Search

Your search keyword '"Toole, J"' showing total 67 results
Start Over Author "Toole, J" Database OAIster
67 results on '"Toole, J"'

7. [the Arctic] Ocean temperature and salinity [in: State of the Climate in 2013]

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, Benjamin, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, Benjamin, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., and Zimmerman, S.

Published
2014

8. Arctic Ocean basin liquid freshwater storage trend 1992 - 2012

Author

Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kikuchi, T., Su, J., Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kikuchi, T., and Su, J.

Abstract

Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the regional ocean circulation, sea ice, and global climate. From salinity observed by a variety of platforms, we are able, for the first time, to estimate a statistically reliable liquid freshwater trend from monthly gridded fields over all upper Arctic Ocean basins. From 1992 to 2012 this trend was 600 ± 300 km3 yr−1. A numerical model agrees very well with the observed freshwater changes. A decrease in salinity made up about two thirds of the freshwater trend and a thickening of the upper layer up to one third. The Arctic Ocean Oscillation index, a measure for the regional wind stress curl, correlated well with our freshwater time series. No clear relation to Arctic Oscillation or Arctic Dipole indices could be found. Following other observational studies, an increased Bering Strait freshwater import to the Arctic Ocean, a decreased Davis Strait export, and enhanced net sea ice melt could have played an important role in the freshwater trend we observed.

Published
2014

9. [the Arctic] Ocean temperature and salinity [in: State of the Climate in 2013]

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, Benjamin, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, Benjamin, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., and Zimmerman, S.

Published
2014

10. Arctic Ocean basin liquid freshwater storage trend 1992 - 2012

Author

Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kikuchi, T., Su, J., Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kikuchi, T., and Su, J.

Abstract

Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the regional ocean circulation, sea ice, and global climate. From salinity observed by a variety of platforms, we are able, for the first time, to estimate a statistically reliable liquid freshwater trend from monthly gridded fields over all upper Arctic Ocean basins. From 1992 to 2012 this trend was 600 ± 300 km3 yr−1. A numerical model agrees very well with the observed freshwater changes. A decrease in salinity made up about two thirds of the freshwater trend and a thickening of the upper layer up to one third. The Arctic Ocean Oscillation index, a measure for the regional wind stress curl, correlated well with our freshwater time series. No clear relation to Arctic Oscillation or Arctic Dipole indices could be found. Following other observational studies, an increased Bering Strait freshwater import to the Arctic Ocean, a decreased Davis Strait export, and enhanced net sea ice melt could have played an important role in the freshwater trend we observed.

