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Background: The counterfactual definition of confounding is often explained in the context of exchangeability between the exposed and unexposed groups. One recent approach is to examine whether the measures of association (eg, associational risk difference) are exchangeable when exposure status is flipped in the population of interest. We discuss the meaning and utility of this approach, showing their relationships with the concept of confounding in the counterfactual framework. Methods: Three hypothetical cohort studies are used, in which the target population is the total population. After providing an overview of the notions of confounding in distribution and in measure, we discuss the approach from the perspective of exchangeability of measures of association (eg, factual associational risk difference vs counterfactual associational risk difference). Results: In general, if the measures of association are non-exchangeable when exposure status is flipped, confounding in distribution is always present, although confounding in measure may or may not be present. Even if the measures of association are exchangeable when exposure status is flipped, there could be confounding both in distribution and in measure. When we use risk difference or risk ratio as a measure of interest and the exposure prevalence in the population is 0.5, testing the exchangeability of measures of association is equivalent to testing the absence of confounding in the corresponding measures. Conclusion: The approach based on exchangeability of measures of association essentially does not provide a definition of confounding in the counterfactual framework. Subtly differing notions of confounding should be distinguished carefully.

Background: The counterfactual definition of confounding is often explained in the context of exchangeability between the exposed and unexposed groups. One recent approach is to examine whether the measures of association (eg, associational risk difference) are exchangeable when exposure status is flipped in the population of interest. We discuss the meaning and utility of this approach, showing their relationships with the concept of confounding in the counterfactual framework. Methods: Three hypothetical cohort studies are used, in which the target population is the total population. After providing an overview of the notions of confounding in distribution and in measure, we discuss the approach from the perspective of exchangeability of measures of association (eg, factual associational risk difference vs counterfactual associational risk difference). Results: In general, if the measures of association are non-exchangeable when exposure status is flipped, confounding in distribution is always present, although confounding in measure may or may not be present. Even if the measures of association are exchangeable when exposure status is flipped, there could be confounding both in distribution and in measure. When we use risk difference or risk ratio as a measure of interest and the exposure prevalence in the population is 0.5, testing the exchangeability of measures of association is equivalent to testing the absence of confounding in the corresponding measures. Conclusion: The approach based on exchangeability of measures of association essentially does not provide a definition of confounding in the counterfactual framework. Subtly differing notions of confounding should be distinguished carefully.

This study aims to identify the effect of the individual regulation method according the doublecoding in improving the vision speed and learning the skills of front and back shots in tennis. The researcher used the experimental method with three equal experimental groups. The study included a random sample of 66 students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2018-2019. The study sample represents 30% of the target population. The research groups were classified using the double-coding scale. The number of learners in the first group is 24 (image coding), the second experimental group (verbal coding) (n = 20), and the third experimental group (double-coding) (n = 22)

Objective: To analyze the resources distribution on the Concurrency Program with the Federal Entities 2015-2017 to determine the possible discretional use of the public resources. Methodology: A semi-longitudinal study was made, which permitted to develop a stratification of production units, which were benefited by the Concurrency Program under three criteria: 1) the total amount of support (monetarily wise); 2) the yearly obtained income and 3) if it had made the investment without it. Results: It was obtained a classification of six production units by stages. For the production units that fall under the lower stages of income is almost impossible to obtain the support when competing against the big companies, given that the discretional modus operandi of resources placement favors the units of production with more significant income sources. Limitations: A third party developed the databases; leaving room for a field research to be done with the production units that were given the support. Conclusions: We can easily observe weaknesses on the selection of target population, when assigning the resources at a town-level, and the level of income of the companies, which can be translated as an area of opportunity on the way the resources of the program are assigned., Objetivo: analizar la distribución de recursos del Programa de Concurrencia con las Entidades Federativas 2015-2017 para determinar el posible uso discrecional de los recursos públicos. Metodología: se realizó un estudio semilongitudinal, el cual permitió realizar una estratificación de unidades de producción beneficiadas del Programa de Concurrencia de acuerdo con tres criterios: 1) el monto del apoyo; 2) el ingreso obtenido en el año y 3) si hubiera efectuado la inversión sin el apoyo. Resultados: se obtuvo una clasificación de seis estratos de unidades de producción. Para las unidades de estratos con menores ingresos es casi imposible conseguir apoyo cuando compiten con las grandes empresas, toda vez que la discrecionalidad permite asignar los recursos preferentemente a las Unidades de Producción de mayores ingresos. Limitaciones: las bases de datos con las cuales se trabaja son de terceros; es deseable levantar información directa con productores beneficiarios. Conclusiones: se observan debilidades en la selección de la población objetivo, en la asignación de recursos a nivel municipal y estrato del productor, lo que se traduce como debilidades para la corrección de disparidades de desarrollo regional.

