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1. The diverse meteorology of Jezero crater over the first 250 sols of Perseverance on Mars

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MNT-Solar - Grup de Micro i Nano Tecnologies per Energia Solar, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, De la Torre Juárez, M., Sanchez Lavega, Agustin, Hueso, Ricardo, Martinez, German, Lemmon, Mark T., Newman, Claire, Munguira, Asier, Hieta, Maria, Tamppari, Leslie K., Polkko, J., Toledo Melgar, Daniel, Sebastián Martínez, Eduardo, Smith, Michael Doyle, Jaakonaho, Iina, Domínguez Pumar, Manuel, Jiménez Serres, Vicente, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MNT-Solar - Grup de Micro i Nano Tecnologies per Energia Solar, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, De la Torre Juárez, M., Sanchez Lavega, Agustin, Hueso, Ricardo, Martinez, German, Lemmon, Mark T., Newman, Claire, Munguira, Asier, Hieta, Maria, Tamppari, Leslie K., Polkko, J., Toledo Melgar, Daniel, Sebastián Martínez, Eduardo, Smith, Michael Doyle, Jaakonaho, Iina, Domínguez Pumar, Manuel, and Jiménez Serres, Vicente

Abstract

NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both combined and simultaneous, unveil the diversity of processes driving change on today’s Martian surface at Jezero crater., This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the projects no. ESP2014-54256-C4- 1-R (also -2-R, -3-R and -4-R); Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, projects no. ESP2016-79612-C3-1-R (also -2-R and -3-R); Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research (10.13039/501100011033), projects no. ESP2016-80320-C2-1-R, RTI2018-098728-B-C31 (also -C32 and -C33), RTI2018-099825-B-C31, PID2019-109467GB-I00 and PRE2020-092562; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial; Ministry of Science and Innovation’s Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology; Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Project MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”—Centro de Astrobiología; Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366- 19; and European Research Council Consolidator Grant no 818602. The US co-authors performed their work under sponsorship from NASA’s Mars 2020 project, from the Game Changing Development programme within the Space Technology Mission Directorate and from the Human Exploration and Operations Directorate. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). G.M. acknowledges JPL funding from USRA Contract Number 1638782. A.G.F. is supported by the European Research Council, Consolidator Grant no. 818602., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2023

2. The Diverse Meteorology of Jezero Crater over the First 250 Sols of Perseverance on Mars

Author

Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España, Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), Gobierno Vasco, European Research Council (ERC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A., Torre Juárez, M. de la, Sánchez Lavega, A., Hueso, R., Martínez, G., Lemmon, M. T., Newman, C. E., Munguira, A., Hieta, M., Tamppari, L. K., Espejo Meana, Servando Carlos, Zurita, S., Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España, Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), Gobierno Vasco, European Research Council (ERC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A., Torre Juárez, M. de la, Sánchez Lavega, A., Hueso, R., Martínez, G., Lemmon, M. T., Newman, C. E., Munguira, A., Hieta, M., Tamppari, L. K., Espejo Meana, Servando Carlos, and Zurita, S.

Abstract

NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both combined and simultaneous, unveil the diversity of processes driving change on today’s Martian surface at Jezero crater.