Published
2014

11. State of the Climate in 2012

Author

Blunden, Jessica, Arndt, Derek S., Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Stephen A., Albanil, Adelina, Alexander, P., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Aravequia, Jose A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, Juan, Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David E., Beard, Grant, Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathan, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Booneeady, Raj, Bosilovich, Michael, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka, Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Chang'a, L., Chappell, Petra, Chehade, Wissam, Cheliah, Muthuvel, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Ciais, Phillipe, Coelho, Caio A. S., Cogley, J. G., Colwell, Steve, Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Dacic, Milan, De Jeu, Richard A. M., Dekaa, Francis S., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Shenfu, Dong, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude R., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ehmann, Christian, Elkins, James W., Euscategui, Christian, Famiglietti, James S., Fan, Fang, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris K., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Geai, M. -L, Gerland, S., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Charles 'Chip', Gupta, Shashi K., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Harada, Yayoi, Hauri, C., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Richard R., Jr., Heimbach, Patrick, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hovsepyan, Anahit, Zeng-Zhen, Hu, Hughes, P., Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Inness, Antje, Jaimes, Ena, Jakobsson, Martin, James, Adamu I., Jeffries, Martin O., Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Luke T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kamga, Andre, Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Key, J., Khatiwala, Samar, Pour, H. Kheyrollah, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kijazi, Agnes, Kikuchi, T., Kim, B. -M, Kim, S. -J, Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, T., Kousky, Vernon E., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Laurila, T., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, Craig, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan, Lin, I-I, Liu, Y. Y., Liu, Y., Hongxing, Liu, Yanju, Liu, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Luhunga, P., Lumpkin, Rick, Jing-Jia, Luo, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Malekela, C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., McBride, Charlotte, McCarthy, Gerard, McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchard, Edward, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muehle, Jens, Muehr, Bernhard, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, Rolf, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ng'ongolo, H., Nieto, Juan Jose, Nishino, S., Nitsche, Helga, Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre', Ogallo, Laban A., Oludhe, Christopher S., Omar, Mohamed I, Overland, James, Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, Geun-Ha, Park, E-Hyung, Parker, David, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga, Peng, L., Perovich, Don K., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pickart, R., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quegan, Shaun, Quintana, Juan, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Raholijao, Nirivololona, Raiva, I., Rajeevan, Madhavan, Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina, Ramos, Alexandre, Ranivoarissoa, Sahondra, Rayner, Nick A., Rayner, Darren, Razuveav, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James, Revedekar, Jayashree, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rivera, Ingrid L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Sabine, Christopher L., Salvador, Mozar A., Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, I., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schlosser, P., Schmid, Claudia, Schreck, Carl, Semiletov, Igor, Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Severinghaus, Jeffrey, Shakhova, Natalia, Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Siegel, David A., Silva, Viviane B. S., Silva, Frabricio D. S., Sima, Fatou, Simeonov, Petio, Simmonds, I., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smeed, David A., Smethie, W. M., Smith, Adam B., Smith, Cathy, Smith, Sharon L., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, V., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, M., Steffen, Konrad, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia, Su, J., Svendby, T., Sweet, William, Takahashi, Taro, Tanabe, Raymond M., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, Marco, Teng, William L., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thoman, R., Thompson, Philip, Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. -L, Tobin, Skie, Toole, J., Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Trotman, Adrian, Tschudi, M., van de Wal, Roderik S. W., Van der Werf, Guido R., Vautard, Robert, Vazquez, J. L., Vieira, Goncalo, Vincent, Lucie, Vose, Russ S., Wagner, Wolfgang W., Wahr, John, Walsh, J., Junhong, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Wang, M., Sheng-Hung, Wang, Lei, Wang, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Weber, Mark, Werdell, P. Jeremy, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, J. D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, R., Worthy, D., Wouters, B., Wovrosh, Alex J., Yan, Xue, Yamada, Ryuji, Zungang, Yin, Lisan, Yu, Liangying, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhang, Lin, Zhao, Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Ziemke, Jerry, Zimmermann, S., Blunden, Jessica, Arndt, Derek S., Achberger, Christine, Ackerman, Stephen A., Albanil, Adelina, Alexander, P., Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Ambenje, Peter, Andrianjafinirina, Solonomenjanahary, Antonov, John, Aravequia, Jose A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, Juan, Ashik, I., Atheru, Zachary, Banzon, Viva, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Barriopedro, David E., Beard, Grant, Becker, Andreas, Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, Germar, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, Mario, Bindoff, Nathan, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Booneeady, Raj, Bosilovich, Michael, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, Lori, Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Burrows, John, Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka, Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Chambers, Don