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Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% in petrolatum contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have been positive to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of strong simultaneous reactions to TDM and PPD. Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be excluded from TDM 6.6%. Methods: Patch tests were performed on 1481 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0% (without DO 3 but the other disperse dyes at 1.0% each), DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% pet. Results: Contact allergy to TDM 6.6% was 3.6% and to TDM 7.0% was 3.0%. All 26 DO 3-positive patients were positive to PPD. The 44 patients positive to TDM 7.0% plus the 13 positive to PPD and TDM 6.6% but negative to TDM 7.0% were 57, outnumbering the 53 positive to TDM 6.6%. Conclusion: TDM 7.0% can replace TDM 6.6% in the Swedish baseline series, since TDM 7.0% together with PPD 1.0% will detect patients with textile dye allergy.

Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% in petrolatum contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have been positive to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of strong simultaneous reactions to TDM and PPD. Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be excluded from TDM 6.6%. Methods: Patch tests were performed on 1481 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0% (without DO 3 but the other disperse dyes at 1.0% each), DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% pet. Results: Contact allergy to TDM 6.6% was 3.6% and to TDM 7.0% was 3.0%. All 26 DO 3-positive patients were positive to PPD. The 44 patients positive to TDM 7.0% plus the 13 positive to PPD and TDM 6.6% but negative to TDM 7.0% were 57, outnumbering the 53 positive to TDM 6.6%. Conclusion: TDM 7.0% can replace TDM 6.6% in the Swedish baseline series, since TDM 7.0% together with PPD 1.0% will detect patients with textile dye allergy.

Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% in petrolatum contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have been positive to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of strong simultaneous reactions to TDM and PPD. Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be excluded from TDM 6.6%. Methods: Patch tests were performed on 1481 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0% (without DO 3 but the other disperse dyes at 1.0% each), DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% pet. Results: Contact allergy to TDM 6.6% was 3.6% and to TDM 7.0% was 3.0%. All 26 DO 3-positive patients were positive to PPD. The 44 patients positive to TDM 7.0% plus the 13 positive to PPD and TDM 6.6% but negative to TDM 7.0% were 57, outnumbering the 53 positive to TDM 6.6%. Conclusion: TDM 7.0% can replace TDM 6.6% in the Swedish baseline series, since TDM 7.0% together with PPD 1.0% will detect patients with textile dye allergy.

Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% in petrolatum contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have been positive to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of strong simultaneous reactions to TDM and PPD. Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be excluded from TDM 6.6%. Methods: Patch tests were performed on 1481 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0% (without DO 3 but the other disperse dyes at 1.0% each), DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% pet. Results: Contact allergy to TDM 6.6% was 3.6% and to TDM 7.0% was 3.0%. All 26 DO 3-positive patients were positive to PPD. The 44 patients positive to TDM 7.0% plus the 13 positive to PPD and TDM 6.6% but negative to TDM 7.0% were 57, outnumbering the 53 positive to TDM 6.6%. Conclusion: TDM 7.0% can replace TDM 6.6% in the Swedish baseline series, since TDM 7.0% together with PPD 1.0% will detect patients with textile dye allergy.

Background: The textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% in petrolatum contains Disperse Blue (DB) 35, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange (DO) 1 and 3, Disperse Red 1 and 17, and DB 106 and 124. The most frequent allergen in TDM-positive patients is DO 3. Around 85% of para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-allergic dermatitis patients have been positive to DO 3. There has been a discussion to exclude DO 3 from TDM 6.6% because of strong simultaneous reactions to TDM and PPD. Objectives: To study if DO 3 can be excluded from TDM 6.6%. Methods: Patch tests were performed on 1481 dermatitis patients with TDM 6.6%, TDM 7.0% (without DO 3 but the other disperse dyes at 1.0% each), DO 3 1.0%, and PPD 1.0% pet. Results: Contact allergy to TDM 6.6% was 3.6% and to TDM 7.0% was 3.0%. All 26 DO 3-positive patients were positive to PPD. The 44 patients positive to TDM 7.0% plus the 13 positive to PPD and TDM 6.6% but negative to TDM 7.0% were 57, outnumbering the 53 positive to TDM 6.6%. Conclusion: TDM 7.0% can replace TDM 6.6% in the Swedish baseline series, since TDM 7.0% together with PPD 1.0% will detect patients with textile dye allergy.

During the development and optimisation of wave energy converters, numerical wave tanks are useful tools, providing detailed insight into the hydrodynamic performance of devices. Specifically, computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based numerical wave tanks (CNWTs) can deliver high-fidelity, high-resolution results for a wide range of test conditions. However, CNWTs come at significant computational cost and require more man-hours during model setup, compared to lower-fidelity, frequency domain-based models. The computational costs can only be significantly decreased by improving the numerical solvers or by increasing expenditure on computational power. The required man-hours for the model setup, however, can be reduced by streamlining the setup of CNWTs. To this end, the formulation of best-practice guidelines can expedite this streamlining. A step toward such best-practice guidelines is blind tests. This paper presents the CNWT used for the authors’ contribution to the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave–Structure Interaction (CCP-WSI) Blind Test Series 3. In the employed numerical wave tanks, a self-calibrating impulse source wave maker is implemented for wave generation. In addition to the numerical results, and the comparison with the recently disclosed experimental data, the paper presents the spatial and temporal convergence studies, as well as results for the numerical wave maker calibration. The numerical results show average deviations with the experimental data of less than 10%. Furthermore, a correlation between the accuracy of the numerical replication of the wave and the agreement between numerical and experimental device motion is highlighted.

