes of supply and demand and show loyalty only to their stockholders. This phenomenon is one of the most important challenges for a labor framework articulated around Nation-State, supporting a growing asymmetry of power between transnationals corporations and the States. Although on 26 June 2014, the Human Rights Council adopted Resolution 26/9 to elaborate an internationally legal binding instrument to regulate, in international human rights law, the activities of transnationals corporations and other business enterprises, this instrument has not been yet approved. This articles focuses in the effects on the enactment of the binding agreement and subsidiary paper adopted by Global Framework Agreements on the achievement of Decent Work in global supply chains., La compleja estructura de las empresas transnacionales, en parte por la consolidación de las cadenas de suministro como elemento definitorio del sistema de producción de bienes y servicios en estas compañías, no solo supone uno de los principales desafíos para la eficacia de una legislación laboral, articulada en torno a un Estado-Nación, sino que evidencia una asimetría de poder entre los actores económicos y los Estados. Y aunque ya en junio de 2014, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU adoptó la Resolución 26/9 dirigida a la elaboración de un instrumento jurídicamente vinculante para regular la actividad de las empresas transnacionales y sus cadenas de suministro, todavía no se ha alcanzado un acuerdo en este sentido. El presente artículo, además de examinar cuál podría ser el efecto de su aprobación, plantea qué papel han jugado los acuerdos marco globales ante la falta de un marco heterónomo. Finalmente se cuestiona cuál es el interés de las empresas transnacionales para monitorizar a las empresas con las que mantienen relaciones comerciales dentro de sus cadenas de suministro.

This paper analyses the economic impact of Transnational Corporations through their activities across Global Value Chains (GVCs), using Mexico as baseline country. By exploiting the UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain database, we conduct an exploratory research methodology. We first unfold the relationship between GVC trade and economic development by disaggregating GVC trade into its two components (Foreign value-added and Indirect value-added). Further, we examine the actual volumes of value-added trade across GVCs in absolute terms by comparing Mexico to other Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries from Latin America. Lastly, we compute Mexico’s GVC participation and upstream position indexes in comparison to its major trading partners. Overall, our results suggest that TNCs’ activities in Mexico have a detrimental impact over Mexico’s economic role and level of economic integration across GVCs. The country’s economic role is restricted as a merely net importer of value-added trade, and while GVC participation remains high, its negative upstream position indicates high losses in their production length and a high risk to remain locked in lowvalue adding activities.

This thesis examines the mediated representation of workers’ working conditions in the Global South. Using a qualitative approach inspired by Critical Discourse Studies, it focuses on ideological representation in newspapers from Sweden, the USA, Chile and China/Hong Kong. The aims are to understand how working conditions are represented; identify key themes of news reporting; understand how newspapers convey ideological discourses about ‘foreign’ and ‘distant’ working conditions; and provide critical insights into how the topic is represented in newspapers in terms of its relevance (to a national readership) as well as agency and responsibility (i.e. who is responsible for working conditions?) and the possible ideological impact thereof on the reader and their knowledge/interpretation of this issue. The results suggest that the general structuring of Swedish media discourse on workers’ conditions runs thematically across various parts/sections of the production industry: garments, electronics, food, furniture and toys. In addition, further themes/frames are used in the coverage (working conditions in the workplace, salary, conditions of employment, housing, workforce composition and workers’ organizations), further particularising the explored focus of media representation. The study also suggests that mainstream news media represent working conditions in ways that exclude a range of key issues, actors and causalities. Constructed at the level of media discourse, such problematic representations largely conceal the structural, institutional and corporatist responsibility behind the global exploitation of workers and their largely unfavourable working conditions. Instead, responsibility for those working conditions is effectively and strategically shifted away from the wider global system of capitalist-driven exploitation into individual social actors, in both the Western world (in the form of particular transnational corporations and in the form of readers/ users a