P., Chang'a, L., Chappell, Petra, Chehade, Wissam, Cheliah, Muthuvel, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Ciais, Phillipe, Coelho, Caio A. S., Cogley, J. G., Colwell, Steve, Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cunningham, Stuart A., Dacic, Milan, De Jeu, Richard A. M., Dekaa, Francis S., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Shenfu, Dong, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, Claude R., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ehmann, Christian, Elkins, James W., Euscategui, Christian, Famiglietti, James S., Fan, Fang, Fauchereau, Nicolas, Feely, Richard A., Fekete, Balazs M., Fenimore, Chris, Fioletov, Vitali E., Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris K., Foster, Michael J., Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Frith, Stacey H., Frolov, I., Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Geai, M. -L, Gerland, S., Gitau, Wilson, Gleason, Karin L., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Good, Simon A., Gottschalck, Jonathan, Gregg, Margarita C., Griffiths, Georgina, Grooss, Jens-Uwe, Guard, Charles 'Chip', Gupta, Shashi K., Hall, Bradley D., Halpert, Michael S., Harada, Yayoi, Hauri, C., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkila, Anu, Heim, Richard R., Jr., Heimbach, Patrick, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), Hobbs, Will R., Holgate, Simon, Hovsepyan, Anahit, Zeng-Zhen, Hu, Hughes, P., Hurst, Dale F., Ingvaldsen, R., Inness, Antje, Jaimes, Ena, Jakobsson, Martin, James, Adamu I., Jeffries, Martin O., Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjorn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Luke T., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kamga, Andre, Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Kanzow, Torsten O., Kao, Hsun-Ying, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John J., Key, J., Khatiwala, Samar, Pour, H. Kheyrollah, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kijazi, Agnes, Kikuchi, T., Kim, B. -M, Kim, S. -J, Kimberlain, Todd B., Knaff, John A., Korshunova, Natalia N., Koskela, T., Kousky, Vernon E., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, David P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kumar, Arun, Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Laurila, T., Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, Craig, Leuliette, Eric, Levitus, Sydney, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan, Lin, I-I, Liu, Y. Y., Liu, Y., Hongxing, Liu, Yanju, Liu, Lobato-Sanchez, Rene, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Loeng, H., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Luhunga, P., Lumpkin, Rick, Jing-Jia, Luo, Lyman, John M., Macdonald, Alison M., Maddux, Brent C., Malekela, C., Manney, Gloria, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marotzke, Jochem, Marra, John J., Martinez-Gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., McBride, Charlotte, McCarthy, Gerard, McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl, Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Menendez, Melisa, Merrifield, Mark A., Mitchard, Edward, Mitchum, Gary T., Montzka, Stephen A., Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, Mote, Thomas, Muehle, Jens, Muehr, Bernhard, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, Rolf, Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newlin, Michele L., Newman, Paul A., Ng'ongolo, H., Nieto, Juan Jose, Nishino, S., Nitsche, Helga, Noetzli, Jeannette, Oberman, N. G., Obregon, Andre', Ogallo, Laban A., Oludhe, Christopher S., Omar, Mohamed I, Overland, James, Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, Geun-Ha, Park, E-Hyung, Parker, David, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, Pelto, Mauri S., Penalba, Olga, Peng, L., Perovich, Don K., Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pickart, R., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quegan, Shaun, Quintana, Juan, Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Raholijao, Nirivololona, Raiva, I., Rajeevan, Madhavan, Ramiandrisoa, Voahanginirina, Ramos, Alexandre, Ranivoarissoa, Sahondra, Rayner, Nick A., Rayner, Darren, Razuveav, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Renwick, James, Revedekar, Jayashree, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Rivera, Ingrid L., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Sabine, Christopher L., Salvador, Mozar A., Sanchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, I., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schauer, U., Schemm, Jae, Schlosser, P., Schmid, Claudia, Schreck, Carl, Semiletov, Igor, Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Severinghaus, Jeffrey, Shakhova, Natalia, Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Siegel, David A., Silva, Viviane B. S., Silva, Frabricio D. S., Sima, Fatou, Simeonov, Petio, Simmonds, I., Simmons, Adrian, Skansi, Maria, Smeed, David A., Smethie, W. M., Smith, Adam B., Smith, Cathy, Smith, Sharon L., Smith, Thomas M., Sokolov, V., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steele, M., Steffen, Konrad, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stephenson, Tannecia, Su, J., Svendby, T., Sweet, William, Takahashi, Taro, Tanabe, Raymond M., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, Marco, Teng, William L., Thepaut, Jean-Noel, Thiaw, Wassila M., Thoman, R., Thompson, Philip, Thorne, Peter W., Timmermans, M. -L, Tobin, Skie, Toole, J., Trewin, Blair C., Trigo, Ricardo M., Trotman, Adrian, Tschudi, M., van de Wal, Roderik S. W., Van der Werf, Guido R., Vautard, Robert, Vazquez, J. L., Vieira, Goncalo, Vincent, Lucie, Vose, Russ S., Wagner, Wolfgang W., Wahr, John, Walsh, J., Junhong, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Wang, M., Sheng-Hung, Wang, Lei, Wang, Wanninkhof, Rik, Weaver, Scott, Weber, Mark, Werdell, P. Jeremy, Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan, Wilber, Anne C., Wild, J. D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, W., Willis, Joshua K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Woodgate, R., Worthy, D., Wouters, B., Wovrosh, Alex J., Yan, Xue, Yamada, Ryuji, Zungang, Yin, Lisan, Yu, Liangying, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhang, Lin, Zhao, Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Ziemke, Jerry, and Zimmermann, S.

