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A bibliometric analysis was undertaken to chart the development of publications on language attitudes towards English accents in SCOPUS-indexed journals. Publication data were collected from SCOPUS for 1974–2021, and by-hand pre-processing of the data was undertaken to identify reviews and original research articles. VOSviewer was used to create bibliometric networks from 468 articles. The United States published the most articles on language attitudes towards English accents (119, 25.4%), followed by the United Kingdom (54, 11.5%) Australia (35, 7.5%), and Hong Kong (24, 5.13%). In comparison, few have studied the attitudes of non-native English speakers towards English varieties and accents in the Asian region. Although China has the largest English-speaking population in the world, citation numbers for publications on attitude towards English accent in China is low. However, the visualisation of time map on countries/regions of publications identifies China, South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, Thailand, and Turkey as emerging regions where research on attitudes towards English accent is growing. Analysis of publication sources showed that Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, World Englishes and Asian Englishes were the most frequent publishers of articles on attitudes towards English accents. The mapping revealed that the top five authors publishing on attitudes towards English accent are from inner-circle countries, particularly, the United States and the United Kingdom. In terms of research area, the bibliometric analysis revealed a concomitant shift from interest in native speaker perceptions to non-native speaker perceptions of comprehensibility of different English varieties and self-identity consciousness of English language learners. Keywords: bibliometric; language attitudes; English accents; SCOPUS

This study examined the impact of training on communication strategy used by speakers with limited English proficiency. The 13-week training involved 23 limited English proficiency speakers in a culinary course, who were taught 13 lexical, negotiation, and discourse-based communication strategies. Their speech in presentations, role plays and group discussions were recorded, and the 29,492-word data set was analysed for the use of communication strategies. The results showed 1,307 instances of use of communication strategies. The most frequently used strategy was fillers (145.1 ptw), followed by lexical repetition (107.4 ptw) and response utterance (99.4 ptw). Discourse-based strategies were used more frequently than lexical and negotiation strategies, and the most often used was lexical repetition which is a versatile strategy for facilitating transfer of key information for conversational maintenance. Interactions (431.5 ptw) were more linguistically and cognitively challenging, calling more communication strategies into use than presentations (210.5 ptw). The findings suggest the necessity for communication strategies training to help speakers with limited English proficiency expand their repertoire of strategies and facilitate communication.

This study examined the impact of training on communication strategy used by speakers with limited English proficiency. The 13-week training involved 23 limited English proficiency speakers in a culinary course, who were taught 13 lexical, negotiation, and discourse-based communication strategies. Their speech in presentations, role plays and group discussions were recorded, and the 29,492-word data set was analysed for the use of communication strategies. The results showed 1,307 instances of use of communication strategies. The most frequently used strategy was fillers (145.1 ptw), followed by lexical repetition (107.4 ptw) and response utterance (99.4 ptw). Discourse-based strategies were used more frequently than lexical and negotiation strategies, and the most often used was lexical repetition which is a versatile strategy for facilitating transfer of key information for conversational maintenance. Interactions (431.5 ptw) were more linguistically and cognitively challenging, calling more communication strategies into use than presentations (210.5 ptw). The findings suggest the necessity for communication strategies training to help speakers with limited English proficiency expand their repertoire of strategies and facilitate communication.

This study examined the impact of training on communication strategy used by speakers with limited English proficiency. The 13-week training involved 23 limited English proficiency speakers in a culinary course, who were taught 13 lexical, negotiation, and discourse-based communication strategies. Their speech in presentations, role plays and group discussions were recorded, and the 29,492-word data set was analysed for the use of communication strategies. The results showed 1,307 instances of use of communication strategies. The most frequently used strategy was fillers (145.1 ptw), followed by lexical repetition (107.4 ptw) and response utterance (99.4 ptw). Discourse-based strategies were used more frequently than lexical and negotiation strategies, and the most often used was lexical repetition which is a versatile strategy for facilitating transfer of key information for conversational maintenance. Interactions (431.5 ptw) were more linguistically and cognitively challenging, calling more communication strategies into use than presentations (210.5 ptw). The findings suggest the necessity for communication strategies training to help speakers with limited English proficiency expand their repertoire of strategies and facilitate communication.

