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This essay addresses the long-term effectiveness of urban climate change adaptation approaches, based, inter alia, on work in the C40 city network. We argue that in most cities, the dominant framing of climate risk management almost exclusively focuses on short-term incrementalities and preventive solutions directly tackling hazards, vulnerability, and exposure. This approach has serious flaws, leading to missed opportunities for longer-term sustainable urban development. Until very recently, climate science usually provided only a marginal input to long-term urban planning and design. We argue that any analysis of urban climate risk management and the associated climate services should be broadened beyond solely climate focusing on impacts. In this context, the development of positive urban visions is a key gap for both research and practice. A change is required from negatively addressing risks to positively pursuing a positive vision of attractive, resilient, and sustainable cities. The emphasis on short-term incremental solutions should shift towards long-term transformation. This embodies a paradigm shift from “function follows system” to “system follows function”. For many cities, this also means a change in procedural practice from siloed top-down to integrated, participatory urban transformation. Our main argument in this paper is that simple, longer-term sustainable urban transformation would not only reduce climate risks but also enhance overall environmental quality, economic opportunities, and social wellbeing.

Voor je ligt een toekomstbeeld voor de Groene Metropoolregio Arnhem-Nijmegen. In dit verhaal laten we je zien hoe we over honderd jaar zouden kunnen leven in deze regio. Toegegeven, de 22e eeuw klinkt nog ver weg. En toch maken we nu al dagelijks keuzes waarmee we die verre toekomst beïnvloeden.Deze toekomstvisie kun je zien als een stip op de horizon, die kan helpen om vandaag betere plannen te maken. De daadwerkelijke toekomst laat zich moeilijk voorspellen. Want het klimaat verandert, maar hoe snel precies? En welke maatschappelijke, technische en geopolitieke ontwikkelingen staan ons te wachten? Hoewel we zulke vragen niet met zekerheid kunnen beantwoorden, weten we één ding wél: de besluiten die we vandaag en morgen nemen, bepalen mede de kansen die we straks hebben. Dat zijn dus besluiten waar we goed over na moeten denken. Sterker nog, het is belangrijk om er nu al over in gesprek te gaan, zodat we onze gedachten erover kunnen vormen, en deze inhoud kunnen meewegen in de investeringen die we doen.Waar moeten we allemaal rekening mee houden, als we nadenken over de Groene Metropoolregio van de toekomst? Op de landkaart en in de teksten stippen we de belangrijkste thema’s aan die spelen in de regio, nu én in het jaar 2120. Deze thema’s – we noemen ze ‘perspectieven’ – vind je op de volgende bladzijden. Vervolgens lichten we toe hoe we tot dit verhaal gekomen zijn.Deze toekomstvisie is gemaakt door stedenbouwkundigen, landschapsarchitecten en -ontwerpers en andere deskundigen, gebaseerd op wetenschappelijke inzichten, onder verantwoordelijkheid van Wageningen University & Research. Inhoudelijk borduren we voort op de WUR-toekomstvisie Nederland in 2120. Dat betekent dat natuurlijke processen een hoofdrol spelen, en dat de kenmerken en draagkracht van het landschap het vertrekpunt vormen.Deze visie is geen blauwdruk: de keuzes en conclusies zijn niet in beton gegoten. Integendeel, dit verhaal is juist bedoeld om het gesprek over de toekomst en de keuzes van vanda