Abstract

For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocea

Published
2013
Full Text
View/download PDF

12. [the Arctic] Ocean temperature and salinity [in: State of the Climate in 2012]

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Cao, Y., Frolov, I., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Rabe, Benjamin, Semiletov, I., Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Shakhova, N., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Su, J., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Zimmerman, S., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Cao, Y., Frolov, I., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Rabe, Benjamin, Semiletov, I., Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Shakhova, N., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Su, J., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., and Zimmerman, S.

Published
2013

13. [the Arctic] Ocean temperature and salinity [in: State of the Climate in 2012]

Author

Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Cao, Y., Frolov, I., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Rabe, Benjamin, Semiletov, I., Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Shakhova, N., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Su, J., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., Zimmerman, S., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Cao, Y., Frolov, I., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Rabe, Benjamin, Semiletov, I., Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, P., Shakhova, N., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Su, J., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zhao, J., Zhong, W., and Zimmerman, S.

Published
2013

14. Toward Improved Observing of the Rapidly Changing Arctic Ocean

Author

Proshutinsky, A., Toole, J., Krishfield, R., Plueddemann, A., Pickart, R., Ashijan, C., Timmermans, M-L., Perovich, D., Richer-Menge, J., Stanton, Timothy P.., Matrai, P., Lee, C., Morison, J., Steele, M., Rigor, I., Proshutinsky, A., Toole, J., Krishfield, R., Plueddemann, A., Pickart, R., Ashijan, C., Timmermans, M-L., Perovich, D., Richer-Menge, J., Stanton, Timothy P.., Matrai, P., Lee, C., Morison, J., Steele, M., and Rigor, I.

Abstract

In order to observe and understand the Arctic Ocean and its response to climate change, the traditional approach of acquiring observations when and where the Arctic is accessible has to be enhanced with multi-faceted measurement systems operating autonomously to provide year-round information in real time. The major goal of such a network of autonomous sensors is to measure and monitor physical, chemical and biological parameters in the atmosphere, sea ice and ocean on at least daily intervals.

Published
2013

15. The 4.5-year climate cycle and the mixed layer heat budget in the tropical Atlantic

Author

Dengler, Marcus, Brandt, Peter, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Greatbatch, Richard John, Fischer, Tim, Krahmann, Gerd, Hummels, Rebecca, Toole, J. M., Dengler, Marcus, Brandt, Peter, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Greatbatch, Richard John, Fischer, Tim, Krahmann, Gerd, Hummels, Rebecca, and Toole, J. M.

Published
2012

16. Ventilation of the Tropical Atlantic by Equatorial Deep Jets

Author

Brandt, Peter, Greatbatch, Richard John, Didwischus, Sven-Helge, Claus, Martin, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Hahn, Johannes, Fu, Y., Dengler, Marcus, Toole, J. M., Brandt, Peter, Greatbatch, Richard John, Didwischus, Sven-Helge, Claus, Martin, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Hahn, Johannes, Fu, Y., Dengler, Marcus, and Toole, J. M.

