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The research study is an effort to determine the influence of secondary school teachers’ gender and location on their job satisfaction in Pakistani perspective. The target population of the study was all secondary school teachers (SSTs) serving in public secondary schools of Punjab Province whereas accessible population was all secondary school teachers (2084 SSTs) serving in 456 public secondary schools of Sahiwal division. The Sahiwal division is comprised of three districts viz. Pakpattan, Sahiwal and Okara. From each district, 24 schools (12 male and 12 female) were randomly selected and from each school 4 SSTs were taken randomly as sample. In this way total sample was consisted of 288 SSTs. The data were collected through Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS. The analysis revealed that rural teachers were more satisfied from jobs rather than urban teachers and male teachers were more satisfied with their supervisors and working conditions rather than their female counterparts. The study recommended that urban secondary school heads and female secondary school heads may provide opportunities to get more exposure on supervision. Class size in urban secondary schools may be reduced to enhance urban secondary school heads’ job satisfaction level.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were used to model the effects of neuroinflammatory conditions following an epileptic state on functional P2X7 receptors (Rs) of subgranular zone (SGZ) neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The compound, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), is known to cause pathological firing of neurons, consequently facilitating the release of various transmitter substances including ATP. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-1(IL-1) both potentiated the dibenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP)-induced current amplitudes in NPCs, although via different mechanisms. Whereas LPS acted via promoting ATP release, IL-1 acted via its own receptor to directly influence P2X7Rs. Thus, the effect of LPS was inhibited by the ecto-ATPase inhibitor, apyrase, but not by the IL-1 antagonist, interleukin-1RA (IL-1RA); by contrast, the effect of IL-1 was inhibited by IL-1RA, but not by apyrase. Eventually, incubation with 4-AP upregulated the number of nestin/glial fibrillary acidic protein/P2X7R immunoreactive cells and their appropriate staining intensity, suggesting increased synthesis of P2X7Rs at NPCs. In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines accumulating after epilepsy-like neuronal firing may facilitate the effect of endogenous ATP at P2X7Rs of NPCs, thereby probably promoting necrosis/apoptosis and subsequent cell death.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were used to model the effects of neuroinflammatory conditions following an epileptic state on functional P2X7 receptors (Rs) of subgranular zone (SGZ) neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The compound, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), is known to cause pathological firing of neurons, consequently facilitating the release of various transmitter substances including ATP. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-1(IL-1) both potentiated the dibenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP)-induced current amplitudes in NPCs, although via different mechanisms. Whereas LPS acted via promoting ATP release, IL-1 acted via its own receptor to directly influence P2X7Rs. Thus, the effect of LPS was inhibited by the ecto-ATPase inhibitor, apyrase, but not by the IL-1 antagonist, interleukin-1RA (IL-1RA); by contrast, the effect of IL-1 was inhibited by IL-1RA, but not by apyrase. Eventually, incubation with 4-AP upregulated the number of nestin/glial fibrillary acidic protein/P2X7R immunoreactive cells and their appropriate staining intensity, suggesting increased synthesis of P2X7Rs at NPCs. In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines accumulating after epilepsy-like neuronal firing may facilitate the effect of endogenous ATP at P2X7Rs of NPCs, thereby probably promoting necrosis/apoptosis and subsequent cell death.

The research study is an effort to determine the influence of secondary school teachers’ gender and location on their job satisfaction in Pakistani perspective. The target population of the study was all secondary school teachers (SSTs) serving in public secondary schools of Punjab Province whereas accessible population was all secondary school teachers (2084 SSTs) serving in 456 public secondary schools of Sahiwal division. The Sahiwal division is comprised of three districts viz. Pakpattan, Sahiwal and Okara. From each district, 24 schools (12 male and 12 female) were randomly selected and from each school 4 SSTs were taken randomly as sample. In this way total sample was consisted of 288 SSTs. The data were collected through Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS. The analysis revealed that rural teachers were more satisfied from jobs rather than urban teachers and male teachers were more satisfied with their supervisors and working conditions rather than their female counterparts. The study recommended that urban secondary school heads and female secondary school heads may provide opportunities to get more exposure on supervision. Class size in urban secondary schools may be reduced to enhance urban secondary school heads’ job satisfaction level.

The research study is an effort to determine the influence of secondary school teachers’ gender and location on their job satisfaction in Pakistani perspective. The target population of the study was all secondary school teachers (SSTs) serving in public secondary schools of Punjab Province whereas accessible population was all secondary school teachers (2084 SSTs) serving in 456 public secondary schools of Sahiwal division. The Sahiwal division is comprised of three districts viz. Pakpattan, Sahiwal and Okara. From each district, 24 schools (12 male and 12 female) were randomly selected and from each school 4 SSTs were taken randomly as sample. In this way total sample was consisted of 288 SSTs. The data were collected through Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS. The analysis revealed that rural teachers were more satisfied from jobs rather than urban teachers and male teachers were more satisfied with their supervisors and working conditions rather than their female counterparts. The study recommended that urban secondary school heads and female secondary school heads may provide opportunities to get more exposure on supervision. Class size in urban secondary schools may be reduced to enhance urban secondary school heads’ job satisfaction level.

The main purpose of the current endeavor of researchers was to explore the relationship of head teachers� managerial styles with secondary school teachers� job satisfaction. The population of the study was comprised of public sector secondary schools of Punjab. Moreover, the study was delimited to Sahiwal division. The Sahiwal division was comprised of Pakpattan, Sahiwal and Okara. From each district 24 schools (12 male and 12 female) were randomly selected and from each school head teacher and 4 SSTs were the part of sample. In this way total sample was 72 heads and 288 SSTs. The data were collected through Managerial Styles Measurement Questionnaire (MSMQ) and Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS. The analysis revealed that that there is significant relationship between democratic style and teachers� job satisfaction at secondary level. Moreover, researchers recommended that Head teachers should ensure democratic management styles which enhance teachers� job satisfaction.

The main purpose of the current endeavor of researchers was to explore the relationship of head teachers� managerial styles with secondary school teachers� job satisfaction. The population of the study was comprised of public sector secondary schools of Punjab. Moreover, the study was delimited to Sahiwal division. The Sahiwal division was comprised of Pakpattan, Sahiwal and Okara. From each district 24 schools (12 male and 12 female) were randomly selected and from each school head teacher and 4 SSTs were the part of sample. In this way total sample was 72 heads and 288 SSTs. The data were collected through Managerial Styles Measurement Questionnaire (MSMQ) and Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS. The analysis revealed that that there is significant relationship between democratic style and teachers� job satisfaction at secondary level. Moreover, researchers recommended that Head teachers should ensure democratic management styles which enhance teachers� job satisfaction.

The main purpose of the current endeavor of researchers was to explore the relationship of head teachers� managerial styles with secondary school teachers� job satisfaction. The population of the study was comprised of public sector secondary schools of Punjab. Moreover, the study was delimited to Sahiwal division. The Sahiwal division was comprised of Pakpattan, Sahiwal and Okara. From each district 24 schools (12 male and 12 female) were randomly selected and from each school head teacher and 4 SSTs were the part of sample. In this way total sample was 72 heads and 288 SSTs. The data were collected through Managerial Styles Measurement Questionnaire (MSMQ) and Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST). The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through SPSS. The analysis revealed that that there is significant relationship between democratic style and teachers� job satisfaction at secondary level. Moreover, researchers recommended that Head teachers should ensure democratic management styles which enhance teachers� job satisfaction.