Ongeveer een jaar geleden verscheen de kamerbrief Water en Bodem Sturend met 33 structurerende keuzes voor de ruimtelijke ordening. Uitgangspunten, ambities, doelen en maatregelen om anders met ons water- en bodem systeem om te gaan. Aan de slag! Maar hoe brengen we water en bodem sturend nu in de praktijk met de organisaties en professionals die gewend waren zelf water en bodem te sturen? Het zit immers diep in de cultuur geworteld in ons land, waar we al eeuwen ingrijpen in ons water- en bodemsysteem om het land voor onze eigen behoeften naar onze handen zetten. Wat betekent het voor ons als we water en bodem laten bepalen waar en hoe ruimtelijke ordening in de toekomst plaatsvindt? Met daarbij de fundamentele vraag wat we moeten doen (of laten) om water en bodem sturend te kunnen laten zijn., ‘Water and soil as guiding principle’ implies that spatial planning should be based on the characteristics and carrying capacity of the natural system. But how to concretize that? Here, we illustrate the value of a visioning process, using a case study of the Green Metropolitan Region Arnhem-Nijmegen (GMR). Our visioning process of GMR consisted of three steps. First, we studied trends and projections and we performed a landscape analysis to characterize the natural system of the region. Second, a series of interdisciplinary design workshops followed to iteratively design a vision for the year 2120. Finally, discussion points were formulated that pinpoint key spatial choices in the region that we need to confer with each other. The findings offer, so to speak, a framework for area processes in GMR. They also highlight the opportunities and challenges that we will encounter when putting the natural system at the basis of spatial planning.

De manier waarop we vandaag omgaan met waterbeheer en ruimtelijke ordening, loopt tegen grenzen aan. De gevolgen van klimaatverandering worden zichtbaarder: nu al krijgen we vaker te maken met zowel wateroverlast als droogte. Daarnaast is de vraag hoe we Nederland in de toekomst van voldoende drinkwater blijven voorzien. Dat terwijl het klimaat komende jaren nog verder gaat veranderen. Ons watersysteem kan de gevolgen van klimaatverandering niet goed opvangen. Er is dus maar één oplossing: we zullen anders om moeten gaan met ons water en land. Klimaatverandering vraagt om een ruimtelijke inrichting die is afgestemd op water, bodem en ondergrond. Alleen dat geeft ons de ruimte en flexibiliteit die we nodig hebben om extremen op te vangen.Gelukkig is deze beweging al deels in gang gezet. Onlangs bepaalde het kabinet dat bodem en water voortaan 'sturend' moeten zijn bij ruimtelijke keuzes. Dat wil zeggen dat de natuur en natuurlijke processen een hoofdrol gaan spelen bij ruimtelijke keuzes. Ofwel: de draagkracht en kenmerken van het natuurlijk systeem staan aan de basis van beleidsplannen en beslissingen. Maar hoe geef je daar als beleidsmaker handen en voeten aan?

Normative scenarios for long-term (e.g., 100 years) landscape development can be very inspiring to imagine outside the box landscape futures, without being obliged to define concrete policy objectives for the shorter term. However, it remains challenging to translate such long-term visions into clear transition pathways. We draw upon a landscape-based design approach to local spatial planning to foster a transition to a well-functioning landscape, resilient to various external pressures. Inspired by a national visioning exercise for the Netherlands in 2120, two local case studies at municipal level in the Netherlands are analysed, aiming to identify in what ways the setup of a regional landscape-based design study using future visions can optimise the spatial planning process. Therefore, this comparative case study analysed the cases on the landscape-based approach, the design process, and the future visions formulated. The comparison shows that fostering abiotic differences safeguards sustainable and resilient landscapes; moreover, co-creation relying on representative local actors appears fundamental for shared solutions, while a landscape-based approach guarantees transitions to adaptive and biodiverse landscapes. We conclude that a shared long-term future landscape vision is a crucial source of inspiration to solve today’s spatial planning problems. The constellation of the stakeholder group involved and the methodological setup of a visioning process are determinative for the way a long-term vision is suited to informing spatial planning for a sustainable future.

