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Introduction: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to modulate cortical plasticity, enhance motor learning and post-stroke upper extremity motor recovery. It has also been demonstrated to facilitate activation of brain-computer interface (BCI) in stroke patients. We had previously demonstrated that BCI-assisted motor imagery (MI-BCI) can improve upper extremity impairment in chronic stroke participants. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of priming with tDCS prior to MI-BCI training in chronic stroke patients with moderate to severe upper extremity paresis and to investigate the cortical activity changes associated with training. Methods: This is a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized to receive 10 sessions of 20-min 1 mA tDCS or sham-tDCS before MI-BCI, with the anode applied to the ipsilesional, and the cathode to the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1). Upper extremity sub-scale of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (UE-FM) and corticospinal excitability measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were assessed before, after and 4 weeks after intervention. Results: Ten participants received real tDCS and nine received sham tDCS. UE-FM improved significantly in both groups after intervention. Of those with unrecordable motor evoked potential (MEP-) to the ipsilesional M1, significant improvement in UE-FM was found in the real-tDCS group, but not in the sham group. Resting motor threshold (RMT) of ipsilesional M1 decreased significantly after intervention in the real-tDCS group. Short intra-cortical inhibition (SICI) in the contralesional M1 was reduced significantly following intervention in the sham group. Correlation was found between baseline UE-FM score and changes in the contralesional SICI for all, as well as between changes in UE-FM and changes in contralesional RMT in the MEP- group. Conclusion: MI-BCI improved the motor function of the stroke-affected arm in chronic stroke p

Salmonella Infantis patogena je bakterija čija je prevalencija u porastu u primarnoj proizvodnji, u mesu peradi, ali i u humanim izolatima u više europskih zemalja. Veća pojavnost ove bakterije uočena je u centralnim i istočnim zemljama članicama Europske unije (Rumunjska, Italija, Slovenija, Austrija), a prema izvještaju Europskog centra za sprječavanje i kontrolu bolesti (ECDC) za 2014. god., S. Infantis bila je četvrti najčešći serovar salmonele kod ljudi, dok je najčešći serovar izoliran u jatima brojlera u zemljama EU. Prevalencija S. Infanits u jatima pilića u porastu je od 2011. godine, dok izostaju podaci o prevalenciji u mesu pilića na tržištu Hrvatske. U ovom radu prikazana je pojavnost S. Infantis u uzorcima svježeg i zamrznutog pilećeg mesa na tržištu Republike Hrvatske koji su prikupljeni tijekom 2015. godine. Uzorkovanje je provedeno u okviru nadzora od strane sanitarne inspekcije Ministarstva zdravlja, a uzorci su na anali¬zu slani u županijske zavode za javno zdravstvo. Od ukupno 474 uzoraka pilećeg mesa obuhvaćenih nadzorom, 51 uzorak bio je pozitivan na Salmonella spp., a S. Infantis je bila najčešće izolirani serovar (88,2 %)., Salmonella Infantis are pathogenic bacteria whose prevalence in primary production of poultry meat and human isolates from several European countries is on the rise. According to the report of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) published in 2014, a higher incidence of these bacte¬ria was also observed in Central and Eastern European EU Member States (Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Austria). S. Infantis was the fourth most common serovar of Salmonella in humans. The most common serovar in broiler flocks was isolated in the EU. The prevalence of S. Infanits in flocks of chickens was on the rise since 2011. However, the data on its prevalence in chicken meat on the Croatian market is not available. This paper looks at the incidence of S. Infantis in samples of fresh and frozen chicken meat collected on the Croatian market during 2015. The sampling was performed within the framework of Ministry of Health sanitary inspection monitoring, and collected samples were analysed in due county public health institutes. From the total of 474 chicken meat sam¬ples included in monitoring, 51 samples were culture positive for Salmonella spp, while S. Infantis represented the most frequently