Published
2023

3. In situ recording of Mars soundscape

Author

Maurice, S., Chide, B., Murdoch, N., Lorenz, R. D., Mimoun, D., Wiens, R. C., Stott, A., Jacob, X., Bertrand, T., Montmessin, F., Lanza, N. L., Alvarez-Llamas, C., Angel, S. M., Aung, M., Balaram, J., Beyssac, O., Cousin, A., Delory, G., Forni, O., Fouchet, T., Gasnault, O., Grip, H., Hecht, M., Hoffman, J., Laserna, J., Lasue, J., Maki, J., McClean, J., Meslin, P.-Y., Le Mouélic, S., Munguira, A., Newman, C. E., Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A., Moros, J., Ollila, A., Pilleri, P., Schröder, S., de la Torre Juárez, M., Tzanetos, T., Stack, K. M., Farley, K., Williford, K., Acosta-Maeda, T., Anderson, R. B., Applin, D. M., Arana, G., Bassas-Portus, M., Beal, R., Beck, P., Benzerara, K., Bernard, S., Bernardi, P., Bosak, T., Bousquet, B., Brown, A., Cadu, A., Caïs, P., Castro, K., Clavé, E., Clegg, S. M., Cloutis, E., Connell, S., Debus, A., Dehouck, E., Delapp, D., Donny, C., Dorresoundiram, A., Dromart, G., Dubois, B., Fabre, C., Fau, A., Fischer, W., Francis, R., Frydenvang, J., Gabriel, T., Gibbons, E., Gontijo, I., Johnson, J. R., Kalucha, H., Kelly, E., Knutsen, E. W., Lacombe, G., Legett, C., Leveille, R., Lewin, E., Lopez-Reyes, G., Lorigny, E., Madariaga, J. M., Madsen, M., Madsen, S., Mandon, L., Mangold, N., Mann, M., Manrique, J.-A., Martinez-Frias, J., Mayhew, L. E., McConnochie, T., McLennan, S. M., Melikechi, N., Meunier, F., Montagnac, G., Mousset, V., Nelson, T., Newell, R. T., Parot, Y., Pilorget, C., Pinet, P., Pont, G., Poulet, F., Quantin-Nataf, C., Quertier, B., Rapin, W., Reyes-Newell, A., Robinson, S., Rochas, L., Royer, C., Rull, F., Sautter, V., Sharma, S., Shridar, V., Sournac, A., Toplis, M., Torre-Fdez, I., Turenne, N., Udry, A., Veneranda, M., Venhaus, D., Vogt, D., Willis, P., Maurice, S., Chide, B., Murdoch, N., Lorenz, R. D., Mimoun, D., Wiens, R. C., Stott, A., Jacob, X., Bertrand, T., Montmessin, F., Lanza, N. L., Alvarez-Llamas, C., Angel, S. M., Aung, M., Balaram, J., Beyssac, O., Cousin, A., Delory, G., Forni, O., Fouchet, T., Gasnault, O., Grip, H., Hecht, M., Hoffman, J., Laserna, J., Lasue, J., Maki, J., McClean, J., Meslin, P.-Y., Le Mouélic, S., Munguira, A., Newman, C. E., Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A., Moros, J., Ollila, A., Pilleri, P., Schröder, S., de la Torre Juárez, M., Tzanetos, T., Stack, K. M., Farley, K., Williford, K., Acosta-Maeda, T., Anderson, R. B., Applin, D. M., Arana, G., Bassas-Portus, M., Beal, R., Beck, P., Benzerara, K., Bernard, S., Bernardi, P., Bosak, T., Bousquet, B., Brown, A., Cadu, A., Caïs, P., Castro, K., Clavé, E., Clegg, S. M., Cloutis, E., Connell, S., Debus, A., Dehouck, E., Delapp, D., Donny, C., Dorresoundiram, A., Dromart, G., Dubois, B., Fabre, C., Fau, A., Fischer, W., Francis, R., Frydenvang, J., Gabriel, T., Gibbons, E., Gontijo, I., Johnson, J. R., Kalucha, H., Kelly, E., Knutsen, E. W., Lacombe, G., Legett, C., Leveille, R., Lewin, E., Lopez-Reyes, G., Lorigny, E., Madariaga, J. M., Madsen, M., Madsen, S., Mandon, L., Mangold, N., Mann, M., Manrique, J.-A., Martinez-Frias, J., Mayhew, L. E., McConnochie, T., McLennan, S. M., Melikechi, N., Meunier, F., Montagnac, G., Mousset, V., Nelson, T., Newell, R. T., Parot, Y., Pilorget, C., Pinet, P., Pont, G., Poulet, F., Quantin-Nataf, C., Quertier, B., Rapin, W., Reyes-Newell, A., Robinson, S., Rochas, L., Royer, C., Rull, F., Sautter, V., Sharma, S., Shridar, V., Sournac, A., Toplis, M., Torre-Fdez, I., Turenne, N., Udry, A., Veneranda, M., Venhaus, D., Vogt, D., and Willis, P.