This thesis examines the mediated representation of workers’ working conditions in the Global South. Using a qualitative approach inspired by Critical Discourse Studies, it focuses on ideological representation in newspapers from Sweden, the USA, Chile and China/Hong Kong. The aims are to understand how working conditions are represented; identify key themes of news reporting; understand how newspapers convey ideological discourses about ‘foreign’ and ‘distant’ working conditions; and provide critical insights into how the topic is represented in newspapers in terms of its relevance (to a national readership) as well as agency and responsibility (i.e. who is responsible for working conditions?) and the possible ideological impact thereof on the reader and their knowledge/interpretation of this issue. The results suggest that the general structuring of Swedish media discourse on workers’ conditions runs thematically across various parts/sections of the production industry: garments, electronics, food, furniture and toys. In addition, further themes/frames are used in the coverage (working conditions in the workplace, salary, conditions of employment, housing, workforce composition and workers’ organizations), further particularising the explored focus of media representation. The study also suggests that mainstream news media represent working conditions in ways that exclude a range of key issues, actors and causalities. Constructed at the level of media discourse, such problematic representations largely conceal the structural, institutional and corporatist responsibility behind the global exploitation of workers and their largely unfavourable working conditions. Instead, responsibility for those working conditions is effectively and strategically shifted away from the wider global system of capitalist-driven exploitation into individual social actors, in both the Western world (in the form of particular transnational corporations and in the form of readers/ users a

Para as Empresas de Base Tecnológica (EBTs), a expansão internacional representa uma oportunidade de crescimento e de criação de valor. Diante disso, o presente estudo destinou-se a analisar o papel dos influenciadores de internacionalização no desempenho internacional de EBTs. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa, operacionalizada por meio de uma survey. A coleta de dados se deu juntamente a 53 EBTs brasileiras localizadas em ambientes de inovação. Tais dados foram analisados por meio de técnica estatística multivariada e com os resultados obtidos, contatou-se que os determinantes do desempenho internacional das empresas analisadas, podem ser definidos pelos influenciadores de internacionalização externos (localização em ecossistemas de inovação; integração a cadeias produtivas globais; parcerias e alianças estratégicas para inovação e políticas governamentais) e internos (capacidade de inovação, orientação para o mercado internacional e habilidades de marketing internacional)., For Technology-Based Firms, international expansion represents an opportunity for growth and value creation. The present study was designed to analyze the role of technology-based companies (TBCs) internationalization drivers on international performance. Therefore, a descriptive research was carried out with a quantitative approach performed through a survey. Data collection happened with 53 Brazilian TBCs located in innovation habitats. These data were analyzed by multivariate statistical technique. The results showed that the determinants of the international performance of Brazilian TBCs, can be set by external influencers (localization in innovation habitats, integration into global productive chains, partnerships and strategic alliances for innovation and government policies) and internal influencers (innovation capability, international market orientation and international marketing skills).

In this article, we provide the analysis of the world non-ferrous metal industry. In order to do so, we use data from the World Bureau of Metal Statistics (WBMS), the World Bank Commodity Market Outlook (CMO, April 2017) and the global aluminum market overview (UC Rusal, May 2014). We do the alu minum supply-demand analysis. We use statistical methods to highlight dynamics of bauxite production, the trend of non-ferrous metal prices and the share of leading aluminum producing corporations. The results show that in 2016 there is negative aluminum supply-demand balance (approximately 2.2 million tons). In addition, they show that the prices of nickel are more volatile than those of copper and aluminum. The results also show the growing demand for aluminum in the coming years due to increased use of a luminum in the automotive, power and construction industries.

In the world practice economic phenomenon of "catching-up development of the national economy" is well-known. Japan was a pioneer in this field, but later several generations of the countries­followers emerged. The list of countries that have implemented or are currently implementing the strategy of catching up development in the economic literature is interpreted in different ways. The article considers the author's approach to formation of this list of countries. The article analyzes the main elements of the theoretical base of catch-up development, formed in economic theory. Great attention is given to highlighting the role of foreign direct investment and the at­traction of transnational corporations in the implementation of the strategy of catch-up development. The comparison shows that attitude of different countries of catching up development to foreign direct investment is different and the significance of investment in the transformation of economies aimed at reducing the gap with the countries-leaders of world development is different as well. Comparative analysis of statistical indicators of the countries of catching up development characterizes their involvement in the world market of foreign direct investment and into the global network of TNCs., Мировой практике получил распространение экономический феномен «догоняющее развитие национальной экономики». Япония является пионером в этой сфере, вслед за ней сформировалось несколько поколений странпоследователей. Круг стран, осуществивших или осуществляющих стратегию догоняющего развития, пока в экономической литературе трактуется поразному. В статье рассматривается авторский подход к формированию этого перечня стран. Анализируются основные элементы теоретической базы догоняющего развития, сформировавшейся в экономической теории. Большое внимание в статье отводится освещению роли прямых иностранных инвестиций и привлечения транснациональных корпораций в осуществлении стратегии догоняющего развития. Сопоставляется отношение разных стран догоняющего развития к прямым иностранным инвестициям и их значению в ходе трансформации экономик, нацеленных на сокращение разрыва со странамилидерами мирового развития. Проведен сравнительный анализ статистических показателей стран догоняющего развития, характеризующих их вовлеченность в мировой рынок прямых иностранных инвестиций и мировую сеть ТНК.