During the development and optimisation of wave energy converters, numerical wave tanks are useful tools, providing detailed insight into the hydrodynamic performance of devices. Specifically, computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based numerical wave tanks (CNWTs) can deliver high-fidelity, high-resolution results for a wide range of test conditions. However, CNWTs come at significant computational cost and require more man-hours during model setup, compared to lower-fidelity, frequency domain-based models. The computational costs can only be significantly decreased by improving the numerical solvers or by increasing expenditure on computational power. The required man-hours for the model setup, however, can be reduced by streamlining the setup of CNWTs. To this end, the formulation of best-practice guidelines can expedite this streamlining. A step toward such best-practice guidelines is blind tests. This paper presents the CNWT used for the authors’ contribution to the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave–Structure Interaction (CCP-WSI) Blind Test Series 3. In the employed numerical wave tanks, a self-calibrating impulse source wave maker is implemented for wave generation. In addition to the numerical results, and the comparison with the recently disclosed experimental data, the paper presents the spatial and temporal convergence studies, as well as results for the numerical wave maker calibration. The numerical results show average deviations with the experimental data of less than 10%. Furthermore, a correlation between the accuracy of the numerical replication of the wave and the agreement between numerical and experimental device motion is highlighted.

Results from the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3 are presented. Participants, with numerical methods, ranging from low-fidelity linear models to high-fidelity Navier–Stokes (NS) solvers, simulate the interaction between focused waves and floating structures without prior access to the physical data. The waves are crest-focused New Waves with various crest heights. Two structures are considered: a hemispherical-bottomed buoy and a truncated cylinder with a moon-pool; both are taut-moored with one linear spring mooring. To assess the predictive capability of each method, numerical results for heave, surge, pitch, and mooring load are compared against corresponding physical data. In general, the NS solvers appear to predict the behaviour of the structures better than the linearised methods, but there is considerable variation in the results (even between similar methods). Recommendations are made for future comparative studies and development of numerical modelling standards.

Results from the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3 are presented. Participants, with numerical methods, ranging from low-fidelity linear models to high-fidelity Navier–Stokes (NS) solvers, simulate the interaction between focused waves and floating structures without prior access to the physical data. The waves are crest-focused New Waves with various crest heights. Two structures are considered: a hemispherical-bottomed buoy and a truncated cylinder with a moon-pool; both are taut-moored with one linear spring mooring. To assess the predictive capability of each method, numerical results for heave, surge, pitch, and mooring load are compared against corresponding physical data. In general, the NS solvers appear to predict the behaviour of the structures better than the linearised methods, but there is considerable variation in the results (even between similar methods). Recommendations are made for future comparative studies and development of numerical modelling standards.

Results from the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3 are presented. Participants, with numerical methods, ranging from low-fidelity linear models to high-fidelity Navier–Stokes (NS) solvers, simulate the interaction between focused waves and floating structures without prior access to the physical data. The waves are crest-focused NewWaves with various crest heights. Two structures are considered: a hemispherical-bottomed buoy and a truncated cylinder with a moon-pool; both are taut-moored with one linear spring mooring. To assess the predictive capability of each method, numerical results for heave, surge, pitch, and mooring load are compared against corresponding physical data. In general, the NS solvers appear to predict the behaviour of the structures better than the linearised methods, but there is considerable variation in the results (even between similar methods). Recommendations are made for future comparative studies and development of numerical modelling standards

During the development and optimisation of wave energy converters, numerical wave tanks are useful tools, providing detailed insight into the hydrodynamic performance of devices. Specifically, computational fluid dynamics based numerical wave tanks can deliver highfidelity, high resolution, results for a wide range of test conditions. However, CFD-based numerical wave tanks come at significant computational cost and require more man-hours during model setup, compared to lower-fidelity, frequency domain based models. The computational costs can only be significantly decreased by improving the numerical solvers, or increased expenditure on computational power. The required man-hours for the model setup, however, can be reduced by streamlining the setup of CFDbased numerical wave tanks. To this end, the formulation of best-practice guidelines and benchmark test cases can expedite this streamlining. A step towards such bestpractice guidelines, and, furthermore, towards an increased confidence in CFD-based numerical wave tanks, are blind tests. This paper presents the CFD-based numerical wave tank used for the authors’ contribution to the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave Structure Interaction Blind Test Series 2. In the employed numerical wave tanks, a recently developed, self-calibrating, impulse source wave maker is implemented for the wave generation [1]. In addition to the required data for the submission to the blind test, the paper contains preliminary studies on the necessity of turbulence modelling, spatial and temporal convergence studies, as well as results for the numerical wave maker calibration.