This report estimates the DACA recipients across the United States, country of birth and state or territory of residence in 2019

This report estimates the DACA recipients across the United States, country of birth and state or territory of residence in 2019

AimsCardiopoietic cells, produced through cardiogenic conditioning of patients' mesenchymal stem cells, have shown preliminary efficacy. The Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial aimed to validate cardiopoiesis-based biotherapy in a larger heart failure cohort.Methods and resultsThis multinational, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study was conducted in 39 hospitals. Patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart failure on guideline-directed therapy (n = 484) were screened; n = 348 underwent bone marrow harvest and mesenchymal stem cell expansion. Those achieving > 24 million mesenchymal stem cells (n = 315) were randomized to cardiopoietic cells delivered endomyocardially with a retention-enhanced catheter (n = 157) or sham procedure (n = 158). Procedures were performed as randomized in 271 patients (n = 120 cardiopoietic cells, n = 151 sham). The primary efficacy endpoint was a Finkelstein-Schoenfeld hierarchical composite (all-cause mortality, worsening heart failure, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score, 6-min walk distance, left ventricular end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction) at 39 weeks. The primary outcome was neutral (Mann-Whitney estimator 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.61 [value > 0.5 favours cell treatment], P = 0.27). Exploratory analyses suggested a benefit of cell treatment on the primary composite in patients with baseline left ventricular end-diastolic volume 200-370 mL (60% of patients) (Mann-Whitney estimator 0.61, 95% CI 0.52-0.70, P = 0.015). No difference was observed in serious adverse events. One (0.9%) cardiopoietic cell patient and 9 (5.4%) sham patients experienced aborted or sudden cardiac death.ConclusionThe primary endpoint was neutral, with safety demonstrated across the cohort. Further evaluation of cardiopoietic cell therapy in patients with elevated end-diastolic volume is warranted.

AIMS: Cardiopoietic cells, produced through cardiogenic conditioning of patients' mesenchymal stem cells, have shown preliminary efficacy. The Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial aimed to validate cardiopoiesis-based biotherapy in a larger heart failure cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: This multinational, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study was conducted in 39 hospitals. Patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart failure on guideline-directed therapy (n = 484) were screened; n = 348 underwent bone marrow harvest and mesenchymal stem cell expansion. Those achieving > 24 million mesenchymal stem cells (n = 315) were randomized to cardiopoietic cells delivered endomyocardially with a retention-enhanced catheter (n = 157) or sham procedure (n = 158). Procedures were performed as randomized in 271 patients (n = 120 cardiopoietic cells, n = 151 sham). The primary efficacy endpoint was a Finkelstein-Schoenfeld hierarchical composite (all-cause mortality, worsening heart failure, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score, 6-min walk distance, left ventricular end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction) at 39 weeks. The primary outcome was neutral (Mann-Whitney estimator 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.61 [value > 0.5 favours cell treatment], P = 0.27). Exploratory analyses suggested a benefit of cell treatment on the primary composite in patients with baseline left ventricular end-diastolic volume 200-370 mL (60% of patients) (Mann-Whitney estimator 0.61, 95% CI 0.52-0.70, P = 0.015). No difference was observed in serious adverse events. One (0.9%) cardiopoietic cell patient and 9 (5.4%) sham patients experienced aborted or sudden cardiac death. CONCLUSION: The primary endpoint was neutral, with safety demonstrated across the cohort. Further evaluation of cardiopoietic cell therapy in patients with elevated end-diastolic volume is warranted.

