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Tinitus ili zujanje u uvu, je svesna percepcija zvuka uprkos izostanku spoljašnjeg zvučnog stimulusa. Koren reči tinitus potiče iz latinskog jezika (lat. tinnire- zvoniti, ), a skoro svaki čovek bar jednom u životu doživi tinitus. Trećina ima povremeno i kratkotrajno zujanje, dok 10% do 15% odraslih razvija hronicitet i tinitus postaje trajan, a često i nerešiv problem. Međutim, poslednjih godina tinitus se sve češće zapaža i u najranijem uzrastu, a broj studija koje ispituju tinitus kod dece i adolescenata neprekidno raste. Zbog neusaglašenog definisanja tinitusa, specifičnosti ispitivane populacije, kao i razlika u dizajnu studija koje ispituju prevalenciju tinitusa, učestalost tinitusa kod dece varira u širokom rasponu od 5% do 75%. Uprkos porastu naučnog interesovanja za tinitus, njegova etiologija je i dalje nedovoljno jasna. Faktori rizika koji dovode do ovog fenomena mogu biti socio-ekonomski, ekološki, bihejvioralni, hereditarni, dijetetski i drugi. Pacijenti sa tinitusom često somatizuju simptome, a tinitus može biti povezan i sa različitim psihološkim problemima, najčešće anksiozno- depresivne simptomatologije. Poznavanje faktora rizika i komorbiditeta povezanih sa tinitusom je važno zbog prevencije tinitusa i adekvatnog tretmana pacijenata. Cilj. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispitaju prevalencija tinitusa i faktori rizika za tinitus kod adolescenata u gradskoj sredini. Posebni ciljevi istraživanja bili su: da se utvrdi prevalencija tinitusa u beogradskoj adolescentskoj populaciji; da se ispita koji su činioci sredine značajni faktori rizika za tinitus adolescenata; da se utvrdi da li je tinitus kod roditelja faktor rizika za javljanje tinitusa kod adolescenata; da se utvrdi koje rizično ponašanje je faktor rizika za tinitus kod adolescenata; da se utvrdi da li je unos nekog nutrijenta povezan sa tinitusom kod adolescenata; da se ispita kakve su razlike u učestalosti i težini tinitusa u odnosu na uzrast i pol adolescenata; da se ispita kakva, Tinnitus, ear buzzing, is a conscious perception of sound despite the absence of an external sound stimulus. The root of the word tinnitus comes from the Latin language (lat. tinnire) which means "to ring", and almost every person experience tinnitus at least once in their life. One-third have occasional and short- term buzzing, while 10% to 15% of adults develop chronicity and tinnitus becomes a permanent and often unsolvable problem. However, tinnitus is increasingly being recorded at an early age, and the number of studies examining tinnitus in children and adolescents is ever-increasing. Due to the inconsistent definition of tinnitus, the characteristics of the examined population as well as the differences in the design of the studies examining the prevalence of tinnitus, the frequency of tinnitus in children varies in a wide range of 5% -75%. Despite the growing scientific interest in tinnitus, its etiology is still unclear. Risk factors for tinnitus can be socioeconomic, environmental, behavioral, hereditary, dietary, and others. Patients with tinnitus often somatize their symptoms, and tinnitus can also be associated with various psychological problems, most often within the anxiety-depressive symptomatology. Studying the risk factors and comorbidities associated with tinnitus is important for the prevention of tinnitus and adequate treatment of patients. Aim. The main aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of and risk factors for tinnitus among urban adolescents. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine the prevalence of tinnitus in a Belgrade adolescent population; to examine which environmental factors are significant for adolescent tinnitus; to determine whether parental tinnitus is a risk factor for the occurrence of tinnitus among their children; to determine which risky behavior is a risk factor for tinnitus in adolescents; to determine what nutrient is associated with tinnitus in adolescents; to examine the differences in the