Published
2012

17. The 4.5-year climate cycle and the mixed layer heat budget in the tropical Atlantic

Author

Dengler, Marcus, Brandt, Peter, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Greatbatch, Richard John, Fischer, Tim, Krahmann, Gerd, Hummels, Rebecca, Toole, J. M., Dengler, Marcus, Brandt, Peter, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Greatbatch, Richard John, Fischer, Tim, Krahmann, Gerd, Hummels, Rebecca, and Toole, J. M.

Published
2012

18. Ventilation of the Tropical Atlantic by Equatorial Deep Jets

Author

Brandt, Peter, Greatbatch, Richard John, Didwischus, Sven-Helge, Claus, Martin, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Hahn, Johannes, Fu, Y., Dengler, Marcus, Toole, J. M., Brandt, Peter, Greatbatch, Richard John, Didwischus, Sven-Helge, Claus, Martin, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Hahn, Johannes, Fu, Y., Dengler, Marcus, and Toole, J. M.

Published
2012

19. The 4.5-year climate cycle and the mixed layer heat budget in the tropical Atlantic

Author

Dengler, Marcus, Brandt, Peter, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Greatbatch, Richard John, Fischer, Tim, Krahmann, Gerd, Hummels, Rebecca, Toole, J. M., Dengler, Marcus, Brandt, Peter, Funk, Andreas, Hormann, Verena, Greatbatch, Richard John, Fischer, Tim, Krahmann, Gerd, Hummels, Rebecca, and Toole, J. M.

Published
2012

20. [the Arctic] Ocean [in: State of the Climate in 2010]

Author

Proshutinsky, A., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Carmack, E., Frolov, I., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., McLaughlin, F., Nishino, S., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Shimada, K., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Zimmermann, S., Proshutinsky, A., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Carmack, E., Frolov, I., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., McLaughlin, F., Nishino, S., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Shimada, K., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., and Zimmermann, S.

Published
2011

21. ITP Description

Author

Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Timmermans, M.-L., Proshutinsky, A., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Timmermans, M.-L., and Proshutinsky, A.

Published
2011

23. ITP Description

Author

Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Timmermans, M.-L., Proshutinsky, A., Toole, J. M., Krishfield, R. A., Timmermans, M.-L., and Proshutinsky, A.

Published
2011

24. [the Arctic] Ocean [in: State of the Climate in 2010]

Author

Proshutinsky, A., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Carmack, E., Frolov, I., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., McLaughlin, F., Nishino, S., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Shimada, K., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Zimmermann, S., Proshutinsky, A., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Carmack, E., Frolov, I., Itoh, M., Kikuchi, T., Krishfield, R., McLaughlin, F., Nishino, S., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Shimada, K., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., and Zimmermann, S.

Published
2011

33. The present and future system for measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Abstract

of the global combined atmosphere-ocean heat flux and so is important for the mean climate of the Atlantic sector of the Northern Hemisphere. This meridional heat flux is accomplished by both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and by basin-wide horizontal gyre circulations. In the North Atlantic subtropical latitudes the AMOC dominates the meridional heat flux, while in subpolar latitudes and in the subtropical South Atlantic the gyre circulations are also important. Climate models suggest the AMOC will slow over the coming decades as the earth warms, causing widespread cooling in the Northern hemisphere and additional sea-level rise. Monitoring systems for selected components of the AMOC have been in place in some areas for decades, nevertheless the present observational network provides only a partial view of the AMOC, and does not unambiguously resolve the full variability of the circulation. Additional observations, building on existing measurements, are required to more completely quantify the Atlantic meridional heat transport. A basin-wide monitoring array along 26.5°N has been continuously measuring the strength and vertical structure of the AMOC and meridional heat transport since March 31, 2004. The array has demonstrated its ability to observe the AMOC variability at that latitude and also a variety of surprising variability that will require substantially longer time series to understand fully. Here we propose monitoring the Atlantic meridional heat transport throughout the Atlantic at selected critical latitudes that have already been identified as regions of interest for the study of deep water formation and the strength of the subpolar gyre, transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) as well as the upper limb of the AMOC, and inter-ocean and intrabasin exchanges with the ultimate goal of determining regional and global controls for the AMOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. These new arrays will continu