Abstract

Prior to the Perseverance rover landing, the acoustic environment of Mars was unknown. Models predicted that: (i) atmospheric turbulence changes at centimeter scales or smaller at the point where molecular viscosity converts kinetic energy into heat1, (ii) the speed of sound varies at the surface with frequency, and (iii) high frequency waves are strongly attenuated with distance in CO₂. However, theoretical models were uncertain because of a lack of experimental data at low pressure, and the difficulty to characterize turbulence or attenuation in a closed environment. Here using Perseverance microphone recordings, we present the first characterization of Mars’ acoustic environment and pressure fluctuations in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. We find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, revealing a dissipative regime extending over 5 orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), we highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are ~10 m/s apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO₂-dominated atmosphere. We also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing us to elucidate the large contribution of the CO₂ vibrational relaxation in the audible range. These results establish a ground truth for modelling of acoustic processes, which is critical for studies in atmospheres like Mars and Venus ones.

Published
2022

4. Multi-model Meteorological and Aeolian Predictions for Mars 2020 and the Jezero Crater Region

Author

Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Newman, C E, De la Torre Juárez, M., Pla García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Chide, B., Rodriguez Manfredi, J. A., Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Newman, C E, De la Torre Juárez, M., Pla García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Chide, B., and Rodriguez Manfredi, J. A.

Abstract

Nine simulations are used to predict the meteorology and aeolian activity of the Mars 2020 landing site region. Predicted seasonal variations of pressure and surface and atmospheric temperature generally agree. Minimum and maximum pressure is predicted at Ls similar to 145 degrees and 250 degrees, respectively. Maximum and minimum surface and atmospheric temperature are predicted at Ls similar to 180 degrees and 270 degrees, respectively; i.e., are warmest at northern fall equinox not summer solstice. Daily pressure cycles vary more between simulations, possibly due to differences in atmospheric dust distributions. Jezero crater sits inside and close to the NW rim of the huge Isidis basin, whose daytime upslope (similar to east-southeasterly) and nighttime downslope (similar to northwesterly) winds are predicted to dominate except around summer solstice, when the global circulation produces more southerly wind directions. Wind predictions vary hugely, with annual maximum speeds varying from 11 to 19 ms(-1) and daily mean wind speeds peaking in the first half of summer for most simulations but in the second half of the year for two. Most simulations predict net annual sand transport toward the WNW, which is generally consistent with aeolian observations, and peak sand fluxes in the first half of summer, with the weakest fluxes around winter solstice due to opposition between the global circulation and daytime upslope winds. However, one simulation predicts transport toward the NW, while another predicts fluxes peaking later and transport toward the WSW. Vortex activity is predicted to peak in summer and dip around winter solstice, and to be greater than at InSight and much greater than in Gale crater.

Published
2021

5. Multi-model Meteorological and Aeolian Predictions for Mars 2020 and the Jezero Crater Region

Author

Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Newman, C E, De la Torre Juárez, M., Pla García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Chide, B., Rodriguez Manfredi, J. A., Física aplicada I, Fisika aplikatua I, Newman, C E, De la Torre Juárez, M., Pla García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez Lavega, Agustín María, Chide, B., and Rodriguez Manfredi, J. A.

Abstract

Nine simulations are used to predict the meteorology and aeolian activity of the Mars 2020 landing site region. Predicted seasonal variations of pressure and surface and atmospheric temperature generally agree. Minimum and maximum pressure is predicted at Ls similar to 145 degrees and 250 degrees, respectively. Maximum and minimum surface and atmospheric temperature are predicted at Ls similar to 180 degrees and 270 degrees, respectively; i.e., are warmest at northern fall equinox not summer solstice. Daily pressure cycles vary more between simulations, possibly due to differences in atmospheric dust distributions. Jezero crater sits inside and close to the NW rim of the huge Isidis basin, whose daytime upslope (similar to east-southeasterly) and nighttime downslope (similar to northwesterly) winds are predicted to dominate except around summer solstice, when the global circulation produces more southerly wind directions. Wind predictions vary hugely, with annual maximum speeds varying from 11 to 19 ms(-1) and daily mean wind speeds peaking in the first half of summer for most simulations but in the second half of the year for two. Most simulations predict net annual sand transport toward the WNW, which is generally consistent with aeolian observations, and peak sand fluxes in the first half of summer, with the weakest fluxes around winter solstice due to opposition between the global circulation and daytime upslope winds. However, one simulation predicts transport toward the NW, while another predicts fluxes peaking later and transport toward the WSW. Vortex activity is predicted to peak in summer and dip around winter solstice, and to be greater than at InSight and much greater than in Gale crater.