This study aimed to explore the set of variables related to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in both sexes, and to create age- and sex-related models of changes in SMM, using the most representative indicator of muscular status. Body composition was assessed in 8733 subjects (♀ = 3370 and ♂ = 5363), allocated into subsamples according to age: 18–29.9, 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, and 70.0–79.9 years. Nine variables were used: protein mass, protein percent, protein mass index, SMM, percent of SMM, SMM index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and protein/fat index. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA) were used to determine between- and within-sex difference in all variables by age. Correlation analysis established the relationship between age and muscularity variables. Principal Component Analysis extracted the variables that loaded highest in explaining muscularity, while regression analysis determined the linearity of association between the age and indicators of muscular status. Variables SMMI and PSMM were extracted as the most sensitive to age, with SMMI being gender-independent while showing the parabolic and sinusoidal form of change as function of ageing in males and females, respectively; and PSMM being sex-dependent while showing a linear trend of decrease in both sexes.

This study aimed to explore the set of variables related to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) inboth sexes, and to create age- and sex-related models of changes in SMM, using the most representativeindicator of muscular status. Body composition was assessed in 8733 subjects (♀=3370 and♂=5363),allocated into subsamples according to age: 18–29.9, 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, and 70.0–79.9years. Nine variables were used: protein mass, protein percent, protein mass index, SMM, percentof SMM, SMM index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and protein/fat index. Univariate andmultivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA) were used to determine between- andwithin-sex difference in all variables by age. Correlation analysis established the relationship betweenage and muscularity variables. Principal Component Analysis extracted the variables that loadedhighest in explaining muscularity, while regression analysis determined the linearity of associationbetween the age and indicators of muscular status. Variables SMMI and PSMM were extracted asthe most sensitive to age, with SMMI being gender-independent while showing the parabolic andsinusoidal form of change as function of ageing in males and females, respectively; and PSMM beingsex-dependent while showing a linear trend of decrease in both sexes.

This study aimed to explore the set of variables related to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in both sexes, and to create age- and sex-related models of changes in SMM, using the most representative indicator of muscular status. Body composition was assessed in 8733 subjects (♀ = 3370 and ♂ = 5363), allocated into subsamples according to age: 18–29.9, 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, and 70.0–79.9 years. Nine variables were used: protein mass, protein percent, protein mass index, SMM, percent of SMM, SMM index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and protein/fat index. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA) were used to determine between- and within-sex difference in all variables by age. Correlation analysis established the relationship between age and muscularity variables. Principal Component Analysis extracted the variables that loaded highest in explaining muscularity, while regression analysis determined the linearity of association between the age and indicators of muscular status. Variables SMMI and PSMM were extracted as the most sensitive to age, with SMMI being gender-independent while showing the parabolic and sinusoidal form of change as function of ageing in males and females, respectively; and PSMM being sex-dependent while showing a linear trend of decrease in both sexes.

This study aimed to explore the set of variables related to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in both sexes, and to create age- and sex-related models of changes in SMM, using the most representative indicator of muscular status. Body composition was assessed in 8733 subjects (♀ = 3370 and ♂ = 5363), allocated into subsamples according to age: 18–29.9, 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, and 70.0–79.9 years. Nine variables were used: protein mass, protein percent, protein mass index, SMM, percent of SMM, SMM index, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and protein/fat index. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA and MANOVA) were used to determine between- and within-sex difference in all variables by age. Correlation analysis established the relationship between age and muscularity variables. Principal Component Analysis extracted the variables that loaded highest in explaining muscularity, while regression analysis determined the linearity of association between the age and indicators of muscular status. Variables SMMI and PSMM were extracted as the most sensitive to age, with SMMI being gender-independent while showing the parabolic and sinusoidal form of change as function of ageing in males and females, respectively; and PSMM being sex-dependent while showing a linear trend of decrease in both sexes.

