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An introduction to a vast but uncompleted survey of world history, this article argues that the study of the changing relationships among cities, states and trust networks can help us understand key elements of the emergence of our modern world. Beginning in ancient Uruk in modern-day Iraq, roughly five thousand years ago, the essay defines each of its central categories: city, state and trust network. It poses four questions to be pursued throughout the rest of the study. What determines the degree of segregation or integration of cities and states? What determines the relative dominance of cities and states? What determines the extent of separation or integration between cities or states, on one side, and trust networks on the other? What difference do these variable configurations make to the quality of ordinary people’s lives?

An introduction to a vast but uncompleted survey of world history, this article argues that the study of the changing relationships among cities, states and trust networks can help us understand key elements of the emergence of our modern world. Beginning in ancient Uruk in modern-day Iraq, roughly five thousand years ago, the essay defines each of its central categories: city, state and trust network. It poses four questions to be pursued throughout the rest of the study. What determines the degree of segregation or integration of cities and states? What determines the relative dominance of cities and states? What determines the extent of separation or integration between cities or states, on one side, and trust networks on the other? What difference do these variable configurations make to the quality of ordinary people’s lives?

Drawing on a lifetime of comparisons between French and British experiences, this essay clears ground for a more general explanation of variation in the impact of regimes on contention, and vice versa, over Europe as a whole since 1650. Differences among Swiss, British, French, Dutch, Iberian, and other European experiences with regime change and contention set challenging empirical, conceptual, and theoretical problems. Considering the great variety of European trajectories, how can we possibly pinpoint important similarities and differences in the interplay among changes in social environments, alterations in governmental forms, histories of contentious politics, and approaches to (or retreats from) democracy? How can we single out the effects of varying patterns of military activity? What concepts will help discipline those comparisons and single out significant causal mechanisms? To what extent can we identify recurrent cause-effect relationships that operated throughout the range of European history since 1650? This paper's task is to lay out tools for pursuit of those questions.

Drawing on a lifetime of comparisons between French and British experiences, this essay clears ground for a more general explanation of variation in the impact of regimes on contention, and vice versa, over Europe as a whole since 1650. Differences among Swiss, British, French, Dutch, Iberian, and other European experiences with regime change and contention set challenging empirical, conceptual, and theoretical problems. Considering the great variety of European trajectories, how can we possibly pinpoint important similarities and differences in the interplay among changes in social environments, alterations in governmental forms, histories of contentious politics, and approaches to (or retreats from) democracy? How can we single out the effects of varying patterns of military activity? What concepts will help discipline those comparisons and single out significant causal mechanisms? To what extent can we identify recurrent cause-effect relationships that operated throughout the range of European history since 1650? This paper's task is to lay out tools for pursuit of those questions.

In der geschichtswissenschaftlichen Analyse begann die erste Welle der Formalisierung in den 1950er Jahren und fing in den 1970er Jahren an, ihre Kraft zu verlieren. Dieser ersten Welle ist der Artikel gewidmet. Unter Formalisierung versteht der Autor die Vielfalt der Verfahren zur Beschreibung von Ereignissen, Strukturen und Prozesse mit Hilfe von expliziten Modellen dieser Ereignisse, Strukturen und Prozesse. Sie ist nicht unbedingt mit Quantifizierung oder Verwendung von Computern verbunden und beinhaltet vier Elemente: Konzeptualisierung, Messung, Modellerstellung und Bewertung. Diese Verfahren werden zusammen mit den Voraussetzungen ihrer Anwendung und den Bedingungen eines Wandels in der Disziplin in Richtung einer Weiterentwicklung solcher Forschungsaktivitäten erläutert. (ICG)

This article tries to, from a significant case of study (mobilizations in the streets of Philippines in 2001), inquire into the way by which new technologies of communication interact with new tactics and forms of organization of social movements, study their effects on the latter, as well as to analyze the changes that could have occurred in relation to the internationalization of social movements at the beginning of twenty-first century., Este artículo pretende, a partir de un estudio de caso significativo (las movilizaciones en las calles de Filipinas en 2001), indagar en la forma en que las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación interactúan con las nuevas tácticas y formas de organización de los movimientos sociales, estudiar sus efectos sobre éstos, así como analizar los cambios que pudieran haberse producido en la internacionalización de los movimientos sociales a comienzos del siglo veintiuno.

This is an exploratory study on the emergence and expansion of non governmentviolent organizations. Its aim is to account for one of the strongest trends in the currentpractice of collective violence: the substitution of the state by other forces. The authorsuggests two basic mechanisms to explain the mentioned trend: exploitation and treasuring.The first one involves the extraction of value by violent networks; the latter implies full control over property, exploitation and allocation of resources. In both cases violence causes inequality and the conditions for its reproduction and expansion. Violent organizations do what national states have done along history; the single difference is that they are not states., Este es un estudio exploratorio sobre la emergencia y la expansión de las organizaciones violentas no estatales, en el que se intenta dar cuenta de una de las tendencias más fuertes en el ejercicio contemporáneo de la violencia colectiva: la sustitución del Estado central por otras fuerzas. El autor sugiere dos mecanismos básicos para explicar la tendencia mencionada: la explotación y el atesoramiento. El primero supone la extracción de valor por parte de las redes violentas. El segundo implica el control pleno sobre la propiedad, la explotación y la distribución de los recursos. En ambos casos, el ejercicio de la violencia genera desigualdad y las condiciones para su reproducción y expansión. Las organizaciones violentas no hacen nada que los Estados nacionales no hayan hecho a lo largo de la historia, la única diferencia es que no son Estados.