Nature-based solutions are gaining importance within the notion of urban sustainability problems and associated global goals. This paper argues that nature-based solutions could guide climate adaptation planning, but it would need to be scaled-up across the globe to have an effective impact on climate adaptation. Literature poses various proposals of how to include nature-based solutions to guide adaptation planning, but practical examples and evidence of such are more limited. This paper addresses this lack by providing examples of two case studies, one in the Netherlands (Amersfoort) and one in South Africa (Lephalale). These two case studies were purposefully selected based on the nature-based approaches they employed in response to climate change challenges. The cases were accordingly considered in terms of their socio-ecological and environmental context, the scale of implementation of the nature-based solutions, the flexibility of these responses employed, and the overall benefits provided through the nature-based approaches. A comparative analysis was conducted between the two cases and highlighted that nature-based approaches could not be limited to a singular ad-hoc approach, but should rather be scaled up and more comprehensive, in order to align with the objectives of climate adaptation planning. The cases evidenced how the broader environment could benefit when nature-based solutions are scaled up to guide climate adaptation.

In het programma Klimaat en Energie in de Regio Noordoost Brabant is een samenwerking opgezet met overheden, maatschappelijke partijen en onderwijsinstellingen om klimaatadaptatie beleidsmatig en procesmatig te versnellen. Onderdeel van dit programma is een uitwerking van de provinciale Omgevingsvisie Brabant (2019) voor het thema beeklandschappen. Regio Noordoost Brabant heeft Wageningen University & Research benaderd om na analogie van het toekomstperspectief Nederland 2120 (WUR, 2019) een ruimtelijk beeld te schetsen van een klimaatbestendig beek(dal)landschap Noordoost Brabant (NOB) anno 2050. Dit beeld kan gebruikt worden om een dialoog op te starten over de gemeentelijke omgevingsvisies. Ter voorbereiding op het samenstellen van de verhaallijnen en het schetsen van de bijbehorende beelden is de regio met haar karakteristieke beeksystemen: de Aa, Raam en Dommel, en bijbehorende beek(dal)landschappen gekenschetst.

Going beyond the traditional nature based solutions, this paper claims that a landscape-based planning approach should be introduced, solving regional planning problems by emphasising the spatial dimension, the specific time horizon considered and the interaction of all sectoral considerations of both the urban and rural landscapes. This would allow a circular landscape to develop, revitalising the liveability of the countryside, adapting to and structurally counteracting climate change and biodiversity decrease. Thus, a landscape based planning approach to regional spatial policy challenges should allow a transition to a rural-urban space resilient to various external pressures.

Climate risk management evolves rapidly from one additional challenge for urban planning into a radical driver of urban development. In addition to fundamental changes in urban planning to increase long-term resilience, the creation of new opportunities for sustainable transformation is imperative. While urban planners increasingly add climate risks to their menu, implementation of effective action is lagging. To reduce urban infrastructure’s vulnerability to heat and flooding, cities often rely on short-term incremental adjustments rather than considering longer-term transformative solutions. The transdisciplinary co-development of inspiring urban visions with local stakeholders over timescales of decades or more, can provide an appealing prospect of the city we desire—a city that is attractive to live and work in, and simultaneously resilient to climate hazards. Taking an historic perspective, we argue that re-imagining historical urban planning concepts, such as the late 19th-century garden city until early 21st century urban greening through nature-based solutions, is a pertinent example of how climate risk management can be combined with a wide-range of socio-economic and environmental goals. Climate knowledge has expanded rapidly over the last decades. However, climate experts mainly focus on the refinement of and access to observations and model results, rather than on translating their knowledge effectively to meet today’s urban planning needs. In this commentary we discuss how the two associated areas (urban planning and climate expertise) should be more fully integrated to address today’s long-term challenges effectively.

