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La representación en la contemporaneidad posee una innegable centralidad en la cultura occidental, en la cual se relaciona lo visto con la verdad. Actualmente, los productos audiovisuales son los encargados de recrear y representar visualmente espacios y culturas del mundo a los que generalmente sólo se puede acceder mediante las pantallas, con las connotaciones y filtros que ello implica. En la dicotomía entre Occidente y el mundo árabe musulmán los medios de comunicación han sustituido a otros actores como ventana de aproximación y producción de la imagen de esa parte del mundo. Las mujeres han sido parte de los elementos diferenciadores más recurridos a la hora de representar a las culturas árabes musulmanas y el choque entre los valores occidentales y de Oriente. Este capítulo propone un recorrido a través de las contribuciones teóricas y elementos contextuales que configuran e influyen en la representación de mujeres árabes musulmanas en largometrajes y series de ficción españoles de la segunda década del siglo XXI. Estos factores constituyen la base para el posterior diagnóstico del papel de los medios de españoles en la reducción de desigualdades y a favor de la equidad de género a través del discurso social del entretenimiento.

The post-Bonn government of Afghanistan shifted the violence curriculum of the Taliban into a peace curriculum in education. This study's mixed-method approach shows that despite facing security, corruption, resource, and cultural barriers to education, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan made significant progress both in terms of passing theoretical documents and practical achievements. The efforts that had been initiated and introduced began to encounter fragility following the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Banning girls from education above grade six has resulted in negative psychological and emotional effects on them. Continuing to limit academic freedom has started to hit the Afghan society. Ultimately, Taliban-led approaches to curriculum design prepare the way for closemindedness and neo-Taliban nation-building. Those would convey state ideology and justifications from the classrooms to the homes. The socio-economic consequences of depriving large strata of the population, including though not exclusively, women from qualitative education makes it impossible for Afghanistan to break out of its status as a country of low level of development.

Krisenszenarien prägen das 21. Jahrhundert und stellen die betroffenen Gesellschaften vor drängende Herausforderungen. Ihre Omnipräsenz zeigt sich auch in zahlreichen Erzähltexten, die diesen Topos zum Thema haben. Die Autorin widmet sich den Spezifika des literarischen Krisendiskurses ab der Jahrtausendwende anhand von vier zeitgenössischen spanischen und hispanoamerikanischen Erzähltexten. Sie entwickelt einen multiperspektivischen Ansatz zur Analyse und Interpretation literarischer Krisenaneignungen: Auf Grundlage politikwissenschaftlicher, soziologischer und psychologisch motivierter Krisenkonzeptionen werden narrative Strategien, Funktionen und ihre Wirkungen berücksichtigt.

Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts ist der Aufstieg der Rechtsextremen in Europa nicht mehr nur als Randerscheinung zu betrachten, sondern als ein ernstes Zeichen der Krise der liberalen Ordnung. Die Zunahme rechtsextremer Wähler:innen und die Verbreitung rechtsextremer Parteien, Bewegungen und subkultureller Gruppen steht für eine veränderte politische und ideologische Landschaft, in der die liberale Demokratie zunehmend und offen herausgefordert wird "Rechte Bedrohungsallianzen" als direkte Opposition zur offenen Gesellschaft sind damit ein nicht zu vernachlässigendes Phänomen geworden. Dieses Papier befasst sich am Beispiel Serbiens näher mit den wichtigsten rechtsextremen Gruppierungen und Organisationen während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte. Auch wenn die extreme Rechte in den meisten Westbalkanländern noch keinen entscheidenden politischen Faktor darstellt, wird die Grenze zwischen ihrer politischen Agenda und den etablierten politischen Parteien immer dünner. Die Internationalisierung des Rechtsextremismus hat die strategischen Möglichkeiten rechtsextremen Handelns über nationale politische Strukturen hinaus erweitert und diesem damit eine internationale Perspektive und globale Bedeutung verliehen. Diese neuen internationalen "Rechten Bedrohungsallianzen" stellen somit vermehrt eine Bedrohung für die Demokratie sowohl im nationalen als auch im regionalen Kontext auf dem Westbalkan sowie über die Region hinaus dar., At the beginning of the 21st century, the rise of the far-right in Europe should no longer be considered as a peripheral phenomenon but rather as a serious sign of the crisis of the liberal post-Cold War order. The growth of far-right voters and the proliferation of far-right parties, movements, and subcultural groups stands for a changed political and ideological landscape, one where the notion of democracy is increasingly and openly contested. "Rechte Bedrohungsallianzen" - "Right-wing threat alliances" as a direct opposition to open society constitute a phenomenon that must not be ignored. This paper looks closer into the most representative far-right groups and organisations in Serbia during the last two decades. Even though the far-right in most Western Balkan countries is not a decisive political factor yet, the boundary separating its political agenda from mainstream political parties is becoming thinner. The internationalization of right-wing extremism has expanded the strategic possibilities of far-right action beyond national political structures thus giving it an international perspective and global meaning. These new international "signatures of the far-right" continue to be a threat to democracy both in the national and regional context in the Western Balkans as well as beyond the region.

The security of Euro-Atlantic area must be analyzed and understood in the context of the international security environment specific to the beginning of the 21st century, an active and effervescent one, where hybrid threats and deep economic and social imbalances are real risks. The terrorism has been, is and will continue to be a topic of maximum interest. The approach of this phenomenon from the psychological perspective not only of those directly involved, but also of those affected after the attack, is of interest and very topical, in the context of the unprecedented technological and informational explosion.