This is an exploratory study on the emergence and expansion of non governmentviolent organizations. Its aim is to account for one of the strongest trends in the currentpractice of collective violence: the substitution of the state by other forces. The authorsuggests two basic mechanisms to explain the mentioned trend: exploitation and treasuring.The first one involves the extraction of value by violent networks; the latter implies full control over property, exploitation and allocation of resources. In both cases violence causes inequality and the conditions for its reproduction and expansion. Violent organizations do what national states have done along history; the single difference is that they are not states., Este es un estudio exploratorio sobre la emergencia y la expansión de las organizaciones violentas no estatales, en el que se intenta dar cuenta de una de las tendencias más fuertes en el ejercicio contemporáneo de la violencia colectiva: la sustitución del Estado central por otras fuerzas. El autor sugiere dos mecanismos básicos para explicar la tendencia mencionada: la explotación y el atesoramiento. El primero supone la extracción de valor por parte de las redes violentas. El segundo implica el control pleno sobre la propiedad, la explotación y la distribución de los recursos. En ambos casos, el ejercicio de la violencia genera desigualdad y las condiciones para su reproducción y expansión. Las organizaciones violentas no hacen nada que los Estados nacionales no hayan hecho a lo largo de la historia, la única diferencia es que no son Estados.

The aim of the book is to highlight and begin to give "voice" to some of the notable "silences" evident in recent years in the study of contentious politics. The coauthors hope to redress the present topical imbalance in the field. In particular, the authors take up seven specific topics in the volume: the relationship between emotions and contention; temporality in the study of contention; the spatial dimensions of contention; leadership in contention; the role of threat in contention; religion and contention; and contention in the context of demographic and life-course processes

As compared with the fiercely repressive 1970s, the 1980s opened more opportunities to South Africa's black activists. International support for their cause was rising, black educational enrollment was increasing, color bars on employment were disappearing, and black trade unions had become legal. The South African government's abortive attempt to coopt mixed race (Coloured) and Indian citizens through the creation of separate, subordinate parliaments, furthermore, made blanket repression more difficult for the state ...

The aim of the book is to highlight and begin to give "voice" to some of the notable "silences" evident in recent years in the study of contentious politics. The coauthors hope to redress the present topical imbalance in the field. In particular, the authors take up seven specific topics in the volume: the relationship between emotions and contention; temporality in the study of contention; the spatial dimensions of contention; leadership in contention; the role of threat in contention; religion and contention; and contention in the context of demographic and life-course processes

As compared with the fiercely repressive 1970s, the 1980s opened more opportunities to South Africa's black activists. International support for their cause was rising, black educational enrollment was increasing, color bars on employment were disappearing, and black trade unions had become legal. The South African government's abortive attempt to coopt mixed race (Coloured) and Indian citizens through the creation of separate, subordinate parliaments, furthermore, made blanket repression more difficult for the state ...

The aim of the book is to highlight and begin to give "voice" to some of the notable "silences" evident in recent years in the study of contentious politics. The coauthors hope to redress the present topical imbalance in the field. In particular, the authors take up seven specific topics in the volume: the relationship between emotions and contention; temporality in the study of contention; the spatial dimensions of contention; leadership in contention; the role of threat in contention; religion and contention; and contention in the context of demographic and life-course processes

As compared with the fiercely repressive 1970s, the 1980s opened more opportunities to South Africa's black activists. International support for their cause was rising, black educational enrollment was increasing, color bars on employment were disappearing, and black trade unions had become legal. The South African government's abortive attempt to coopt mixed race (Coloured) and Indian citizens through the creation of separate, subordinate parliaments, furthermore, made blanket repression more difficult for the state ...

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Electronic access restricted; authentication may be required, 0674166957, 0674166965, American Council of Learned Societies History E-Book Project, (heb) heb31518.0001.001, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31518, Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information.

Electronic access restricted; authentication may be required, 9780520211711, American Council of Learned Societies History E-Book Project, (heb) heb31533.0001.001, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31533, Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information.

University of Michigan., Vol. 1, no. 2- issued as the University of Michigan official publication, v. 63, no. 74, Electronic serial mode of access: World Wide Web., Michigan quarterly review, Michigan quarterly review. : Vol XXII : Issue 4, (dlps) volume: act2080.0022.004, (dlps) article: act2080.0022.004:18, These pages may freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact spo-help@umich.edu for more information.

Electronic access restricted; authentication may be required, 9780520211711, American Council of Learned Societies History E-Book Project, (heb) heb31533.0001.001, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31533, Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information.

University of Michigan., Vol. 1, no. 2- issued as the University of Michigan official publication, v. 63, no. 74, Electronic serial mode of access: World Wide Web., Michigan quarterly review, Michigan quarterly review. : Vol XXII : Issue 4, (dlps) volume: act2080.0022.004, (dlps) article: act2080.0022.004:18, These pages may freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact spo-help@umich.edu for more information.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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