A landscape-based approach to climate adaptation: nature-inclusive and circular. In a context of a rapidly changing liveability of the countryside, of climate change and biodiversity decrease, this position paper introduces a landscape-based planning approach to regional spatial policy challenges allowing a transition to a countryside resilient to various external pressures. Rather than as an object in itself, the landscape is considered as a comprehensive principle, to which all spatial processes are inherently related. We focus on climate adaptation, biodiversity enhancement and circular resource management as interrelated key responses to today’s challenges of land use planning and management. The position paper gives several examples of solutions to regional planning problems that go beyond the traditional nature-based solutions, emphasising the spatial dimension, the specific time horizon considered and the interaction of all sectoral considerations of urban and rural landscape. A shared long term vision of what our future landscape should look like is a crucial source of inspiration for a coherent design approach to solve today’s spatial planning problems; it gives direction to the technical-economic preconditions for sustainable landscape development, such as drainage standards and environmental quality. This landscape-based planning approach allows professionals, researchers, stakeholders and citizens alike, to participate in a shared forward looking normative design. It will enable the definition of clear pathways to the shared future., Landschapsgestuurde klimaatadaptatie: natuur- inclusief en circulair. Tegen de achtergrond van een snel veranderende leefbaarheid van het platteland, van klimaatverandering en afname van de biodiversiteit, introduceert dit position paper een landschapsgestuurde planningsbenadering voor gebiedsgericht beleid. In plaats van als object op zich wordt het landschap gezien als een dragend principe, waaraan alle ruimtelijke processen zijn gerelateerd. Specifieke bestuursvarianten zijn nodig om de abiotische randvoorwaarden voor ruimtelijke ontwikkeling en de verschillende gebruiksfuncties van het landschap met elkaar in evenwicht te brengen. Klimaatadaptatie, herstel van de biodiversiteit en circulariteit zijn daarbij onderling samenhangende sleutelprincipes in ruimtelijke planning. Het position paper geeft verschillende voorbeelden van oplossingen voor regionale planningsproblemen. De visie van het Ronde Landschap draagt bij aan de oplossing van complexe planningsopgaven waar klimaat-robuuste biodiversiteit en circulariteit uitgangspunt zijn. Deze specifieke invulling van Nature Based Solutions kenmerkt zich door co-creatie in lerende samenwerkingsverbanden, waarbij het landschap het ruimtelijke kader vormt, het omvattende principe waar alles samen komt. Om de grote uitdagingen van klimaat, stikstof, biodiversiteit aan te pakken moeten we van pleisters plakken (kleinschalige sectorale maatregelen) naar een integrale aanpak op landschapschapsniveau. De Landschapsgestuurde Aanpak heeft een visionair karakter en daagt actoren uit verder te denken dan korte-termijn, business-as-usual-oplossingen voor het eigen gebied. Een ontwerpende en narratieve insteek kan daarbij partijen met verschillende belangen helpen nieuwe oplossingen op het spoor te komen.

Van oudsher zoeken we in Nederland onze oplossingen voor water- en klimaatvraagstukken in de techniek. Maar deze aanpak loopt tegen grenzen aan. De oplossingen liggen in een betere aansluiting bij het natuurlijk systeem. Deze transformatieve benadering vraagt om meer samenwerking. De ligging in het landschap maakt elke stad anders. Vergelijk Amsterdam maar met Madrid, of binnen Nederland bijvoorbeeld Gouda met Nijmegen. Steden hebben afhankelijk van hun ligging bepaald andere karakteristieken en daarmee eigen problemen op het gebied van wateroverlast en hitte. Hebben de steden dan niets gemeenschappelijks? Zeker wel. Tot het begin van de jaren vijftig volgde de ontwikkeling van steden in Nederland het onderliggende landschap. Concreet: er werd gebouwd op relatief hoge, droge plekken, de natste moerassen en beekdalen werden gemeden. Nadien veranderde dat. De bevolkingsgroei vroeg om grootschalige woningbouw en de stand der techniek maakte de snelle uitrol over grote gebieden mogelijk, ongeacht het onderliggend landschappelijk systeem(Timmermans, e.a., 2015). Klimaatverandering zorgt er nu voor dat die aanpak tegen zijn grenzen aanloopt. Als gevolg van klimaatverandering krijgen steden te maken met steeds extremere weersomstandigheden, die elkaar ook nog eens snel opvolgen. Plotselinge hoosbuien leiden bijvoorbeeld regelmatig tot forse wateroverlast. Dat water wordt met veel ingenieurskunst snel afgevoerd. Vlak daarna breekt niet zelden een periode van langdurige droogte aan en is er eigenlijk enorme behoefte aan dat net afgevoerde water. Er kan toch meer van dat water in de stad worden opgeslagen; in de bodem, groengebieden of op daken? Daarop richt zich het project ‘DNA van stad en ommeland’.