Published
2021

6. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA: a suite of environmental sensors for the Mars 2020 mission

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MNT - Grup de Recerca en Micro i Nanotecnologies, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, De la Torre Juárez, M., Alonso, A., Apéstigue Palacio, Víctor, Arruego Rodríguez, Ignacio, Atienza, T., Banfield, D., Boland, J., Carrera, M.A., Castañer Muñoz, Luis María, Ceballos, J., Chen-Chen, H., Domínguez Pumar, Manuel, López Rodríguez, Gema, Jiménez Serres, Vicente, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. MNT - Grup de Recerca en Micro i Nanotecnologies, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, De la Torre Juárez, M., Alonso, A., Apéstigue Palacio, Víctor, Arruego Rodríguez, Ignacio, Atienza, T., Banfield, D., Boland, J., Carrera, M.A., Castañer Muñoz, Luis María, Ceballos, J., Chen-Chen, H., Domínguez Pumar, Manuel, López Rodríguez, Gema, and Jiménez Serres, Vicente

Abstract

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Space science reviews. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00816-9, NASA’s Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ~1.5 m and ~0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2021

7. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer, MEDA. A Suite of Environmental Sensors for the Mars 2020 Mission

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (España), Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, European Research Council, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, Torre Juárez, M. de la, Alonso, A., Apéstigue, V., Arruego, I., Atienza, T., Banfield, D., Boland, J., Carrera, M. A., Castañer, L., Ceballos-Cáceres, J., Chen-Chen, H, Cobos, A., Conrad, P.G., Cordoba, E., Río Gaztelurrutia, Teresa del, de Vicente Retortillo, A., Domínguez-Pumar, M., Díaz-Espejo, Antonio, González Fairén, Alberto, Fernández-Palma, A., Ferrándiz, Ricardo, Ferri, F., Fischer, E., García-Manchado, A., García-Villadangos, Miriam, Genzer, M., Giménez, S., Gómez-Elvira, Javier, Gómez, Felipe, Guzewich, Scott D., Harri, A-M, Hernández, C.D., Hieta, M., Hueso, R., Jaakonaho, I., Jiménez, J. J., Jiménez, V., Larman, A., Leiter, R., Lepinette, Alain, Lemmon, M.T., López, G, Madsen, S.N., Mäkinen, T., Marín, M., Martín Soler, Javier, Martínez, G., Molina-Jurado, Antonio, Mora Sotomayor, Luis, Moreno-Álvarez, J. F., Navarro, Sara, Newman, C E, Ortega, C., Parrondo, M.C., Peinado, Verónica, Peña, A., Pérez-Grande, I., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Pla-García, Jorge, Polkko, J., Postigo Cacho, Marina, Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga, Rafkin, Scot C. R., Ramos, M. Ángeles, Richardson, M. I., Romeral Planelló, Julio J., Romero, C, Runyon, K D, Saiz-Lopez, A., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Sard, I., Schofield, J. T., Sebastián-Martínez, Eduardo, Smith, M D, Sullivan, R J, Tamppari, L K, Thompson, A D, Toledo, D, Torrero, F, Torres-Redondo, Josefina, Urquí, R., Velasco, T., Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, Zurita, S., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (España), Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, European Research Council, Rodríguez Manfredi, José Antonio, Torre Juárez, M. de la, Alonso, A., Apéstigue, V., Arruego, I., Atienza, T., Banfield, D., Boland, J., Carrera, M. A., Castañer, L., Ceballos-Cáceres, J., Chen-Chen, H, Cobos, A., Conrad, P.G., Cordoba, E., Río Gaztelurrutia, Teresa del, de Vicente Retortillo, A., Domínguez-Pumar, M., Díaz-Espejo, Antonio, González Fairén, Alberto, Fernández-Palma, A., Ferrándiz, Ricardo, Ferri, F., Fischer, E., García-Manchado, A., García-Villadangos, Miriam, Genzer, M., Giménez, S., Gómez-Elvira, Javier, Gómez, Felipe, Guzewich, Scott D., Harri, A-M, Hernández, C.D., Hieta, M., Hueso, R., Jaakonaho, I., Jiménez, J. J., Jiménez, V., Larman, A., Leiter, R., Lepinette, Alain, Lemmon, M.T., López, G, Madsen, S.N., Mäkinen, T., Marín, M., Martín Soler, Javier, Martínez, G., Molina-Jurado, Antonio, Mora Sotomayor, Luis, Moreno-Álvarez, J. F., Navarro, Sara, Newman, C E, Ortega, C., Parrondo, M.C., Peinado, Verónica, Peña, A., Pérez-Grande, I., Pérez-Hoyos, S., Pla-García, Jorge, Polkko, J., Postigo Cacho, Marina, Prieto-Ballesteros, Olga, Rafkin, Scot C. R., Ramos, M. Ángeles, Richardson, M. I., Romeral Planelló, Julio J., Romero, C, Runyon, K D, Saiz-Lopez, A., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Sard, I., Schofield, J. T., Sebastián-Martínez, Eduardo, Smith, M D, Sullivan, R J, Tamppari, L K, Thompson, A D, Toledo, D, Torrero, F, Torres-Redondo, Josefina, Urquí, R., Velasco, T., Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, and Zurita, S.