Introduction/Objective Knowledge and practical skills in medical waste (MW) management are of equal importance for medical and dental doctors. The first comparative study on the knowledge and skills in the field of MW management among Belgrade students was conducted with the goal of examining whether students of medicine and dentistry are equally familiar with this extremely important field. Methods a cross-sectional study included 558 students of the sixth year of studies (430 medical and 128 dental students) who completed an anonymous semi-structured questionnaire to determine attitudes and knowledge on MW management. Results the majority of medical and dental students had no training in MW management (79.5% and 74.6%, respectively). Dental students use protective equipment more frequently than medical students (94.5% vs. 42%, p lt 0.001). However, full vaccinal protection against hepatitis B is better among medical students compared to dental students (57.7% vs. 39.1%, p lt 0.001). Complete knowledge on postexposal prophylaxis is better among medical students compared to dental students (44.5% vs. 13.3%, p lt 0.001). However, dental students are more disciplined in reporting injuries (63.1% vs. 52.4%, p = 0.038). The students' knowledge on primary separation of infectious waste (93% vs. 77.8%, p lt 0.001) and used needles (80.3% vs. 70.4%, p = 0.007) is better among dental students compared to medical students' correct answers. Conclusion Dental students show better knowledge on MW management and are more disciplined in using personal infection protection compared to medical students. The students support continued training on MW management and investigations on this topic., Uvod/Cilj Znanje i praktične veštine upravljanja medicinskim otpadom su od posebnog značaja za doktore medicine i stomatologije. Komparativna studija o znanju i veštinama iz oblasti upravljanja medicinskim otpadom sprovedena je među beogradskim studentima prvi put, u cilju ispitivanja da li ovom izuzetno važnom oblašću studenti medicine i stomatologije vladaju podjednako dobro. Metode Ova studija preseka obuhvatila je 558 studenata šeste godine studija na Beogradskom univerzitetu (430 studenata medicine i 128 studenata stomatologije), koji su popunili anonimni upitnik o znanju i stavovima o upravljanju medicinskim otpadom. Rezultati Većina studenata stomatologije i medicine nisu imali nikakvu posebnu obuku iz upravljanja medicinskim otpadom (79,5% i 74,6%). Studenti stomatologije su češće koristili zaštitnu opremu (94,5% prema 42%, p lt 0,001). Vakcinalna zaštita od hepatitisa B je kompletnija među studentima medicine u odnosu na studente stomatologije (57,7% prema 39,1%, p lt 0,001). Znanje o profilaksi posle izloženosti bolja je među studentima medicine (44,5% prema 13,3%, p lt 0,001). Međutim, studenti stomatologije su ažurniji u pogledu prijavljivanja povreda na radnom mestu (63,1% prema 52,4%, p = 0,038). Znanje studenata o primarnoj separaciji infektivnog otpada i korišćenih igala je bolje među budućim stomatolozima (tačni odgovori 93% nasuprot 77,8%; p lt 0,001 i 80,3% prema 70,4%; p = 0,007). Zaključak Studenti stomatologije imaju bolje znanje o upravljanju medicinskim otpadom i disciplinovaniji su u pogledu korišćenja zaštitne opreme na radu u odnosu na studente medicine. Studenti podržavaju kontinuiranu edukaciju o upravljanju medicinskim otpadom i dalja istraživanja o ovoj temi.