AimsCardiopoietic cells, produced through cardiogenic conditioning of patients' mesenchymal stem cells, have shown preliminary efficacy. The Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial aimed to validate cardiopoiesis-based biotherapy in a larger heart failure cohort.Methods and resultsThis multinational, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study was conducted in 39 hospitals. Patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart failure on guideline-directed therapy (n = 484) were screened; n = 348 underwent bone marrow harvest and mesenchymal stem cell expansion. Those achieving > 24 million mesenchymal stem cells (n = 315) were randomized to cardiopoietic cells delivered endomyocardially with a retention-enhanced catheter (n = 157) or sham procedure (n = 158). Procedures were performed as randomized in 271 patients (n = 120 cardiopoietic cells, n = 151 sham). The primary efficacy endpoint was a Finkelstein-Schoenfeld hierarchical composite (all-cause mortality, worsening heart failure, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score, 6-min walk distance, left ventricular end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction) at 39 weeks. The primary outcome was neutral (Mann-Whitney estimator 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.61 [value > 0.5 favours cell treatment], P = 0.27). Exploratory analyses suggested a benefit of cell treatment on the primary composite in patients with baseline left ventricular end-diastolic volume 200-370 mL (60% of patients) (Mann-Whitney estimator 0.61, 95% CI 0.52-0.70, P = 0.015). No difference was observed in serious adverse events. One (0.9%) cardiopoietic cell patient and 9 (5.4%) sham patients experienced aborted or sudden cardiac death.ConclusionThe primary endpoint was neutral, with safety demonstrated across the cohort. Further evaluation of cardiopoietic cell therapy in patients with elevated end-diastolic volume is warranted.

The Swedish policy for integration has been accused of wrongly targeting only immigrants and therefore resembling assimilation. In this bachelor thesis I show that there seems to be a general understanding between academics and politicians of how integration should be achieved. If integration is the opposite of assimilation an integrated society has to be achieved trough mutual adaptation. The purpose of this thesis is to identify if the Swedish government design their policy for integration according to the idea of integration as mutual adaptation or not. A frame analysis is used to identify the de target populations in the Swedish strategy for integration. Through analysing the choice of target populations I conclude that the Swedish policy for integration does not fulfil the idea of integration as mutual adaptation. Another important conclusion is that there can be two different target populations for every policy, one tied to the causal story and one tied to the solution of the problem with integration., Den svenska integrationspolitiken har anklagats för att felaktigt riktas mot endast invandrare och på så sätt mer likna assimilationspolitik. I den här kandidatuppsatsen visar jag att forskare och politiker på en övergripande nivå verkar vara överens om hur integration bör uppnås. Om integration är motsatsen till assimilation måste ett integrerat samhälle uppnås genom ömsesidig anpassning. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på om den svenska regeringen utformar sin integrationspolitik efter idén om integration som ömsesidig anpassning eller inte. Frameanalys används för att identifiera målgrupperna i den svenska strategin för integration. Genom att analysera valet av målgrupper drar jag slutsatsen att den svenska integrationspolitiken inte uppfyller idéen om integration som ömsesidig anpassning. En annan viktig slutsats är att det kan finnas två målgrupper för varje åtgärd, en knuten till orsaksförklaringen och en knuten till lösningen på problemet.