Abstract

NASA's Mars 2020 (M2020) rover mission includes a suite of sensors to monitor current environmental conditions near the surface of Mars and to constrain bulk aerosol properties from changes in atmospheric radiation at the surface. The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) consists of a set of meteorological sensors including wind sensor, a barometer, a relative humidity sensor, a set of 5 thermocouples to measure atmospheric temperature at ∼1.5 m and ∼0.5 m above the surface, a set of thermopiles to characterize the thermal IR brightness temperatures of the surface and the lower atmosphere. MEDA adds a radiation and dust sensor to monitor the optical atmospheric properties that can be used to infer bulk aerosol physical properties such as particle size distribution, non-sphericity, and concentration. The MEDA package and its scientific purpose are described in this document as well as how it responded to the calibration tests and how it helps prepare for the human exploration of Mars. A comparison is also presented to previous environmental monitoring payloads landed on Mars on the Viking, Pathfinder, Phoenix, MSL, and InSight spacecraft.

Published
2021

8. Meteorological Predictions for Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Landing Site at Jezero Crater

Author

Pla-García, Jorge, Rafkin, Scot C. R., Martinez, G.M., Vicente-Retortillo, Álvaro, Newman, C.E., Savijärvi, H., de la Torre-Juárez, M., Rodríguez Manfredi, J.A., Gómez, F., Molina, A., Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, Harri, Ari-Matti, Pla-García, Jorge, Rafkin, Scot C. R., Martinez, G.M., Vicente-Retortillo, Álvaro, Newman, C.E., Savijärvi, H., de la Torre-Juárez, M., Rodríguez Manfredi, J.A., Gómez, F., Molina, A., Viúdez-Moreiras, Daniel, and Harri, Ari-Matti