Introduction/Objective Knowledge and practical skills in medical waste (MW) management are of equal importance for medical and dental doctors. The first comparative study on the knowledge and skills in the field of MW management among Belgrade students was conducted with the goal of examining whether students of medicine and dentistry are equally familiar with this extremely important field. Methods a cross-sectional study included 558 students of the sixth year of studies (430 medical and 128 dental students) who completed an anonymous semi-structured questionnaire to determine attitudes and knowledge on MW management. Results the majority of medical and dental students had no training in MW management (79.5% and 74.6%, respectively). Dental students use protective equipment more frequently than medical students (94.5% vs. 42%, p lt 0.001). However, full vaccinal protection against hepatitis B is better among medical students compared to dental students (57.7% vs. 39.1%, p lt 0.001). Complete knowledge on postexposal prophylaxis is better among medical students compared to dental students (44.5% vs. 13.3%, p lt 0.001). However, dental students are more disciplined in reporting injuries (63.1% vs. 52.4%, p = 0.038). The students' knowledge on primary separation of infectious waste (93% vs. 77.8%, p lt 0.001) and used needles (80.3% vs. 70.4%, p = 0.007) is better among dental students compared to medical students' correct answers. Conclusion Dental students show better knowledge on MW management and are more disciplined in using personal infection protection compared to medical students. The students support continued training on MW management and investigations on this topic., Uvod/Cilj Znanje i praktične veštine upravljanja medicinskim otpadom su od posebnog značaja za doktore medicine i stomatologije. Komparativna studija o znanju i veštinama iz oblasti upravljanja medicinskim otpadom sprovedena je među beogradskim studentima prvi put, u cilju ispitivanja da li ovom izuzetno važnom oblašću studenti medicine i stomatologije vladaju podjednako dobro. Metode Ova studija preseka obuhvatila je 558 studenata šeste godine studija na Beogradskom univerzitetu (430 studenata medicine i 128 studenata stomatologije), koji su popunili anonimni upitnik o znanju i stavovima o upravljanju medicinskim otpadom. Rezultati Većina studenata stomatologije i medicine nisu imali nikakvu posebnu obuku iz upravljanja medicinskim otpadom (79,5% i 74,6%). Studenti stomatologije su češće koristili zaštitnu opremu (94,5% prema 42%, p lt 0,001). Vakcinalna zaštita od hepatitisa B je kompletnija među studentima medicine u odnosu na studente stomatologije (57,7% prema 39,1%, p lt 0,001). Znanje o profilaksi posle izloženosti bolja je među studentima medicine (44,5% prema 13,3%, p lt 0,001). Međutim, studenti stomatologije su ažurniji u pogledu prijavljivanja povreda na radnom mestu (63,1% prema 52,4%, p = 0,038). Znanje studenata o primarnoj separaciji infektivnog otpada i korišćenih igala je bolje među budućim stomatolozima (tačni odgovori 93% nasuprot 77,8%; p lt 0,001 i 80,3% prema 70,4%; p = 0,007). Zaključak Studenti stomatologije imaju bolje znanje o upravljanju medicinskim otpadom i disciplinovaniji su u pogledu korišćenja zaštitne opreme na radu u odnosu na studente medicine. Studenti podržavaju kontinuiranu edukaciju o upravljanju medicinskim otpadom i dalja istraživanja o ovoj temi.