isolated serovar (88.2 %)., Bei der Salmonella Infantis handelt es sich um eine pathogene Bakterie, deren Prävalenz in der Primärindustrie, im Geflügelfleisch, aber auch in den humanen Isolaten, in mehreren europäischen Ländern eine steigende Tendenz aufweist. Eine größere Prävalenz dieser Bakterie wurde laut Bericht des Europäischen Zentrums für die Prävention und Kontrolle von Krankheiten (ECDC) für 2014 in den zentral- und osteuropäischen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten beobachtet (Rumänien, Italien, Slowenien, Österreich). Die S. Infantis war der vierte häufigste Salmonellen-Serotyp bei Men¬schen, und der am häufigsten in den Broilerstämmen der EU-Länder isolierte Serotyp. Die Prävalenz der S. Infanits in den Hähnchenscharen weist seit 2011 eine steigende Tendenz auf; Angaben über die Prävalenz im Hähnchenfleisch auf dem kroatischen Markt sind ausgeblieben. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Prävalenz der S. Infantis in frischen und gefrorenen in 2015 gesammelten Hähnchenfleischproben auf dem Markt der Repu¬blik Kroatien dargestellt. Die Proben wurden im Rahmen eines Monitorings der Sanitärinspektion des Ministeriums für Gesundheit entnommen und zur Auswertung an regionale Institute für öffentliche Gesundheit geschickt. Von den insgesamt 474 Proben des vom Monitoring erfassten Hähnchenfleischs waren 51 Proben positiv auf die Salmonella spp, wobei die S. Infantis der am häufigsten isolierte Serotyp war (88,2 %)., La Salmonella Infantis è un batterio patogeno la cui prevalenza è in crescita nella produzione primaria, sia nella carne di pollo, sia negli isolati umani in diversi paesi europei. Secondo il rapporto del Centro europeo per la prevenzione ed il controllo delle malattie (ECDC) per il 2014, è stata riscontrata una maggiore manifestazione di questo batterio in alcuni paesi membri dell’Unione europea collocati nell’Europa centro-orientale (Romania, Italia, Slovenia e Austria). Dal rapporto risulta, infatti, che la S. Infantis è il quarto sierotipo più frequentemente isolato tra gli uomini, ed il primo in assoluto tra le batterie di polli da carne (brojler) nei paesi dell’UE. La prevalenza della S. Infantis nelle batterie di polli da carne è in crescita dal 2011, mentre mancano i dati sulla prevalenza nella carne di pollo commercializzata in Croazia. In questo studio viene illustrato il manifestarsi della S. Infantis nei campioni di carne di pollo fresca e congelata commercializzata nella Repubblica di Croazia, prelevati nel corso del 2015. Il campionamento è stato operato nell’ambito dell’attività di monitoring svolta dall’Ispettorato d’igiene e sanità pubblica presso il Ministero della Salute, mentre i campioni sono stati analizzati presso gli istituti regionali di salute pubblica. Su un totale di 474 campioni di carne di pollo compresi nell’attività di monitoraggio, 51 campioni sono risultati positivi alla Salmonella spp, mentre la S. Infantis è stato il sierotipo più frequentemente isolato (88,2%)., Salmonella Infantis es una bacteria patógena cuya prevalencia está creciendo en la producción primaria, en la carne de aves del corral, pero también en los aislantes humanos en muchos países europeos. Mayor aparición de esta bacteria es notada en los países centrales y orientales de los estados miembros de la UE (Rumania, Italia, Eslovenia, Austria), y según el informe del Centro Europeo para la Prevención y Control de Enfermedades (ECDC) para el año 2014. S. Infantis ha sido el cuarto serotipo más frecuente de la salmonella en la gente, mientras que el serotipo más frecuente aislado en averíos de los pollos broiler en los países de la UE. La prevalencia de S. Infanits en averíos de pollos está creciendo desde el año 2011, mientras que están ausentes los datos de la prevalencia en la carne de polluelos en el mercado de Croacia. En esta obra está demostrada la aparición de S. Infantis en especímenes de la carne fresca y congelada en el mercado de la República Croacia que han sido recogidos durante el año 2015. El muestreo es implementado dentro de la monitorización por parte de la inspección sanitaria del Ministerio de Salud, y los especímenes han sido enviados a un análisis a los institutos condales para la salud pública. De los 474 especímenes totales de la carne de pollo abarcada de la monitorización, los 51 especímenes han sido positivos en Salmonella spp, mientras que S. Infantis ha sido el serotipo aislado más frecuente (88,2 %).