Een watersysteem in een stroomgebied moet berekend zijn op de mogelijkheid dat er over twee weken een langdurige droogte kan uitbreken, of een periode met maandenlange regenval. Daarbij moet een geplande of gewenste vorm van landgebruik mogelijk blijven. De kosten mogen niet te hoog zijn. Een grondige herijking van onze watersystemen is nodig.

Climate change is an internationally recognised phenomenon generally held accountable for the increasing magnitude of extremes in both climatic events and temperature. With increasing urbanization and the concentration of socio-economic activities in urban areas, the challenge to contend with climate change is particularly pertinent in cities. In response to climate-change impacts, a range of climate-adaptation strategies have been developed to make cities increasingly ‘climate proof’. A qualitative research approach is employed to review climate change, its impacts and some adaptation strategies, focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation strategies from Belgium and The Netherlands and Water-Sensitive Urban Design approaches developed in Australia. The article engages a case study of Essenvelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands, where unanticipated warmer night-time temperatures are a primary concern, related to natural variability, the urban heat island effect and climate change. The article proposes certain adaptation measures for Essenvelt, based on the adaptation strategies reviewed.

Climate change is an internationally recognised phenomenon generally held accountable for the increasing magnitude of extremes in both climatic events and temperature. With increasing urbanization and the concentration of socio-economic activities in urban areas, the challenge to contend with climate change is particularly pertinent in cities. In response to climate-change impacts, a range of climate-adaptation strategies have been developed to make cities increasingly ‘climate proof’. A qualitative research approach is employed to review climate change, its impacts and some adaptation strategies, focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation strategies from Belgium and The Netherlands and Water-Sensitive Urban Design approaches developed in Australia. The article engages a case study of Essenvelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands, where unanticipated warmer night-time temperatures are a primary concern, related to natural variability, the urban heat island effect and climate change. The article proposes certain adaptation measures for Essenvelt, based on the adaptation strategies reviewed.

Climate change is an internationally recognised phenomenon generally held accountable for the increasing magnitude of extremes in both climatic events and temperature. With increasing urbanization and the concentration of socio-economic activities in urban areas, the challenge to contend with climate change is particularly pertinent in cities. In response to climate-change impacts, a range of climate-adaptation strategies have been developed to make cities increasingly ‘climate proof’. A qualitative research approach is employed to review climate change, its impacts and some adaptation strategies, focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation strategies from Belgium and The Netherlands and Water-Sensitive Urban Design approaches developed in Australia. The article engages a case study of Essenvelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands, where unanticipated warmer night-time temperatures are a primary concern, related to natural variability, the urban heat island effect and climate change. The article proposes certain adaptation measures for Essenvelt, based on the adaptation strategies reviewed.

Urban public open spaces are an important part of the urban environment, creating the framework for public life. The transformation of open space into successful public places is crucial in this regard. In the context of target-driven performance it is essential to identify the value of successful public open places, along with characteristics that define them. This research evaluated three case studies in Belgium (Namur, Wavre and La Louviere) which successfully transformed spaces into lively public open places. The transformation was captured by means of before-and-after imagery and analyses, and evaluated in terms of space-usage prior to, and after redesign, along with the experience and added value that the redesign brought to the area