During the development and optimisation of wave energy converters, numerical wave tanks are useful tools, providing detailed insight into the hydrodynamic performance of devices. Specifically, computational fluid dynamics based numerical wave tanks can deliver highfidelity, high resolution, results for a wide range of test conditions. However, CFD-based numerical wave tanks come at significant computational cost and require more man-hours during model setup, compared to lower-fidelity, frequency domain based models. The computational costs can only be significantly decreased by improving the numerical solvers, or increased expenditure on computational power. The required man-hours for the model setup, however, can be reduced by streamlining the setup of CFDbased numerical wave tanks. To this end, the formulation of best-practice guidelines and benchmark test cases can expedite this streamlining. A step towards such bestpractice guidelines, and, furthermore, towards an increased confidence in CFD-based numerical wave tanks, are blind tests. This paper presents the CFD-based numerical wave tank used for the authors’ contribution to the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave Structure Interaction Blind Test Series 2. In the employed numerical wave tanks, a recently developed, self-calibrating, impulse source wave maker is implemented for the wave generation [1]. In addition to the required data for the submission to the blind test, the paper contains preliminary studies on the necessity of turbulence modelling, spatial and temporal convergence studies, as well as results for the numerical wave maker calibration.

Results from Blind Test Series 1, part of the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave Structure Interaction (CCP-WSI), are presented. Participants, with a range of numerical methods, simulate blindly the interaction between a fixed structure and focused waves ranging in steepness and direction. Numerical results are compared against corresponding physical data. The predictive capability of each method is assessed based on pressure and run-up measurements. In general, all methods perform well in the cases considered, however, there is notable variation in the results (even between similar methods). Recommendations are made for appropriate considerations and analysis in future comparative studies.

This paper presents a numerical study of a simplified wave energy converter (WEC) with and without a moon-pool under focused wave conditions and the work presented corresponds to a contribution to the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3. The numerical model applies the overset mesh technique in order to deal with large amplitude motions induced by the focused wave groups. The generation of the incident wave group is first examined through a mesh convergence test and by comparing with the experimental data. Simulations are then carried out with the presence of the WEC. In total three wave conditions are considered, each with the same wave period but different wave height. Non-linear effects on the WEC motion are clearly shown when the wave steepness increases and wave over-topping occurs. Furthermore, the effects of the moon pool on the dynamics and kinematics of the WEC including the damping effects on pitch response are also discussed, where the WEC motion is compared for the case with and without a moon-pool under the same wave conditions.

Results from Blind Test Series 1, part of the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave Structure Interaction (CCP-WSI), are presented. Partici- pants, with a range of numerical methods, simulate blindly the interaction between a fixed structure and focused waves ranging in steepness and direction. Numerical results are compared against corresponding physical data. The predictive capability of each method is assessed based on pressure and run-up measurements. In general, all methods perform well in the cases considered, however, there is notable variation in the results (even between similar methods). Recommendations are made for appropriate considerations and analysis in future comparative studies.

This paper presents a numerical study of a simplified wave energy converter (WEC) with and without a moon-pool under focused wave conditions and the work presented corresponds to a contribution to the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 3. The numerical model applies the overset mesh technique in order to deal with large amplitude motions induced by the focused wave groups. The generation of the incident wave group is first examined through a mesh convergence test and by comparing with the experimental data. Simulations are then carried out with the presence of the WEC. In total three wave conditions are considered, each with the same wave period but different wave height. Non-linear effects on the WEC motion are clearly shown when the wave steepness increases and wave over-topping occurs. Furthermore, the effects of the moon pool on the dynamics and kinematics of the WEC including the damping effects on pitch response are also discussed, where the WEC motion is compared for the case with and without a moon-pool under the same wave conditions.