Abstract

The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (MRAMS) and a nested simulation of the Mars Weather Research and Forecasting model (MarsWRF) are used to predict the local meteorological conditions at the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landing site inside Jezero crater (Mars). These predictions are complemented with the COmplutense and MIchigan MArs Radiative Transfer model (COMIMART) and with the local Single Column Model (SCM) to further refine predictions of radiative forcing and the water cycle respectively. The primary objective is to facilitate interpretation of the meteorological measurements to be obtained by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) aboard the rover, but also to provide predictions of the meteorological phenomena and seasonal changes that might impact operations, from both a risk perspective and from the perspective of being better prepared to make certain measurements. A full diurnal cycle at four different seasons (L 0 , 90 , 180 , and 270 ) is investigated. Air and ground temperatures, pressure, wind speed and direction, surface radiative fluxes and moisture data are modeled. The good agreement between observations and modeling in prior works [Pla-Garcia et al. in Icarus 280:103–113, 2016; Newman et al. in Icarus 291:203–231, 2017; Vicente-Retortillo et al. in Sci. Rep. 8(1):1–8, 2018; Savijärvi et al. in Icarus, 2020] provides confidence in utilizing these models results to predict the meteorological environment at Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landing site inside Jezero crater. The data returned by MEDA will determine the extent to which this confidence was justified.

Published
2020

9. Results from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Board the Mars Science Laboratory

Author

Mischna, M.A., Gómez-Elvira, J., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martin-Torres, Javier, Martínez-Frías, J., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Vasavada, A.R., Verdasca, J., Zorzano, M.-P., Mischna, M.A., Gómez-Elvira, J., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martin-Torres, Javier, Martínez-Frías, J., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Vasavada, A.R., Verdasca, J., and Zorzano, M.-P.

Abstract

Upprättat; 2014; 20150629 (ninhul)

Published
2014

10. REMS Instrument Design and Operation Status : Monitoring the Environment from a Moving Hot Exploration Rover on Mars

Author

Zorzano, M.-P., Martin-Torres, F. Javier, Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., Vasavada, A.R., Zorzano, M.-P., Martin-Torres, F. Javier, Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., and Vasavada, A.R.

Abstract

Upprättat; 2014; 20150629 (ninhul)

Published
2014

11. Highlights from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Board the Mars Science Laboratory: New Windows for Atmospheric Research on Mars

Author

Martin-Torres, Javier, Zorzano, M.-P., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Delgado-Bonal, A., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lemmon, M.T., Lepinette, A., Soler, J. Martín, Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla-García, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral-Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Ullán, A., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., Vasavada, A.R., Martin-Torres, Javier, Zorzano, M.-P., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Delgado-Bonal, A., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lemmon, M.T., Lepinette, A., Soler, J. Martín, Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla-García, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral-Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Ullán, A., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., and Vasavada, A.R.

Abstract

Upprättat; 2014; 20150629 (ninhul)

Published
2014

12. Results from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Board the Mars Science Laboratory

Author

Mischna, M.A., Gómez-Elvira, J., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martin-Torres, Javier, Martínez-Frías, J., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Vasavada, A.R., Verdasca, J., Zorzano, M.-P., Mischna, M.A., Gómez-Elvira, J., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martin-Torres, Javier, Martínez-Frías, J., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Vasavada, A.R., Verdasca, J., and Zorzano, M.-P.

Abstract

Upprättat; 2014; 20150629 (ninhul)

Published
2014

13. REMS Instrument Design and Operation Status : Monitoring the Environment from a Moving Hot Exploration Rover on Mars

Author

Zorzano, M.-P., Martin-Torres, F. Javier, Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., Vasavada, A.R., Zorzano, M.-P., Martin-Torres, F. Javier, Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lepinette, A., Martín Soler, J., Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., and Vasavada, A.R.

Abstract

Upprättat; 2014; 20150629 (ninhul)

Published
2014

14. Highlights from the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Board the Mars Science Laboratory: New Windows for Atmospheric Research on Mars

Author

Martin-Torres, Javier, Zorzano, M.-P., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Delgado-Bonal, A., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lemmon, M.T., Lepinette, A., Soler, J. Martín, Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla-García, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral-Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Ullán, A., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., Vasavada, A.R., Martin-Torres, Javier, Zorzano, M.-P., Armiens, C., Carrasco, I., Delgado-Bonal, A., Genzer, M., Gómez, F., Gómez-Elvira, J., Haberle, R., Hamilton, V.E., Harri, A.-M., Kahanpää, H., Kemppinen, O., Lemmon, M.T., Lepinette, A., Soler, J. Martín, Martínez-Frías, J., Mischna, M., Mora, L., Navarro, S., Newman, C., de Pablo, M.A., Pla-García, J., Peinado, V., Polkko, J., Rafkin, S.C.R., Ramos, M., Rennó, N.O., Richardson, M., Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., Romeral-Planelló, J.J., Sebastián, E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Torres, J., Ullán, A., Urquí, R., Valentín-Serrano, P., and Vasavada, A.R.