Strategic competence is the ability to use communication strategies for oral interaction within the limits of linguistic competency. This paper looked into a communication strategy training that spanned over 13 sessions, with each session focusing on a different communication strategy. Data were collected through recordings of technical presentations and dialogues, later transcribed into 29,492 words. The analysis of the transcripts showed a reduction in the frequency of communication strategies used from 65.13 ptw to 51.43 ptw from the beginning to the end of the training. The findings of this study suggested that the communication strategy training had enabled the participants to maximise the use of their existing linguistic resources and develop their strategic competence independently. The reduction of the frequency of communication strategy represents the higher production of actual language use as shown in the increase of number of utterance from 2134 TWS to 2528 TWS.

Strategic competence is the ability to use communication strategies for oral interaction within the limits of linguistic competency. This paper looked into a communication strategy training that spanned over 13 sessions, with each session focusing on a different communication strategy. Data were collected through recordings of technical presentations and dialogues, later transcribed into 29,492 words. The analysis of the transcripts showed a reduction in the frequency of communication strategies used from 65.13 ptw to 51.43 ptw from the beginning to the end of the training. The findings of this study suggested that the communication strategy training had enabled the participants to maximise the use of their existing linguistic resources and develop their strategic competence independently. The reduction of the frequency of communication strategy represents the higher production of actual language use as shown in the increase of number of utterance from 2134 TWS to 2528 TWS.

This study examined the impact of training on communication strategy used by speakers with limited English proficiency. The 13-week training involved 23 limited English proficiency speakers in a culinary course, who were taught 13 lexical, negotiation, and discourse-based communication strategies. Their speech in presentations, role plays and group discussions were recorded, and the 29,492-word data set was analysed for the use of communication strategies. The results showed 1,307 instances of use of communication strategies. The most frequently used strategy was fillers (145.1 ptw), followed by lexical repetition (107.4 ptw) and response utterance (99.4 ptw). Discourse-based strategies were used more frequently than lexical and negotiation strategies, and the most often used was lexical repetition which is a versatile strategy for facilitating transfer of key information for conversational maintenance. Interactions (431.5 ptw) were more linguistically and cognitively challenging, calling more communication strategies into use than presentations (210.5 ptw). The findings suggest the necessity for communication strategies training to help speakers with limited English proficiency expand their repertoire of strategies and facilitate communication.

Strategic competence is the ability to use communication strategies for oral interaction within the limits of linguistic competency. This paper looked into a communication strategy training that spanned over 13 sessions, with each session focusing on a different communication strategy. Data were collected through recordings of technical presentations and dialogues, later transcribed into 29,492 words. The analysis of the transcripts showed a reduction in the frequency of communication strategies used from 65.13 ptw to 51.43 ptw from the beginning to the end of the training. The findings of this study suggested that the communication strategy training had enabled the participants to maximise the use of their existing linguistic resources and develop their strategic competence independently. The reduction of the frequency of communication strategy represents the higher production of actual language use as shown in the increase of number of utterance from 2134 TWS to 2528 TWS.

The study aims to describe the conventions of the Malaysian model of service encounters and contrast them to the model proposed by Halliday/Hasan (1985) by focusing on interactions between Chinese service providers and customers from different ethnic groups in a grocery store. A total of 120 service encounters (60 with Chinese customers, 60 with non-Chinese customers) were observed and audio-taped. Analysis of the service encounters showed that Sale Request, Sale, Purchase and Goods Handover are obligatory stages in the shop, but a low frequency of Greeting, Sale Initiation and Finis was found. The infrequent use of politeness features resembling interpersonal interactions indicates a taskfocussed interaction between the service provider and customer. The results also indicate some in/outgroup differences in the Chinese service providers’ interaction with their Chinese and non-Chinese customers. The service providers were more likely to engage in Greeting and Finis with Chinese customers, and Sale Initiation with non-Chinese customers, indicating a clearer service provider-customer role and a stronger task-focus in interactions with outgroup members. The stages that are more likely to be enacted non-linguistically are Sale Request, Purchase and Goods Handover. In the grocery store, customers often brought goods they wanted to purchase to the counter, making verbalisation of Sale Request unnecessary. The non-Chinese customers were more inclined to make non-verbal Sale Requests than Chinese customers, whereas service encounters with Chinese customers had relatively more frequent non-verbalised Sale Compliance and Sale stages. The possible relevance of in/outgroup relationship on non-verbal communication in service encounters needs further investigation.