Results from Blind Test Series 1, part of the Collaborative Computational Project in Wave Structure Interaction (CCP-WSI), are presented. Partici- pants, with a range of numerical methods, simulate blindly the interaction between a fixed structure and focused waves ranging in steepness and direction. Numerical results are compared against corresponding physical data. The predictive capability of each method is assessed based on pressure and run-up measurements. In general, all methods perform well in the cases considered, however, there is notable variation in the results (even between similar methods). Recommendations are made for appropriate considerations and analysis in future comparative studies.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks (NWTs) can provide valuable insight into the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters (WECs). Being able to capture hydrodynamic non-linearities, CFD-based NWTs (CNWTs) allow the analysis of WECs over a wide range of test conditions, such as sea states, power take-off control settings and model scale. The capabilities of a CNWT are exploited in this paper, which aims to analyse of the scaling effects of two moored point-absorber type WECs, exposed to focussed waves. To this end, three different scales are considered: 1:1, 1:10 and 1:10PWT. The latter, 1:10PWT scale, refers to the typical scale used in physical wave tanks (PWTs), complying with Froude scaling, but violating Reynolds scaling. In the 1:10 scale model, fluid viscosity is scaled, in line with the geometric properties, thereby achieving both Froude and Reynolds similitude. From the results, average differences between the three considered scales of around 5% have been observed, and the overall greatest sensitivity to scale effects can be found in the surge and pitch degree of freedom.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks (NWTs) can provide valuable insight into the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters (WECs). Being able to capture hydrodynamic non-linearities, CFD-based NWTs (CNWTs) allow the analysis of WECs over a wide range of test conditions, such as sea states, power take-off control settings and model scale. The capabilities of a CNWT are exploited in this paper, which aims to analyse of the scaling effects of two moored point-absorber type WECs, exposed to focussed waves. To this end, three different scales are considered: 1:1, 1:10 and 1:10PWT. The latter, 1:10PWT scale, refers to the typical scale used in physical wave tanks (PWTs), complying with Froude scaling, but violating Reynolds scaling. In the 1:10 scale model, fluid viscosity is scaled, in line with the geometric properties, thereby achieving both Froude and Reynolds similitude. From the results, average differences between the three considered scales of around 5% have been observed, and the overall greatest sensitivity to scale effects can be found in the surge and pitch degree of freedom.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks (NWTs) can provide valuable insight into the hydrodynamic performance of wave energy converters (WECs). Being able to capture hydrodynamic non-linearities, CFD-based NWTs (CNWTs) allow the analysis of WECs over a wide range of test conditions, such as sea states, power take-off control settings and model scale. The capabilities of a CNWT are exploited in this paper, which aims to analyse of the scaling effects of two moored point-absorber type WECs, exposed to focussed waves. To this end, three different scales are considered: 1:1, 1:10 and 1:10PWT. The latter, 1:10PWT scale, refers to the typical scale used in physical wave tanks (PWTs), complying with Froude scaling, but violating Reynolds scaling. In the 1:10 scale model, fluid viscosity is scaled, in line with the geometric properties, thereby achieving both Froude and Reynolds similitude. From the results, average differences between the three considered scales of around 5% have been observed, and the overall greatest sensitivity to scale effects can be found in the surge and pitch degree of freedom.

Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.

Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.

Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.

Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.

Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.

Counter-Current Flow Limitation (CCFL) is of importance for PWR safety analyses in several accident scenarios connected with loss of coolant. Basing on the experiences obtained during a first series of hot leg tests now new experiments on counter-current flow limitation were conducted in the TOPFLOW pressure vessel. The test series comprises air-water tests at 1 and 2 bar as well as steam-water tests at 10, 25 and 50 bar. During the experiments the flow structure was observed along the hot leg model using a high-speed camera and web-cams. In addition pressure was measured at several positions along the horizontal part and the water levels in the reactor-simulator and steam-generator-simulator tanks were determined. This report documents the experimental setup including the description of operational and special measuring techniques, the experimental procedure and the data obtained. From these data flooding curves were obtained basing on the Wallis parameter. The results show a slight shift of the curves in dependency of the pressure. In addition a slight decrease of the slope was found with increasing pressure. Additional investigations concern the effects of hysteresis and the frequencies of liquid slugs. The latter ones show a dependency on pressure and the mass flow rate of the injected water. The data are available for CFD-model development and validation.

United Nations Test Series 7 (UN TS7) is used to classify explosive articles into Hazard Division 1.6 (HD 1.6). During the past two years, a UN Informal Working Group (IWG) chaired by the United Kingdom has been reviewing and proposing changes to TS 7 and to the UN hazard classification recommendations associated with such extremely insensitive articles. One aim of the UN endeavour has been to provide appropriate relief from the existing criteria that currently severely restricts the size of the explosive article population with the potential to qualify for assignment to HD 1.6, so TS 7 is more relevant and useable. Another aim has been to further harmonize TS 7 article testing with NATO Insensitive Munitions (IM) testing that military munitions are routinely subjected to. All this has to be accomplished without compromising the existing `negligible' risk associated with HD 1.6 extremely insensitive articles. This paper describes the issues identified within the UN IWG's activities and details the changes which have been made in the UN "Orange Book," along with the rationales for such modifications. The paper also includes some perspectives on the need to undertake further work within the UN to review, and potentially adjust, the extremely insensitive substance tests that are also a key component of UN TS 7., See also ADM002313. Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board Seminar (34th) held in Portland, Oregon on 13-15 July 2010. Document contains briefing charts. The original document contains color images.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken to better understand the performance trade-offs involved in reducing the sensor count in the Spectral Based Volume Sensor Component Prototype developed as part of the Advanced Volume Sensor Project. Using a portion of the Volume Sensor Test Series 4 (VS4) data, superior performance was retrospectively demonstrated for several potential new configurations than was originally observed during the live VS4 demonstration. Additionally, it was possible to maintain a large fraction of the performance while utilizing fewer sensor elements than the original SBVS Component Prototype configuration. On the basis of these analyses, the current recommendation for the SBVS Component in the All-in-One VSP being developed by Vibro-Meter, Inc. (VMI) currently under ONR sponsorship is either a UV/IR or a NIR/UV/IR configuration, depeding on the data fusion systems tolerance for increased probability of false alarms with increased probability of detection., The original document contains color images.