Abstract

Upprättat; 2014; 20150629 (ninhul)

Published
2014

15. Multi-model Meteorological and Aeolian Predictions for Mars 2020 and the Jezero Crater Region

Author

Newman, C. E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Pla-García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez-Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Chide, B., Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A., Newman, C. E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Pla-García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez-Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Chide, B., and Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A.

Abstract

Nine simulations are used to predict the meteorology and aeolian activity of the Mars 2020 landing site region. Predicted seasonal variations of pressure and surface and atmospheric temperature generally agree. Minimum and maximum pressure is predicted at Ls∼145° and 250°, respectively. Maximum and minimum surface and atmospheric temperature are predicted at Ls∼180° and 270°, respectively; i.e., are warmest at northern fall equinox not summer solstice. Daily pressure cycles vary more between simulations, possibly due to differences in atmospheric dust distributions. Jezero crater sits inside and close to the NW rim of the huge Isidis basin, whose daytime upslope (∼east-southeasterly) and nighttime downslope (∼northwesterly) winds are predicted to dominate except around summer solstice, when the global circulation produces more southerly wind directions. Wind predictions vary hugely, with annual maximum speeds varying from 11 to 19ms−1 and daily mean wind speeds peaking in the first half of summer for most simulations but in the second half of the year for two. Most simulations predict net annual sand transport toward the WNW, which is generally consistent with aeolian observations, and peak sand fluxes in the first half of summer, with the weakest fluxes around winter solstice due to opposition between the global circulation and daytime upslope winds. However, one simulation predicts transport toward the NW, while another predicts fluxes peaking later and transport toward the WSW. Vortex activity is predicted to peak in summer and dip around winter solstice, and to be greater than at InSight and much greater than in Gale crater.

16. Multi-model Meteorological and Aeolian Predictions for Mars 2020 and the Jezero Crater Region

Author

Newman, C. E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Pla-García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez-Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Chide, B., Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A., Newman, C. E., de la Torre Juárez, M., Pla-García, J., Wilson, R. J., Lewis, S. R., Neary, L., Kahre, M. A., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Richardson, M. I., Daerden, F., Bertrand, T., Viúdez-Moreiras, D., Sullivan, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Chide, B., and Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A.

Abstract

Nine simulations are used to predict the meteorology and aeolian activity of the Mars 2020 landing site region. Predicted seasonal variations of pressure and surface and atmospheric temperature generally agree. Minimum and maximum pressure is predicted at Ls∼145° and 250°, respectively. Maximum and minimum surface and atmospheric temperature are predicted at Ls∼180° and 270°, respectively; i.e., are warmest at northern fall equinox not summer solstice. Daily pressure cycles vary more between simulations, possibly due to differences in atmospheric dust distributions. Jezero crater sits inside and close to the NW rim of the huge Isidis basin, whose daytime upslope (∼east-southeasterly) and nighttime downslope (∼northwesterly) winds are predicted to dominate except around summer solstice, when the global circulation produces more southerly wind directions. Wind predictions vary hugely, with annual maximum speeds varying from 11 to 19ms−1 and daily mean wind speeds peaking in the first half of summer for most simulations but in the second half of the year for two. Most simulations predict net annual sand transport toward the WNW, which is generally consistent with aeolian observations, and peak sand fluxes in the first half of summer, with the weakest fluxes around winter solstice due to opposition between the global circulation and daytime upslope winds. However, one simulation predicts transport toward the NW, while another predicts fluxes peaking later and transport toward the WSW. Vortex activity is predicted to peak in summer and dip around winter solstice, and to be greater than at InSight and much greater than in Gale crater.

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