This paper examines the export performance of China in electronics compared to the east Asian NIEs exporting to the USA, the European Union, and Japan between 1988 and 2001 using a dynamic version of shift-share analysis to overcome some of the inherent drawbacks of the widely-used static shift-share methodology. Our findings suggest that China has now emerged as a serious contender in the export market for electronic goods, but this position has not been a dominant one. For electronics as a whole, the principal gainers after 1995 appear to be newcomers China and Malaysia at the expense of the older Tigers, like Singapore and Hong Kong. To some extent this represents a natural process of ‘catch-up’. Moreover, no single NIE has dominated all categories of electronic exports. In the east Asian region, the less developed members of ASEAN would appear to be most at risk in the immediate future since they compete head on with China in lower-end manufacturing and are in danger of being ‘leapfrogged’ in the value-added chain. The more advanced NIEs are in a better position since they have time to increase value-added before China catches up and may benefit more from the opportunities China offers in terms of production and service complementarities.

The aim of this study is to describe comprehension strategy-use and comprehension of ESL readers in the Science Matriculation Programme of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. The nine proficient and eleven less proficient ESt readers of this study were selected based on their scores in a Test of Reading Skills. The use of comprehension strategies during reading was ecited via thinking - aloud procedures. The product of reading, comprehension, was assessed via oral retelling. The idea unit sin there telling protocols w ere compared with the content structure analysis of the think - aloud text to find out the percent age and kinds of idea units recalled. The think - aloud and retelling protocols were transcribed and analyzed.

The aim of this study is to describe comprehension strategy-use and comprehension of ESL readers in the Science Matriculation Programme of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. The nine proficient and eleven less proficient ESt readers of this study were selected based on their scores in a Test of Reading Skills. The use of comprehension strategies during reading was ecited via thinking - aloud procedures. The product of reading, comprehension, was assessed via oral retelling. The idea unit sin there telling protocols w ere compared with the content structure analysis of the think - aloud text to find out the percent age and kinds of idea units recalled. The think - aloud and retelling protocols were transcribed and analyzed.

The notion of Malaysian English in relation to the concepts of standard English and language standardization is explored. An overview of the development of varieties of English spoken in Malaysia is discussed and the factors involved in language standardization such as the role of codifying agents in regulating the use of Malaysian English, the status of Malaysian English as a "New English", the need for a standardized variety of Malaysian English and the linguistic complexity of Malaysian English are examined. Of the three varieties of Malaysian English, namely, Malaysian English Type I, Malaysian English Type 11 and colloquial Malaysian English, Malaysian English Type II has the potential to develop into a widely accepted variety of Malaysian English. Nevertheless, the possibility of Malaysian English being standardized is still remote due to the limited need for a standardized variety of Malaysian English as the reference model in language teaching, and its early stage in the process of language standardization. Further and on-going descriptive studies on Malaysian English are needed.

The notion of Malaysian English in relation to the concepts of standard English and language standardization is explored. An overview of the development of varieties of English spoken in Malaysia is discussed and the factors involved in language standardization such as the role of codifying agents in regulating the use of Malaysian English, the status of Malaysian English as a "New English", the need for a standardized variety of Malaysian English and the linguistic complexity of Malaysian English are examined. Of the three varieties of Malaysian English, namely, Malaysian English Type I, Malaysian English Type 11 and colloquial Malaysian English, Malaysian English Type II has the potential to develop into a widely accepted variety of Malaysian English. Nevertheless, the possibility of Malaysian English being standardized is still remote due to the limited need for a standardized variety of Malaysian English as the reference model in language teaching, and its early stage in the process of language standardization. Further and on-going descriptive studies on Malaysian English are needed.