This report documents results from long wavelength-response, or night vision video detection (LWVD) of fire, smoke, and hot objects obtained during the CVNX and VS1 Test Series. The cameras demonstrated thermal imaging capabilities and an enhanced sensitivity to flaming fires and other hot objects when compared to co-located regular video cameras. Video event detection with long wavelength cameras is discussed and compared with the results of video event detection systems using regular cameras. For quantitative comparison to the commercial video-based fire detection systems, a simple luminosity-based algorithm was developed and used to evaluate camera/filter combinations for fire, smoke, and nuisance (false) event detection and response times. The LWVD system provides higher detection sensitivity but also more false alarms when compared to regular video detection systems. The thermal imaging capabilities of the LWVD system are evaluated based on comparison with temperature measurements of a fire-heated bulkhead and a laboratory blackbody emitter. Good agreement is obtained for hot objects at temperatures above 400 deg C., See also ADM001588., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Nova Research, Inc., Alexandria, VA and Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD.

ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: 36 files; Adobe Acrobat (.PDF), MS Excel (.XLS) and Audio Video Interleave (.AVI). PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 1 computer laser optical disc (CD-ROM); 4 3/4 in.; 611 MB. SYSTEMS DETAIL NOTE: ABSTRACT: This report documents results from long wavelength-response, or nightvision video detection (LWVD) of fire, smoke, and hot objects obtained during the CVNX and VS1 Test Series. The cameras demonstrated thermal imaging capabilities and an enhanced sensitivity to flaming fires and other hot objects when compared to co-located regular video cameras. Video event detection with long wavelength cameras is discussed and compared with the results of video event detection systems using regular cameras. For quantitative comparison to the commercial video-based fire detection systems, a simple luminosity-based algorithm was developed and used to evaluate camera/filter combinations for fire, smoke, and nuisance (false) event detection and response times. The LWVD system provides higher detection sensitivity but also more false alarms when compared to regular video detection systems. The thermal imaging capabilities of the LWVD system are evaluated based on comparison with temperature measurements of a fire-heated bulkhead and a laboratory blackbody emitter. Good agreement is obtained for hot objects at temperatures above 400 degrees C., Prepared in collaboration with Nova Research, Inc., Alexandria, VA; Hughes Associates, Inc. Baltimore, MD.

In the Netherlands, several field measurements were carried out in piled embankments with a geosynthetic basal reinforcement (GR). This paper presents a series of nineteen 3D model experiments on piled embankments. Purpose of the tests was to find an explanation why the calculated GR strains exceed the GR strains measured in the field. This paper focuses on the starting points of the test series, the test set-up and the scaling rules and gives a summary of the results. Van Eekelen et al., (2011b and 2011c) describe the results of the tests extensively. Five starting points were leading to the development of the test set-up. (1) Possibility to evaluate the two calculation steps separately, (2) Possibility to evaluate the influence of consolidation of the subsoil, (3) Inclusion of GR, (4), Modelling the fill realistically, (5) a realistic stress level and scale. For the test conditions (static load, laboratory scale), it was found that consolidation of the subsoil results in an increase of arching. This is not in agreement with the current calculation models. Loading on the GR is concentrated on the strips lying above and between adjacent piles (the “GR strips”) which is in agreement with the current calculation models. The measured load on a GR strip has the distribution of an inverse triangle, although the load may be even more concentrated around the pile caps than this indicates. This is not in agreement with the current calculation models. Implementing this in the CUR/EBGEO calculation model results in 19-26% less GR strain.

In the Netherlands, several field measurements were carried out in piled embankments with a geosynthetic basal reinforcement (GR). This paper presents a series of nineteen 3D model experiments on piled embankments. Purpose of the tests was to find an explanation why the calculated GR strains exceed the GR strains measured in the field. This paper focuses on the starting points of the test series, the test set-up and the scaling rules and gives a summary of the results. Van Eekelen et al., (2011b and 2011c) describe the results of the tests extensively. Five starting points were leading to the development of the test set-up. (1) Possibility to evaluate the two calculation steps separately, (2) Possibility to evaluate the influence of consolidation of the subsoil, (3) Inclusion of GR, (4), Modelling the fill realistically, (5) a realistic stress level and scale. For the test conditions (static load, laboratory scale), it was found that consolidation of the subsoil results in an increase of arching. This is not in agreement with the current calculation models. Loading on the GR is concentrated on the strips lying above and between adjacent piles (the “GR strips”) which is in agreement with the current calculation models. The measured load on a GR strip has the distribution of an inverse triangle, although the load may be even more concentrated around the pile caps than this indicates. This is not in agreement with the current calculation models. Implementing this in the CUR/EBGEO calculation model results in 19-26% less GR strain.