Urban public open spaces are an important part of the urban environment, creating the framework for public life. The transformation of open space into successful public places is crucial in this regard. In the context of target-driven performance it is essential to identify the value of successful public open places, along with characteristics that define them. This research evaluated three case studies in Belgium (Namur, Wavre and La Louviere) which successfully transformed spaces into lively public open places. The transformation was captured by means of before-and-after imagery and analyses, and evaluated in terms of space-usage prior to, and after redesign, along with the experience and added value that the redesign brought to the area

Urban public open spaces are an important part of the urban environment, creating the framework for public life. The transformation of open space into successful public places is crucial in this regard. In the context of target-driven performance it is essential to identify the value of successful public open places, along with characteristics that define them. This research evaluated three case studies in Belgium (Namur, Wavre and La Louviere) which successfully transformed spaces into lively public open places. The transformation was captured by means of before-and-after imagery and analyses, and evaluated in terms of space-usage prior to, and after redesign, along with the experience and added value that the redesign brought to the area.

Urban public open spaces are an important part of the urban environment, creating the framework for public life. The transformation of open space into successful public places is crucial in this regard. In the context of target-driven performance it is essential to identify the value of successful public open places, along with characteristics that define them. This research evaluated three case studies in Belgium (Namur, Wavre and La Louviere) which successfully transformed spaces into lively public open places. The transformation was captured by means of before-and-after imagery and analyses, and evaluated in terms of space-usage prior to, and after redesign, along with the experience and added value that the redesign brought to the area.

What do a nineteenth century fort, a city centre, an agricultural area, a neighbourhood park and a river valley have in common? All these landscapes were part of the VALUE+ project and the subject of five international workshops involving students of Garden and Landscape Design of VHL University of Applied Sciences. The aim of the VALUE+ project was to improve green infrastructure and urban spaces by integrating bottom-up and top-down approaches. In the investment sites, excellent landscape design was combined with effective community engagement (VALUE+). Cities in North West Europe are facing similar issues and transnational cooperation ensures that best practises are shared and countries can learn from each other’s innovative approaches. The international design charrette was one of these innovations and turned out to be a successful tool for integrating a strategic approach with more community involvement. A charrette is an intensive multi-day design or planning workshop with clients, stakeholders, designers and other professionals. The design charrette allows a diverse group of people to quickly generate design solutions that integrate a diversity of interests.

The current sustainability-driven urban reality is complex. Planning for such a multidimensional environment is even more complex. Alternatives to traditional planning approaches are sought in an attempt to create liveable and lively urban public spaces. The lively planning approach is based on the principles of place-making, planning scales and within various planning dimensions, with the aim to design successful public spaces. This paper evaluates the role that lively planning integrated approach can play in creating sustainable, liveable and lively public spaces, by determining the scale of implementation and identifying the dimensions of lively planning that could be incorporated in public space design and planning. The scale and dimensions of the lively planning integrative approach are linked to each another, and examples of elements to be incorporated in the design of a public space are included as a conclusion of this research

The current sustainability-driven urban reality is complex. Planning for such a multidimensional environment is even more complex. Alternatives to traditional planning approaches are sought in an attempt to create liveable and lively urban public spaces. The lively planning approach is based on the principles of place-making, planning scales and within various planning dimensions, with the aim to design successful public spaces. This paper evaluates the role that lively planning integrated approach can play in creating sustainable, liveable and lively public spaces, by determining the scale of implementation and identifying the dimensions of lively planning that could be incorporated in public space design and planning. The scale and dimensions of the lively planning integrative approach are linked to each another, and examples of elements to be incorporated in the design of a public space are included as a conclusion of this research

Groen zorgt voor een gezonde, leefbare, rendabele, schone en mooie stad, maar is ook economisch interessant voor de stad als vestigingsklimaat van bedrijven. In het Europese project Value (Valuing Attractive Landscapes in the Urban Economy) hebben tien partners van 2008 tot 2012 samengewerkt om bewijs te verzamelen van de economische meerwaarde die groen heeft voor steden. VHL op zijn beurt, onderzocht planningsmethoden over economische meerwaarde van het stadsgroen. In samenwerking met de gemeente Amersfoort is dit via experimenten in praktijk gebracht.