Temperatura i kvalitet hrane utiču na performansu larvi gubara, Lymantria dispar L. nezavisno ili u međusobnoj interakciji. Strategije preživljavanja larvi gubara u temperaturno kao i nutritivno heterogenoj sredini obuhvataju različite tipove reverzibilne i ireverzibilne fenotipske plastičnosti, koje preko uticaja na usvajanje i raspodelu resursa utiču na osobine životne istorije i rezistentnost prema ekstremnim uslovima životne sredine. U cilju ispitivanja efekata temperature i kvaliteta hrane, tj. sadržaja proteina i ugljenih hidrata u hrani na komponente adaptivne vrednosti, kao i ekspresiju genetičke varijabilnosti, larve gubara su izložene delovanju tri različite temperature (suboptimalna, optimalna i supraoptimalna) i 4 kombinacije hranljivog sastava dijete, koje su se međusobno razlikovale kako u ukupnom sadržaju proteina i ugljenih hidrata, tako i u njihovom međusobnom odnosu. U istim eksperimentalnim uslovima ispitivana je uloga procesa varenja, odnosno aktivnosti digestivnih enzima u usklađivanju odnosa i količine unetih nutienata sa potrebama organizma na različitim temperaturama. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj nutritivne vrednosti i balansiranosti hrane na senzitivnost gubara prema stresnim temperaturama. Nepovoljne temperature i nizak sadržaj proteina u hrani, kao i disbalans proteina u odnosu na ugljene hidrate, smanjuju performansu larvi gubara. Uticaji temperature i kvaliteta hrane na komponente adaptivne vrednosti: preživljavanje, trajanje razvića, masu i relativnu brzinu rasta, uglavnom su međusobno nezavisni. Pokazano je da povišena temperatura smanjuje preživljavanje i trajanje razvića larvi ali dovodi do povećanja relativne brzine rasta. Nutritivni sastav hrane nije uticao na preživljavanje, ali je nizak sadržaj proteina u hrani dovodio do produžavanja razvića, smanjenja mase i relativne brzine rasta larvi. Relativna brzina rasta larvi je bila manja i pri visokom sadržaju ugljenih hidrata u hrani, dok je smanjenje mase larvi na hrani sa niskim sadrža, Temperature and food quality affect the performance of gypsy moth larvae Lymantria dispar L. independently or in an interaction with each other. Survival strategies of gypsy moth larvae in temperature and nutritionally heterogeneous environments include various types of reversible and irreversible phenotypic plasticity, which due to the effect of uptake and distribution of resources affect the life-history traits and resistance to extreme environmental conditions. In order to investigate the direct and interactive effects of temperature and food quality on fitness components, as well as the expression of genetic variation, gypsy moth larvae were exposed to three different temperatures (suboptimal, optimal and supraoptimal) and 4 sets of nutrient composition of the diet, which differed in protein and carbohydrate content. Under the same experimental conditions, the role of digestion and digestive enzyme activity in adjusting nutrient quantity and ratio with organism needs at different temperatures was investigated. Also, it was investigated the effect of nutritional value of the food on sensitivity of gypsy moth larvae to stressful temperatures. An adverse temperature and low protein content in food, as well as an imbalance of protein compared to carbohydrates, reduced performance of gypsy moth larvae. Effects of temperature and food quality on fitness components - survival, developmental time, larval weight and relative growth rate were mainly independent. It has been shown that elevated temperature reduces survival and duration of development, but leads to an increase of the relative growth rate. Nutritional composition of food had no effect on survival, but the low protein content led to prolonged developmental time, reduced larval weight and relative growth rate of gypsy moth larvae. The relative growth rate of larvae was lower if carbohydrate content in food was high, while larval weight reduction was greater if protein content was low and the carbohydrate conte