Istraživanje je provedeno s ciljem ispitivanja valjanosti testova D-48, D-70 i D-2000. Testovi domino serije su namijenjeni objektivnom mjerenju opće neverbalne inteligencije i snažno su saturirani g faktorom. Sudionici istraživanja bili su učenici trećih razreda osječkih gimnazija i ekonomske škole (N = 318). Svi sudionici rješavali su po dva od tri navedena testa, s razmakom od 7 do 9 tjedana između pojedinog testiranja. Dobivene korelacije među testovima nisu dovoljno visoke da bi se oni mogli smatrati paralelnim testovima, i osjetno su manje od koeficijenata pouzdanosti svakog testa, što upućuje na tek umjerenu kongruentnu valjanost. Konstruktna valjanost Testa D-2000 ispitana je i faktorskom analizom. U prostoru prvog reda identificirana su tri faktora, koja zajedno objašnjavaju 27,73% varijance, dok je u prostoru drugog reda otkriven jedan faktor, koji objašnjava 52,03% ukupne varijance, The aim of the research was to examine the congruent validity of the D-48, D-70 and D-2000 tests. The Domino test series is used for the objective measurement of nonverbal intelligence and is strongly saturated with the g-factor. The research participants were third year general and economic high school students in Osijek (N = 318). All participants solved two of the three tests, with an interval of 7 to 9 weeks between testing sessions. The obtained correlations between tests are not sufficiently high for these tests to be considered parallel, they are lower than the reliability coefficient of each test, which suggests a mild congruent validity. The construct validity of the D-2000 was examined using factor analysis. Three first order factors were identified, which, when combined, explain 27.73% of the variance. One second order factor was identified, explaining 52.03% of the total variance.

Istraživanje je provedeno s ciljem ispitivanja valjanosti testova D-48, D-70 i D-2000. Testovi domino serije su namijenjeni objektivnom mjerenju opće neverbalne inteligencije i snažno su saturirani g faktorom. Sudionici istraživanja bili su učenici trećih razreda osječkih gimnazija i ekonomske škole (N = 318). Svi sudionici rješavali su po dva od tri navedena testa, s razmakom od 7 do 9 tjedana između pojedinog testiranja. Dobivene korelacije među testovima nisu dovoljno visoke da bi se oni mogli smatrati paralelnim testovima, i osjetno su manje od koeficijenata pouzdanosti svakog testa, što upućuje na tek umjerenu kongruentnu valjanost. Konstruktna valjanost Testa D-2000 ispitana je i faktorskom analizom. U prostoru prvog reda identificirana su tri faktora, koja zajedno objašnjavaju 27,73% varijance, dok je u prostoru drugog reda otkriven jedan faktor, koji objašnjava 52,03% ukupne varijance, The aim of the research was to examine the congruent validity of the D-48, D-70 and D-2000 tests. The Domino test series is used for the objective measurement of nonverbal intelligence and is strongly saturated with the g-factor. The research participants were third year general and economic high school students in Osijek (N = 318). All participants solved two of the three tests, with an interval of 7 to 9 weeks between testing sessions. The obtained correlations between tests are not sufficiently high for these tests to be considered parallel, they are lower than the reliability coefficient of each test, which suggests a mild congruent validity. The construct validity of the D-2000 was examined using factor analysis. Three first order factors were identified, which, when combined, explain 27.73% of the variance. One second order factor was identified, explaining 52.03% of the total variance.

A test program was conducted to investigate the failure modes of undamaged and damaged graphite-epoxy cylindrical tubes subject to internal pressure, and to simulate the failure mode of the Delta graphite epoxy motor (GEM) case K404. There were two phases of this test program: the mini-test series and the pathfinder series. The mini-test series, using 1.5-in. diameter tubes, included five tests. The pathfinder series, using 4.00-in. diameter tubes, included 41 tests. Two types of intentional damage were made to some of the tubes: either a longitudinal-line cut or a single-point impact. A Kodak High Speed Motion Analyzer model 4540 was used to record images of the fracture process. Testing was conducted under three conditions: hydraulic pressurization, pneumatic pressurization with solid inserts, and pneumatic pressurization with inert propellant inserts. Several failure modes were observed. A tube with a longitudinal cut can fail in three different modes: a local leakage mode, a bursting mode with a fracture initiating from the cut, or a bursting mode with complete tube disintegration. In testing of impact-damaged tubes, the results show that the burst pressure decreases with increasing impact load. At an impact load of 335 Ib, the burst pressure decreases by 33% compared to the undamaged condition. The failure initiation point of the impact-damaged tubes was not necessarily at the impact location. Apparently, impact can cause localized damage to other areas of tubes. However, thermography and ultrasound inspections failed to detect this damage. This is possibly because these nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques can detect delamination but not fiber breakage in composite materials.