This thesis is the product of three years' research in the Department of Geography, University of Glasgow. I have spent part of the time in the field and have travelled the western and north-eastern coast of the Mainland, the islands of the Inner Hebrides and the Orkneys islands. The results of my research are here arranged in three parts, Part I comprises a discussion of the shoreline configuration of Western Scotland. A hypothesis of differential submergence is put forth in an attempt to explain the shoreline configuration. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is sought for from the construction and interpretation of a bathymetrical map of Western Scotland and from the study of soundings and of the longitudinal and cross profiles of rivers of the present drainage. I have drawn many profiles of both land and submarine features and calculated the gradients of the river thalwegs and valley sides, with the result that I have arrived at an estimation of the amount of differential submergence. Chapter I and II have been accepted by the Editor of the Geografiska Annaler of Sweden for publication within this year. Part II is wholly devoted for the study of raised shorelines. Of the many areas in which I have observed and examined, I have included only those regions to the raised shorelines of which I have been able to devote adequately detailed study. In describing the field observations, I have used a terminology and working principles which it seemed good to explain in chapter V. In chapters XIII and IX studies of glaci-fluvial deposits have been included, as they are in these two chapters, connected with the discussion of raised shorelines and the physiographical history of the regions. Part III is composed of papers on the present day shore deposits. Perhaps the interpretation of the Ayres of Orkneys and the classification of storm deposits are the more outstanding points in this part. Chapters XI and XII have been published in the Geological Magazine and the Scotti

This thesis is the product of three years' research in the Department of Geography, University of Glasgow. I have spent part of the time in the field and have travelled the western and north-eastern coast of the Mainland, the islands of the Inner Hebrides and the Orkneys islands. The results of my research are here arranged in three parts, Part I comprises a discussion of the shoreline configuration of Western Scotland. A hypothesis of differential submergence is put forth in an attempt to explain the shoreline configuration. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is sought for from the construction and interpretation of a bathymetrical map of Western Scotland and from the study of soundings and of the longitudinal and cross profiles of rivers of the present drainage. I have drawn many profiles of both land and submarine features and calculated the gradients of the river thalwegs and valley sides, with the result that I have arrived at an estimation of the amount of differential submergence. Chapter I and II have been accepted by the Editor of the Geografiska Annaler of Sweden for publication within this year. Part II is wholly devoted for the study of raised shorelines. Of the many areas in which I have observed and examined, I have included only those regions to the raised shorelines of which I have been able to devote adequately detailed study. In describing the field observations, I have used a terminology and working principles which it seemed good to explain in chapter V. In chapters XIII and IX studies of glaci-fluvial deposits have been included, as they are in these two chapters, connected with the discussion of raised shorelines and the physiographical history of the regions. Part III is composed of papers on the present day shore deposits. Perhaps the interpretation of the Ayres of Orkneys and the classification of storm deposits are the more outstanding points in this part. Chapters XI and XII have been published in the Geological Magazine and the Scotti

This thesis is the product of three years' research in the Department of Geography, University of Glasgow. I have spent part of the time in the field and have travelled the western and north-eastern coast of the Mainland, the islands of the Inner Hebrides and the Orkneys islands. The results of my research are here arranged in three parts, Part I comprises a discussion of the shoreline configuration of Western Scotland. A hypothesis of differential submergence is put forth in an attempt to explain the shoreline configuration. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is sought for from the construction and interpretation of a bathymetrical map of Western Scotland and from the study of soundings and of the longitudinal and cross profiles of rivers of the present drainage. I have drawn many profiles of both land and submarine features and calculated the gradients of the river thalwegs and valley sides, with the result that I have arrived at an estimation of the amount of differential submergence. Chapter I and II have been accepted by the Editor of the Geografiska Annaler of Sweden for publication within this year. Part II is wholly devoted for the study of raised shorelines. Of the many areas in which I have observed and examined, I have included only those regions to the raised shorelines of which I have been able to devote adequately detailed study. In describing the field observations, I have used a terminology and working principles which it seemed good to explain in chapter V. In chapters XIII and IX studies of glaci-fluvial deposits have been included, as they are in these two chapters, connected with the discussion of raised shorelines and the physiographical history of the regions. Part III is composed of papers on the present day shore deposits. Perhaps the interpretation of the Ayres of Orkneys and the classification of storm deposits are the more outstanding points in this part. Chapters XI and XII have been published in the Geological Magazine and the Scotti