The F:ACTS! project contributed to generating knowledge on how to develop territorial strategies to adapt to climate change, facilitating the interchange of experience and information among its 14 partners across 8 countries. Integrated territorial strategies incorporate local diversity since they enable the adaptation of general and sector policies to territorial particularities. Climate Change Adaptation highly benefits from understanding the multiple, dynamic and complex relations between people and land. The ambition was to exchange knowledge and good practices among 14 partners in eight regions in Europe. Among them The Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium).

We present a new super-resolution technique, Re-scan Confocal Microscopy (RCM), based on standard confocal microscopy extended with an optical (re-scanning) unit that projects the image directly on a CCD-camera. This new microscope has improved lateral resolution and strongly improved sensitivity while maintaining the sectioning capability of a standard confocal microscope. This simple technology is typically useful for biological applications where the combination high-resolution and high-sensitivity is required., IST/Imaging Science and Technology, Applied Sciences

Dit boek – Complexiteit en gebiedsontwikkeling – vertelt het verhaal over hoe docenten en studenten in het onderwijs en het onderzoek van Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein omgaan met complexiteit en gebiedsontwikkeling. Het is bedoeld voor iedereen die bij complexe projecten betrokken is, maar vooral voor huidige en toekomstige studenten van de hogeschool die zullen worden opgeleid voor de omgang met complexe projecten.

Het besef groeit dat het stedelijk groen meer is dan ecologie en biodiversiteit. Dat besef is in het hedendaagse groenbeheer nog geen gewoon-goed. Daarom willen we vanuit de praktijk van Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein in dit boek proberen aan te geven wat er in het groenbeheer mogelijk is met strategische inzet van groen in de stad, en welke competenties groenbeheerders hiervoor nodig hebben.

We present a new super-resolution technique, Re-scan Confocal Microscopy (RCM), based on standard confocal microscopy extended with an optical (re-scanning) unit that projects the image directly on a CCD-camera. This new microscope has improved lateral resolution and strongly improved sensitivity while maintaining the sectioning capability of a standard confocal microscope. This simple technology is typically useful for biological applications where the combination high-resolution and high-sensitivity is required., IST/Imaging Science and Technology, Applied Sciences

In Nederland zal het natter worden ten gevolge van de klimaatverandering. Meer regens, meer smeltwater in rivieren en een stijging van de zeespiegel zorgen voor een groter risico op overstromingen. Daarmee wordt klimaatverandering een niet weg te denken element in waterbeheer, kustverdediging, stedelijke ontwikkeling en natuurbeheer. Ieder ontwerp voor stedelijke of gebiedsontwikkeling zal rekening moeten houden met de mogelijke gevolgen van de opwarming van de aarde, of met een mooi woord ‘klimaatbestendig’ moeten zijn. De vraag hoe je klimaatbestendige landschappen kunt ontwerpen, speelt een grote rol binnen Europese projecten waar de groene hogeschool aan heeft deelgenomen en deelneemt.

© 2012, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. In this chapter it is argued that fundamental change in society is required, because environmental problems are serious and ask for a factor 10 or more shift in society, the resilience approach (as outlined in Chap. 2 ) implies change to higher resilience systems and current spatial planning is unable to facilitate fundamental change. Transition of an existing system into a better version of the same system does not comply with the demands of fundamental changes. Instead of choosing for the pathway of change, a change of pathway is required. This transformation of the existing stable regime (system A) into a fundamental other regime (system B) is able to meet the urgency to change. However, Transformation of a system is only possible when the new system is fundamental separated from the original and is capable to develop its own growth curve. The proposed pathway courses via B-minus. A predecessing state of system B consisting of rudimentary spatial elements, which can be observed as critical early warning signals and can be created at specific intersections in the network. These signals require a spatial translation to become useful in spatial planning. Network analysis is needed to determine the locations where to create starting points for a system change.