The Advanced Volume Sensor Project is one element of the ONR Advanced Damage Countermeasures FNC program. The Volume Sensor Project is developing new methods for remote situational awareness and damage control event detection using conventional video cameras and other techniques. The Spectral-Based Volume Sensor (SBVS) Testbed uses a suite of single-element optical detectors operating outside the visible region. Event detection algorithms were developed to make use of the data generated by the SBVS Testbed. These algorithms detect flaming and smoldering sources both within and outside the SBVS Testbed's field of view (FOV). A positive nuisance classification algorithm was also developed for arc welding and similar nuisance events, which detected all welding events with extremely few false alarms. The developed algorithms were tested against data collected during the Volume Sensor Test Series 2, July to November 2003. Comparable performance to COTS OFDs was achieved for FOV flaming sources, and superior performance was demonstrated for partially or completely obscured flaming sources., The original document contains color images. Project element no. 0603123N/0602123N.

Cutaneous and systemic hypersensitivity reactions to implanted metals are challenging to evaluate and treat. Although they are uncommon, they do exist, and require appropriate and complete evaluation. This review summarizes the evidence regarding evaluation tools, especially patch and lymphocyte transformation tests, for hypersensitivity reactions to implanted metal devices. Patch test evaluation is the gold standard for metal hypersensitivity, although the results may be subjective. Regarding pre-implant testing, those patients with a reported history of metal dermatitis should be evaluated by patch testing. Those without a history of dermatitis should not be tested unless considerable concern exists. Regarding post-implant testing, a subset of patients with metal hypersensitivity may develop cutaneous or systemic reactions to implanted metals following implant. For symptomatic patients, a diagnostic algorithm to guide the selection of screening allergen series for patch testing is provided. At a minimum, an extended baseline screening series and metal screening is necessary. Static and dynamic orthopaedic implants, intravascular stent devices, implanted defibrillators and dental and gynaecological devices are considered. Basic management suggestions are provided. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive reference for use by those evaluating suspected cutaneous and systemic metal hypersensitivity reactions.

Cutaneous and systemic hypersensitivity reactions to implanted metals are challenging to evaluate and treat. Although they are uncommon, they do exist, and require appropriate and complete evaluation. This review summarizes the evidence regarding evaluation tools, especially patch and lymphocyte transformation tests, for hypersensitivity reactions to implanted metal devices. Patch test evaluation is the gold standard for metal hypersensitivity, although the results may be subjective. Regarding pre-implant testing, those patients with a reported history of metal dermatitis should be evaluated by patch testing. Those without a history of dermatitis should not be tested unless considerable concern exists. Regarding post-implant testing, a subset of patients with metal hypersensitivity may develop cutaneous or systemic reactions to implanted metals following implant. For symptomatic patients, a diagnostic algorithm to guide the selection of screening allergen series for patch testing is provided. At a minimum, an extended baseline screening series and metal screening is necessary. Static and dynamic orthopaedic implants, intravascular stent devices, implanted defibrillators and dental and gynaecological devices are considered. Basic management suggestions are provided. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive reference for use by those evaluating suspected cutaneous and systemic metal hypersensitivity reactions.

Cutaneous and systemic hypersensitivity reactions to implanted metals are challenging to evaluate and treat. Although they are uncommon, they do exist, and require appropriate and complete evaluation. This review summarizes the evidence regarding evaluation tools, especially patch and lymphocyte transformation tests, for hypersensitivity reactions to implanted metal devices. Patch test evaluation is the gold standard for metal hypersensitivity, although the results may be subjective. Regarding pre-implant testing, those patients with a reported history of metal dermatitis should be evaluated by patch testing. Those without a history of dermatitis should not be tested unless considerable concern exists. Regarding post-implant testing, a subset of patients with metal hypersensitivity may develop cutaneous or systemic reactions to implanted metals following implant. For symptomatic patients, a diagnostic algorithm to guide the selection of screening allergen series for patch testing is provided. At a minimum, an extended baseline screening series and metal screening is necessary. Static and dynamic orthopaedic implants, intravascular stent devices, implanted defibrillators and dental and gynaecological devices are considered. Basic management suggestions are provided. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive reference for use by those evaluating suspected cutaneous and systemic metal hypersensitivity reactions.