The topic of Chinese overseas investment will only garner more attention as China’s Belt and Road Initiative unpacks itself and more Chinese firms expand elsewhere globally. The literature on outward investment from China seems to be dominated by two prevalent analytical frameworks: a flexible and a focused paradigm. At its core, the focused camp utilizes a cost-benefit framework as its starting assumption to investigate Chinese overseas investment and transnational corporations whereas the flexible camp does not. While this Geography dissertation takes root in the flexible side, it nonetheless utilizes contributions from both sides to construct, what is referred here as, a geographic framework toward examining Chinese overseas investment. Designed as three stand-alone papers, it represents three case studies with analytical generalization on important aspects of investment from China, analyzing Hong Kong, Pakistan, and California through the geographic concepts place, connectivity, and scale, respectively. Hong Kong, by one measure, is the largest destination for Chinese outward foreign direct investment flows and stock. Analyzing Hong Kong in terms of place flushes out the historic, economic, and cultural configurations that interact to make it such an important destination. To date, Pakistan is the flagship destination for the Belt and Road Initiative. Examining Pakistan through the concept of connectivity highlights the uneven power relations in the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. California is the most important destination for Chinese firms in the U.S. Utilizing the scale concept uncovers how Chinese firms navigate challenges at the state and the municipal scale in California, generalizing lessons for investment in the U.S. at the national scale. Drawing from a year of fieldwork in Beijing and two additional years of research in Los Angeles from 2015 to 2018, this work not only tackles three central destinations for Chinese transnational corporations, but al

Transnational corporations are playing an important role in the global economy of today. Many of these corporations have great economic resources and have the possibility of contributing to the development of societies in developing states. At the same time, in their search for profit, the activities of TNCs have proven fatal to some of the individuals employed by them, or otherwise in contact with their activities. Within the international legal framework, corporations are not traditionally treated as subjects and if a TNC allocates its production to a state with lax human rights protection, no binding international standards exist to regulate the conduct of the corporation. In my thesis I will assess the position of TNCs under the present core human rights instruments and soft law initiatives. I will also analyze a draft treaty text produced by the Intergovernmental Working Group on Business and Human Rights, released in July 2018, to reach a conclusion on whether such an instrument would affect the international legal status of TNCs and provide a more robust protection of international human rights.

Literature on migration and mobility of companies´ skilled workers has mainly focused on expatriates. This literature puts the emphasis on transnationals´ labour markets, temporary migration, and upward labour trajectories. From 129 semi-structured interviews with Italian and Spanish immigrants, the article discusses the main patterns accounted on literature, by comparing and analyzing labour incorporation of expatriated and other skilled workers of companies in Mexico. First, the article discusses the role of Mexico as a permanent destination, in a context of globalization and economic crisis. Posteriorly, it revolves around the role of the Mexican state and the recent changes in its migration policy, in order to understand current migration flows. Finally, the article exposes the variety of working and hiring conditions of this group, suggesting a more complex view on labour incorporation of immigrant professionals in Mexico., La literatura sobre migración y la movilidad del personal cualificado de las empresas se ha centrado básicamente en el estudio del colectivo de expatriados. Ésta pone el énfasis en los mercados internos de las transnacionales, en migraciones temporales y en trayectorias laborales ascendentes. A partir de 129 entrevistas semi-estructuradas con inmigrantes españoles e italianos, este artículo discute los postulados de la literatura y, para ello, analiza y compara la inserción laboral de expatriados y otros trabajadores cualificados de las empresas en México. Primero, el artículo discute el papel de México como destino permanente, en un contexto de globalización y crisis económica. Posteriormente, se aborda el papel del estado mexicano y los recientes cambios en su política migratoria, a la hora de entender los flujos migratorios cualificados. Finalmente, el artículo expone la variedad de condiciones laborales y contractuales de este colectivo, que apuntan a una lectura compleja de la inserción laboral de los profesionales inmigrantes en México