© 2012, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. This chapter analyses several concepts of Complexity Theory as regards their usefulness in spatial planning processes that aim to foster adaptation to climate change. The conditions under which a complex system is likely to change to higher levels of complexity are seen as important when this system needs to deal with and adapt to climatic changes. This understanding is used to develop a framework in which these changes can be examined and explained. Supported by examples from various European countries, four different planning strategies (planning for mitigation, sectored adaptation, integrated adaptation and flexible adaptation) are positioned within the framework. We conclude that each of these strategies fills its own niche in the framework, that all strategies together describe the behaviour of a complex system and that flexible adaptation planning is most likely to facilitate a system change. When this reasoning is reversed and the question concerns which planning strategy fits in best with the demands imposed by climatic change (e.g. for a system change), flexible adaptation planning is seen as the most suitable option.

© 2012, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. In this chapter it is argued that fundamental change in society is required, because environmental problems are serious and ask for a factor 10 or more shift in society, the resilience approach (as outlined in Chap. 2 ) implies change to higher resilience systems and current spatial planning is unable to facilitate fundamental change. Transition of an existing system into a better version of the same system does not comply with the demands of fundamental changes. Instead of choosing for the pathway of change, a change of pathway is required. This transformation of the existing stable regime (system A) into a fundamental other regime (system B) is able to meet the urgency to change. However, Transformation of a system is only possible when the new system is fundamental separated from the original and is capable to develop its own growth curve. The proposed pathway courses via B-minus. A predecessing state of system B consisting of rudimentary spatial elements, which can be observed as critical early warning signals and can be created at specific intersections in the network. These signals require a spatial translation to become useful in spatial planning. Network analysis is needed to determine the locations where to create starting points for a system change.

© 2012, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. This chapter analyses several concepts of Complexity Theory as regards their usefulness in spatial planning processes that aim to foster adaptation to climate change. The conditions under which a complex system is likely to change to higher levels of complexity are seen as important when this system needs to deal with and adapt to climatic changes. This understanding is used to develop a framework in which these changes can be examined and explained. Supported by examples from various European countries, four different planning strategies (planning for mitigation, sectored adaptation, integrated adaptation and flexible adaptation) are positioned within the framework. We conclude that each of these strategies fills its own niche in the framework, that all strategies together describe the behaviour of a complex system and that flexible adaptation planning is most likely to facilitate a system change. When this reasoning is reversed and the question concerns which planning strategy fits in best with the demands imposed by climatic change (e.g. for a system change), flexible adaptation planning is seen as the most suitable option.

Wie 'groen' hoog in het vaandel heeft, wil de natuur ontzien. Maar de natuur een eigen plaats geven in de stedelijke omgeving, dat is pas echt groen denken. Over de stad als biotoop.

Building Technology, Architecture

Amersfoort local municipality would like to renew the quality of the green spaces within the urban areas, to enhance the value of these spaces and to determine the economic value of green spaces. The concept of Value Added Planning was introduced to address these objectives. The value of green is highly dependent on the specific local environmental circumstances, but also on broader developments such as the market tendency and overall economic trends. Reflecting on the various perspectives in this report it is argued that, in order to support value added planning in future it is relevant to consider the process of planning rather than direct benefits as outcomes of planning processes.

Studenten van Van Hall-Larenstein (landschapsarchitectuur; bos- natuurbeheer; land- en watermanagement) hebben als een adviesbureau gewerkt aan diverse voorstellen voor het klimaatbestendig maken van de stadsregio Arnhem - Nijmegen. Eerst is een analyse volgens de lagenbenadering gemaakt, zijn relevante thema’s en referenties bestudeerd, is een visie opgesteld en ten slotte is een masterplan voor een klimaatbestendig stadsregio opgesteld.