Temperatura i kvalitet hrane utiču na performansu larvi gubara, Lymantria dispar L. nezavisno ili u međusobnoj interakciji. Strategije preživljavanja larvi gubara u temperaturno kao i nutritivno heterogenoj sredini obuhvataju različite tipove reverzibilne i ireverzibilne fenotipske plastičnosti, koje preko uticaja na usvajanje i raspodelu resursa utiču na osobine životne istorije i rezistentnost prema ekstremnim uslovima životne sredine. U cilju ispitivanja efekata temperature i kvaliteta hrane, tj. sadržaja proteina i ugljenih hidrata u hrani na komponente adaptivne vrednosti, kao i ekspresiju genetičke varijabilnosti, larve gubara su izložene delovanju tri različite temperature (suboptimalna, optimalna i supraoptimalna) i 4 kombinacije hranljivog sastava dijete, koje su se međusobno razlikovale kako u ukupnom sadržaju proteina i ugljenih hidrata, tako i u njihovom međusobnom odnosu. U istim eksperimentalnim uslovima ispitivana je uloga procesa varenja, odnosno aktivnosti digestivnih enzima u usklađivanju odnosa i količine unetih nutienata sa potrebama organizma na različitim temperaturama. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj nutritivne vrednosti i balansiranosti hrane na senzitivnost gubara prema stresnim temperaturama. Nepovoljne temperature i nizak sadržaj proteina u hrani, kao i disbalans proteina u odnosu na ugljene hidrate, smanjuju performansu larvi gubara. Uticaji temperature i kvaliteta hrane na komponente adaptivne vrednosti: preživljavanje, trajanje razvića, masu i relativnu brzinu rasta, uglavnom su međusobno nezavisni. Pokazano je da povišena temperatura smanjuje preživljavanje i trajanje razvića larvi ali dovodi do povećanja relativne brzine rasta. Nutritivni sastav hrane nije uticao na preživljavanje, ali je nizak sadržaj proteina u hrani dovodio do produžavanja razvića, smanjenja mase i relativne brzine rasta larvi. Relativna brzina rasta larvi je bila manja i pri visokom sadržaju ugljenih hidrata u hrani, dok je smanjenje mase larvi na hrani sa niskim sadrža, Temperature and food quality affect the performance of gypsy moth larvae Lymantria dispar L. independently or in an interaction with each other. Survival strategies of gypsy moth larvae in temperature and nutritionally heterogeneous environments include various types of reversible and irreversible phenotypic plasticity, which due to the effect of uptake and distribution of resources affect the life-history traits and resistance to extreme environmental conditions. In order to investigate the direct and interactive effects of temperature and food quality on fitness components, as well as the expression of genetic variation, gypsy moth larvae were exposed to three different temperatures (suboptimal, optimal and supraoptimal) and 4 sets of nutrient composition of the diet, which differed in protein and carbohydrate content. Under the same experimental conditions, the role of digestion and digestive enzyme activity in adjusting nutrient quantity and ratio with organism needs at different temperatures was investigated. Also, it was investigated the effect of nutritional value of the food on sensitivity of gypsy moth larvae to stressful temperatures. An adverse temperature and low protein content in food, as well as an imbalance of protein compared to carbohydrates, reduced performance of gypsy moth larvae. Effects of temperature and food quality on fitness components - survival, developmental time, larval weight and relative growth rate were mainly independent. It has been shown that elevated temperature reduces survival and duration of development, but leads to an increase of the relative growth rate. Nutritional composition of food had no effect on survival, but the low protein content led to prolonged developmental time, reduced larval weight and relative growth rate of gypsy moth larvae. The relative growth rate of larvae was lower if carbohydrate content in food was high, while larval weight reduction was greater if protein content was low and the carbohydrate conte

Different proteolytic activities using natural and synthetic substrates were analyzed in the midgut of Cerambyx cerdo larvae. Significant leucyl-aminopeptidase and elastase-like activities, as well as some trypsin-like activities were detected., Korišćenjem prirodnih i sintetičkih supstrata analizirane su različite proteolitičke aktivnosti u srednjem crevu larve Cerambyx cerdo. Detektovane su značajne aktivnosti leucil-aminopeptidaze i elastazi sličnih enzima, kao i slabija aktivnost tripsinu sličnih enzima.

Different proteolytic activities using natural and synthetic substrates were analyzed in the midgut of Cerambyx cerdo larvae. Significant leucyl-aminopeptidase and elastase-like activities, as well as some trypsin-like activities were detected., Korišćenjem prirodnih i sintetičkih supstrata analizirane su različite proteolitičke aktivnosti u srednjem crevu larve Cerambyx cerdo. Detektovane su značajne aktivnosti leucil-aminopeptidaze i elastazi sličnih enzima, kao i slabija aktivnost tripsinu sličnih enzima.

Different proteolytic activities using natural and synthetic substrates were analyzed in the midgut of Cerambyx cerdo larvae. Significant leucyl-aminopeptidase and elastase-like activities, as well as some trypsin-like activities were detected., Korišćenjem prirodnih i sintetičkih supstrata analizirane su različite proteolitičke aktivnosti u srednjem crevu larve Cerambyx cerdo. Detektovane su značajne aktivnosti leucil-aminopeptidaze i elastazi sličnih enzima, kao i slabija aktivnost tripsinu sličnih enzima.