Published
2010

34. The CLIMODE Field Campaign Observing the Cycle of Convection and Restratification over the Gulf Stream

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Marshall, John C., Maze, Guillaume O., Forget, Gael, Ferrari, Raffaele, Thomas, L., Talley, L., Silverthorne, K., Skyllingstad, E., Samelson, R., Lumpkin, R., Palter, J., Lozier, S., Kelly, K., Gregg, M., Edson, J., Weller, R., Toole, J., Straneo, F., Joyce, T., Fratantoni, D., Doney, Scott C., Dewar, W., Bates, N., Andersson, A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Marshall, John C., Maze, Guillaume O., Forget, Gael, Ferrari, Raffaele, Thomas, L., Talley, L., Silverthorne, K., Skyllingstad, E., Samelson, R., Lumpkin, R., Palter, J., Lozier, S., Kelly, K., Gregg, M., Edson, J., Weller, R., Toole, J., Straneo, F., Joyce, T., Fratantoni, D., Doney, Scott C., Dewar, W., Bates, N., and Andersson, A.

Abstract

A major oceanographic field experiment is described, which is designed to observe, quantify, and understand the creation and dispersal of weakly stratified fluid known as “mode water” in the region of the Gulf Stream. Formed in the wintertime by convection driven by the most intense air–sea fluxes observed anywhere over the globe, the role of mode waters in the general circulation of the subtropical gyre and its biogeo-chemical cycles is also addressed. The experiment is known as the CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamic Experiment (CLIMODE). Here we review the scientific objectives of the experiment and present some preliminary results., National Science Foundation

Published
2010

35. The present and future system for measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Abstract

of the global combined atmosphere-ocean heat flux and so is important for the mean climate of the Atlantic sector of the Northern Hemisphere. This meridional heat flux is accomplished by both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and by basin-wide horizontal gyre circulations. In the North Atlantic subtropical latitudes the AMOC dominates the meridional heat flux, while in subpolar latitudes and in the subtropical South Atlantic the gyre circulations are also important. Climate models suggest the AMOC will slow over the coming decades as the earth warms, causing widespread cooling in the Northern hemisphere and additional sea-level rise. Monitoring systems for selected components of the AMOC have been in place in some areas for decades, nevertheless the present observational network provides only a partial view of the AMOC, and does not unambiguously resolve the full variability of the circulation. Additional observations, building on existing measurements, are required to more completely quantify the Atlantic meridional heat transport. A basin-wide monitoring array along 26.5°N has been continuously measuring the strength and vertical structure of the AMOC and meridional heat transport since March 31, 2004. The array has demonstrated its ability to observe the AMOC variability at that latitude and also a variety of surprising variability that will require substantially longer time series to understand fully. Here we propose monitoring the Atlantic meridional heat transport throughout the Atlantic at selected critical latitudes that have already been identified as regions of interest for the study of deep water formation and the strength of the subpolar gyre, transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) as well as the upper limb of the AMOC, and inter-ocean and intrabasin exchanges with the ultimate goal of determining regional and global controls for the AMOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. These new arrays will continu

Published
2010

36. The present and future system for measurning the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S.A., Baringer, M.O., Toole, J., Østerhaus, S., Fischer, J., Piola, A., McDonagh, E., Lozier, S., Send, U., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S.L., Rintoul, S., Speich, S., Wijffels, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S.A., Baringer, M.O., Toole, J., Østerhaus, S., Fischer, J., Piola, A., McDonagh, E., Lozier, S., Send, U., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S.L., Rintoul, S., Speich, S., Wijffels, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Published
2010