This test series has demonstrated the successful operation of the early warning fire detector (EWFD) system over twelve compartments on two decks of the ex-USS Shadwell providing continuous monitoring of the spaces. The EWFD system responded to both flaming and smoldering fires while maintaining an immunity to nuisance sources. The use of multiple sensors and the Probabilistic Neural Networks alarm algorithm in the EWFD system resulted in improved performance compared to only an ionization or photoelectric smoke detector. The improved performance was illustrated in the comparative results of the EWFD system and the system sensor smoke detectors that were used as part of the EWFD system., Prepared in collaboration with Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD and Nova Research, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

This work is a continuation of a multi-year effort to develop an early-warning fire detection system (EWFD) that is immune to nuisance alarms. The work was conducted under the Office of Naval Research-sponsored program Damage Control-Automation for Reduced Manning (DC-ARM) as part of a smart system capable of providing automated damage control. Over the past two years, efforts have focused on identifying appropriate sensors and candidate multivariate alarm algorithms. The results of this test series have demonstrated improved performance of the current probabilistic neural networks (PNN) alarm algorithm compared to previous prototype designs as well as alternate sensor/PNN combinations evaluated in this work. The current alarm algorithm resulted in better overall performance than the commercial smoke detectors by providing both improved nuisance source immunity with generally equivalent or faster response times. Areas of improvement have been identified. In particular, it is believed that the prototypes can be made to respond faster to long smoldering fires., Prepared in collaboration with Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD and Nova Research, Inc., Alexandria, VA.

The system under development combines a multi-criteria (sensor array) approach with sophisticated data analysis methods. Together an array of sensors and a multivariate classification algorithm has the potential to produce an early warning fire detection system with a low nuisance alarm rate. Several sensors measuring different parameters of the environment produce a pattern or response fingerprint for an event. Multivariate data analysis methods can be trained to recognize the pattern of an important event such as a fire. Multivariate classification methods, such as neural networks, rely on the comparison of events (i.e., fires) with non- events (i.e., background and nuisance sources). Variations in the response of sensors can be used to train an algorithm to recognize events when they occur. A key to the success of these methods is the appropriate design of sensor arrays and training sets of data used to develop the algorithm. This test series included a variety of conditions that may be encountered in a real shipboard environment. Every effort was made to consider many representative fire situations and potential interference sources. including the use of Navy approved materials., Prepared in collaboration with Hughes Associates Inc., Baltimore, MD.

A second series of tests was conducted to evaluate and improve the multivariate data analysis notebooks and candidate sensor suites used for the Early Warning Fire Detection (EWFD) system under development. The EWFD system is to provide reliable warning of actual fire conditions in less time with fewer nuisance alarms than commercially available smoke detection systems. Tests were conducted from 25 April to 5 May 2000 onboard the ex-USS SHADWELL. This report documents the performance of the probabilistic neural network achieved in real-time during this test series. Further optimization of the algorithm has yielded performance gains over the real-time results. Modifications have been made that improve the real-time data acquisition and the ion sensor calibration. Background subtraction was investigated and will be used in future tests. The best performance was provided by a four sensor array consisting of ionization, photoelectric carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors., Prepared in collaboration with NOVA Research Inc., Alexandria, VA and Hughes Associates Inc., Baltimore, MD.

A series of tests were conducted to evaluate and improve the multivariate data analysis methods and candidate sensor suites used for the Early Warning Fire Detection (EWFD) system under development. The EWFD system is to provide reliable warning of actual fire conditions in less time with fewer nuisance alarms than commercially available smoke detection systems. Tests were conducted from 7-18 February 2000, onboard the ex-USS Sizadwell. This report documents the performance of the probabilistic neural network achieved in real-time during this test series. Further optimization of the algorithm yielded performance gains over the real-time results. Simulation studies have been done to examine the effects of sensor drop-out, excessive noise, and erroneous sensor values., Prepared in collaboration with Hughes Associates Inc., Baltimore, MD.

Geoscience & Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Geoscience & Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Geoscience & Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

The effects water mist has on the overpressures produced by the detonation of 50 lb equivalent of high explosives (HE) TNT, Destex, and PBXN-109 in a chamber is reported. The overpressures for each charge density were measured with and without mist preemptively sprayed into the space. The impulse, initial blast wave, and quasi-static overpressure measured in the blast mitigation experiments were reduced by as much as (40%, 36%, and 35%) for 50 lbs TNT, (43%, 25%, and 33%) for 50 lbs TNT equivalent Destex, and (49%, 39%, and 41%) for 50 lbs TNT equivalent PBXN-109 when water mist was sprayed 60 seconds prior to detonation at a concentration of 70 g/m sup3 and droplet Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of 54 micrometer. These results suggest that current water mist technology is a potentially promising concept for the mitigation of overpressure effects produced from the detonation of high explosives., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, MD and Marioff, Inc., Linthicum, MD.

Analogous to the first test series, the following steps were undertaken with each of the subjects of the Methadone distribution center in Saarbruecken: (a) Five sweat patches were applied and then removed after one, two, three, four, and six days respectively. Contrary to the patients of Dr. Franta's practice, none of the subjects complained about allergic reactions or irritations. Yet, several of the sweat patches were lost, and a few subjects commented on poor adhesion of the patches to their skin. (b) One strand of hair was bleached and simultaneously, another unbleached strand was removed as a reference. The bleaching procedure was performed with a conventional hair bleaching - - agent over a distance of at least 1 cm from the scalp. The bleaching agent was kept on the hair strand for 45 minutes and was then washed out with shampoo. (c) After four weeks the bleached hair strand as well as an unbleached agent was kept on the hair strand (for reference) were removed.