The Swedish policy for integration has been accused of wrongly targeting only immigrants and therefore resembling assimilation. In this bachelor thesis I show that there seems to be a general understanding between academics and politicians of how integration should be achieved. If integration is the opposite of assimilation an integrated society has to be achieved trough mutual adaptation. The purpose of this thesis is to identify if the Swedish government design their policy for integration according to the idea of integration as mutual adaptation or not. A frame analysis is used to identify the de target populations in the Swedish strategy for integration. Through analysing the choice of target populations I conclude that the Swedish policy for integration does not fulfil the idea of integration as mutual adaptation. Another important conclusion is that there can be two different target populations for every policy, one tied to the causal story and one tied to the solution of the problem with integration., Den svenska integrationspolitiken har anklagats för att felaktigt riktas mot endast invandrare och på så sätt mer likna assimilationspolitik. I den här kandidatuppsatsen visar jag att forskare och politiker på en övergripande nivå verkar vara överens om hur integration bör uppnås. Om integration är motsatsen till assimilation måste ett integrerat samhälle uppnås genom ömsesidig anpassning. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på om den svenska regeringen utformar sin integrationspolitik efter idén om integration som ömsesidig anpassning eller inte. Frameanalys används för att identifiera målgrupperna i den svenska strategin för integration. Genom att analysera valet av målgrupper drar jag slutsatsen att den svenska integrationspolitiken inte uppfyller idéen om integration som ömsesidig anpassning. En annan viktig slutsats är att det kan finnas två målgrupper för varje åtgärd, en knuten till orsaksförklaringen och en knuten till lösningen på problemet.

Many consider traumatic brain injury (TBI) to be the signature wound of operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Although the majority of individuals with TBI can expect a full recovery, others require additional support services in a system that can be difficult to navigate, particularly through transitions across systems of care or changes of station. In 2007, several reports emphasized the need for care coordination services specific to TBI. In response, the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) launched the regional Care Coordination Program (CCP) to provide services to active duty service members and veterans with ongoing symptoms associated with a TBI incurred while serving in OEF and OIF. The DVBIC viewed CCP as a natural extension of its ongoing work to support active duty service members and veterans with TBI, as well as their beneficiaries, through clinical, research, and educational programs. Launched in 2007, CCP provides education and care coordination services to individuals with unresolved TBIs. Regional care coordinators work closely with individuals to assess their unique needs and provide recommendations for local program resources that will help to meet these needs. By design, individuals are followed for up to 2 years, with scheduled contacts at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after program enrollment, to assess problem resolution and the need for additional or different services. The purpose of this report is to assess CCP's program structure, activities, and implementation. We conducted this assessment between April and July 2012. During this assessment, we spoke with program leadership and 11 of the 14 regional care coordinators. These discussions included the following topics: program services, eligibility criteria, outreach activities, caseloads, work environments and staffing structure, barriers and facilitators of successful care coordination, perceived program benefits, and opportunities for improvement.

Since its inception in 2001, the International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF) has been a geographically limited force addressing a problem that is not geographically constrained. Initially, ISAF operations were limited to Kabul, Afghanistan. In 2003, the United Nations Security Council approved a resolution, UNSCR 1510, that expanded the ISAF mandate from Kabul throughout Afghanistan, but did not provide for operations external to Afghanistan. Recognition of Afghanistan's border as a constraint on operations by the ISAF has provided a logistical and operational safe haven for insurgent Taliban forces and their allies, who are working against security and stability in Afghanistan. Social influence operations provide a method for ISAF-contributing nations to use their relationships and nonkinetic operations to influence Taliban decision makers and to constrain Taliban resource providers located outside of Afghanistan. The design of a social influence operation requires consideration of the cultural and moral characteristics of the target population to maximize the effectiveness of the chosen social influence techniques. The cultural characteristics developed by Geert Hofstede and refined by the GLOBE project provide a cultural framework for analyzing the culture of a target population. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development provides a moral framework for analyzing the spectrum of moral development in a target population. Bertram Raven's levers of social influence as bases of power provide the structural framework for developing an influence strategy. When designing social influence operations, the integration of cultural and moral characteristics can maximize the effects on specific target populations., The original document contains color images.