38. The present and future system for measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Abstract

of the global combined atmosphere-ocean heat flux and so is important for the mean climate of the Atlantic sector of the Northern Hemisphere. This meridional heat flux is accomplished by both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and by basin-wide horizontal gyre circulations. In the North Atlantic subtropical latitudes the AMOC dominates the meridional heat flux, while in subpolar latitudes and in the subtropical South Atlantic the gyre circulations are also important. Climate models suggest the AMOC will slow over the coming decades as the earth warms, causing widespread cooling in the Northern hemisphere and additional sea-level rise. Monitoring systems for selected components of the AMOC have been in place in some areas for decades, nevertheless the present observational network provides only a partial view of the AMOC, and does not unambiguously resolve the full variability of the circulation. Additional observations, building on existing measurements, are required to more completely quantify the Atlantic meridional heat transport. A basin-wide monitoring array along 26.5°N has been continuously measuring the strength and vertical structure of the AMOC and meridional heat transport since March 31, 2004. The array has demonstrated its ability to observe the AMOC variability at that latitude and also a variety of surprising variability that will require substantially longer time series to understand fully. Here we propose monitoring the Atlantic meridional heat transport throughout the Atlantic at selected critical latitudes that have already been identified as regions of interest for the study of deep water formation and the strength of the subpolar gyre, transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) as well as the upper limb of the AMOC, and inter-ocean and intrabasin exchanges with the ultimate goal of determining regional and global controls for the AMOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. These new arrays will continu

Published
2010

40. The present and future system for measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Abstract

of the global combined atmosphere-ocean heat flux and so is important for the mean climate of the Atlantic sector of the Northern Hemisphere. This meridional heat flux is accomplished by both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and by basin-wide horizontal gyre circulations. In the North Atlantic subtropical latitudes the AMOC dominates the meridional heat flux, while in subpolar latitudes and in the subtropical South Atlantic the gyre circulations are also important. Climate models suggest the AMOC will slow over the coming decades as the earth warms, causing widespread cooling in the Northern hemisphere and additional sea-level rise. Monitoring systems for selected components of the AMOC have been in place in some areas for decades, nevertheless the present observational network provides only a partial view of the AMOC, and does not unambiguously resolve the full variability of the circulation. Additional observations, building on existing measurements, are required to more completely quantify the Atlantic meridional heat transport. A basin-wide monitoring array along 26.5°N has been continuously measuring the strength and vertical structure of the AMOC and meridional heat transport since March 31, 2004. The array has demonstrated its ability to observe the AMOC variability at that latitude and also a variety of surprising variability that will require substantially longer time series to understand fully. Here we propose monitoring the Atlantic meridional heat transport throughout the Atlantic at selected critical latitudes that have already been identified as regions of interest for the study of deep water formation and the strength of the subpolar gyre, transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) as well as the upper limb of the AMOC, and inter-ocean and intrabasin exchanges with the ultimate goal of determining regional and global controls for the AMOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. These new arrays will continu

Published
2010

41. The present and future system for measurning the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S.A., Baringer, M.O., Toole, J., Østerhaus, S., Fischer, J., Piola, A., McDonagh, E., Lozier, S., Send, U., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S.L., Rintoul, S., Speich, S., Wijffels, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S.A., Baringer, M.O., Toole, J., Østerhaus, S., Fischer, J., Piola, A., McDonagh, E., Lozier, S., Send, U., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S.L., Rintoul, S., Speich, S., Wijffels, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Published
2010

42. The present and future system for measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Abstract

of the global combined atmosphere-ocean heat flux and so is important for the mean climate of the Atlantic sector of the Northern Hemisphere. This meridional heat flux is accomplished by both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and by basin-wide horizontal gyre circulations. In the North Atlantic subtropical latitudes the AMOC dominates the meridional heat flux, while in subpolar latitudes and in the subtropical South Atlantic the gyre circulations are also important. Climate models suggest the AMOC will slow over the coming decades as the earth warms, causing widespread cooling in the Northern hemisphere and additional sea-level rise. Monitoring systems for selected components of the AMOC have been in place in some areas for decades, nevertheless the present observational network provides only a partial view of the AMOC, and does not unambiguously resolve the full variability of the circulation. Additional observations, building on existing measurements, are required to more completely quantify the Atlantic meridional heat transport. A basin-wide monitoring array along 26.5°N has been continuously measuring the strength and vertical structure of the AMOC and meridional heat transport since March 31, 2004. The array has demonstrated its ability to observe the AMOC variability at that latitude and also a variety of surprising variability that will require substantially longer time series to understand fully. Here we propose monitoring the Atlantic meridional heat transport throughout the Atlantic at selected critical latitudes that have already been identified as regions of interest for the study of deep water formation and the strength of the subpolar gyre, transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) as well as the upper limb of the AMOC, and inter-ocean and intrabasin exchanges with the ultimate goal of determining regional and global controls for the AMOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. These new arrays will continu

Published
2010

43. The CLIMODE Field Campaign Observing the Cycle of Convection and Restratification over the Gulf Stream

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Marshall, John C., Maze, Guillaume O., Forget, Gael, Ferrari, Raffaele, Thomas, L., Talley, L., Silverthorne, K., Skyllingstad, E., Samelson, R., Lumpkin, R., Palter, J., Lozier, S., Kelly, K., Gregg, M., Edson, J., Weller, R., Toole, J., Straneo, F., Joyce, T., Fratantoni, D., Doney, Scott C., Dewar, W., Bates, N., Andersson, A., Marshall, John C, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Marshall, John C., Maze, Guillaume O., Forget, Gael, Ferrari, Raffaele, Thomas, L., Talley, L., Silverthorne, K., Skyllingstad, E., Samelson, R., Lumpkin, R., Palter, J., Lozier, S., Kelly, K., Gregg, M., Edson, J., Weller, R., Toole, J., Straneo, F., Joyce, T., Fratantoni, D., Doney, Scott C., Dewar, W., Bates, N., Andersson, A., and Marshall, John C

Abstract

A major oceanographic field experiment is described, which is designed to observe, quantify, and understand the creation and dispersal of weakly stratified fluid known as “mode water” in the region of the Gulf Stream. Formed in the wintertime by convection driven by the most intense air–sea fluxes observed anywhere over the globe, the role of mode waters in the general circulation of the subtropical gyre and its biogeo-chemical cycles is also addressed. The experiment is known as the CLIVAR Mode Water Dynamic Experiment (CLIMODE). Here we review the scientific objectives of the experiment and present some preliminary results., National Science Foundation

Published
2010

46. The present and future system for measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author

Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D. E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S., Baringer, M., Johns, B., Toole, J., Osterhaus, S., Fischer, Jürgen, Piola, A., McDonagah, E., Lozier, S., Send, Uwe, Kanzow, Torsten, Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S., Rintoul, S., Sloyan, B., Speich, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.

Abstract

of the global combined atmosphere-ocean heat flux and so is important for the mean climate of the Atlantic sector of the Northern Hemisphere. This meridional heat flux is accomplished by both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and by basin-wide horizontal gyre circulations. In the North Atlantic subtropical latitudes the AMOC dominates the meridional heat flux, while in subpolar latitudes and in the subtropical South Atlantic the gyre circulations are also important. Climate models suggest the AMOC will slow over the coming decades as the earth warms, causing widespread cooling in the Northern hemisphere and additional sea-level rise. Monitoring systems for selected components of the AMOC have been in place in some areas for decades, nevertheless the present observational network provides only a partial view of the AMOC, and does not unambiguously resolve the full variability of the circulation. Additional observations, building on existing measurements, are required to more completely quantify the Atlantic meridional heat transport. A basin-wide monitoring array along 26.5°N has been continuously measuring the strength and vertical structure of the AMOC and meridional heat transport since March 31, 2004. The array has demonstrated its ability to observe the AMOC variability at that latitude and also a variety of surprising variability that will require substantially longer time series to understand fully. Here we propose monitoring the Atlantic meridional heat transport throughout the Atlantic at selected critical latitudes that have already been identified as regions of interest for the study of deep water formation and the strength of the subpolar gyre, transport variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) as well as the upper limb of the AMOC, and inter-ocean and intrabasin exchanges with the ultimate goal of determining regional and global controls for the AMOC in the North and South Atlantic Oceans. These new arrays will continu

Published
2010

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results