Religious actors in public life and political work have been argued to break with secular assumptions about their expected role in modern societies. Previous interdisciplinary research in the field of international relations has analyzed this development for organizations as religious actors but tends to overlook the individual. The current study investigates this individual experience and explores the positioning of self-identified Christian religious actors as they reflect on the implications of their engagement in church asylum practice in Germany. Through semi-structured interviews with sanctuary actors operating from the summer of 2018 to the winter of 2020 in Berlin and Brandenburg, it provides insights into the challenges of church asylum in Germany during its most recent impactful happening, the nationwide changes of the application of the EU Dublin III Regulation. Supported by theories related to migration, religion, and (post-)secularism, the study identifies three areas in which sanctuary actors may position themselves when reflecting on the implications of their involvement: the personal, institutional, and societal. The research demonstrates that in their reflections, sanctuary actors both differentiate between and unite Christian being and political action. It concludes that, in their self-reflections, church asylum actors both reproduce and challenge a secular narrative of contingent "religious" and "secular" categories and situate themselves through this in the midst of German secularizing society.

Was verrät der Umgang mit Behinderung über moderne Gesellschaften? Während in Arbeiten von Disability Historians zu lesen ist, dass die Linse "Behinderung" einen ganz neuen, kritischen Blick auf Kultur und Gesellschaft und ihren Umgang mit Diversität ermögliche, erweckt die Durchsicht der großen Synthesen etwa zur bundesrepublikanischen Zeitgeschichte den Eindruck, dass es offenbar auch ohne diese Kategorie geht. Weder kommen Menschen mit Behinderung dort vor, noch wird "Behinderung" als Strukturkategorie verstanden. Dies erstaunt umso mehr, als die Relevanz des Phänomens nicht bestritten werden kann: Etwa ein Siebtel der Weltbevölkerung lebt mit einer körperlichen, seelischen oder kognitiven Behinderung. In der Bundesrepublik ist dieser Wert kaum niedriger. Der Anteil derjenigen, die wir heute als Menschen mit Behinderungen bezeichnen würden, dürfte in früheren Gesellschaften - legt man zum Beispiel die an Teilhabechancen orientierte Definition des deutschen Sozialgesetzbuches (SGB) IX zugrunde - mitunter noch größer gewesen sein. Die Geschichte dieser Menschen und des gesellschaftlichen Umgangs mit ihnen wurde von der historischen Forschung lange Zeit vernachlässigt. Die seit den 1980er-Jahren im Kontext der angelsächsischen Emanzipationsbewegung entstandene Disability History rückt beides ins Zentrum.

How were the concepts of the observer and user in architecture and urban planning transformed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries? The author explores how the mutations of the means of representation in architecture and urban planning relate to the significance of city's inhabitants. She investigates Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's fascination with perspective, Team Ten's interest in the humanisation of architecture and urbanism, Constantinos Doxiadis and Adriano Olivetti's role in reshaping the relationship between politics and urban planning during the postwar years, Giancarlo De Carlo's architecture of participation, Aldo Rossi's design methods, Denise Scott Brown's active socioplactics and Bernard Tschumi's conception praxis.

How important were manufacturing and heavy industries to the economic integration of twentieth-century immigrants in Western societies? This article examines how macro-social change in Germany since the height of manufacturing has affected the socio-economic integration of male immigrants. We develop an analytical framework to assess how educational expansion among natives, deindustrialization, and the increasing importance of formal qualifications shape male immigrant-native gaps in labor-market outcomes over time. Empirically, we focus on first-generation male Turkish immigrants in Germany and use micro-census data spanning almost 40 years. Through a novel empirical quantification of key theoretical arguments concerning immigrant economic integration, we find growing inter-group differences between the late 1970s and mid-2000s (employment) and mid-2010s (incomes), respectively. The growth of differences between the immigrant and native income distributions was most pronounced in their respective bottom halves. Our analysis shows that these trends are linked to the increased importance of formal educational qualifications for individual labor-market success, to educational expansion in Germany, and to deindustrialization. Employment in Germany shifted away from middling positions in manufacturing, but while natives tended to move into better-paying positions, Turkish immigrants mainly shifted into disadvantaged service jobs. These results provide novel evidence for claims that the economic assimilation of less-skilled immigrants may become structurally harder in increasingly post-industrial societies. We conclude that structural change in host countries is an important, yet often overlooked, driver of immigrant socio-economic integration trajectories.

The aim of this paper is to analyse in detail the redistributive effects of pensions, other social benefits, and taxes in Portugal during the 2008‑17 period, which includes the economic crisis of 2010‑13 and the recovery starting in 2014. It examines the successive income distributions and their transitions from Market to Disposable income. Pensions are analysed individually because of their growing importance, but they also make the highest contribution to the decrease in income inequality. The rise in the dimension, efficacy, and progressivity of taxes explains the relative stability of the Gini coefficient during the crisis. After 2014, Disposable income inequality decreased significantly, helped by the economic recovery, falling unemployment, and improving income policies.

Examining the role of religion and the evolution of religiosity in Western European societies, as secular societies, has always been important. Given the period from 1980 to 2010, this article seeks to answer the question of what changes religiosity has undergone in Western European societies, especially in the two dimensions of belief in religion and practice of religious beliefs. To answer this question, we have used the survey method and data analysis. In this regard, a survey program entitled "Study of European Values" examined the ideas, attitudes and values ​​of citizens in various fields including religion and religiosity since 1981 and in the form of five study waves (1981, 1990, 1999, 2008 and 2017). The survey data have been used in this article to explain and analyze the discussion. Considering indicators such as theism, religious rites, church attendance rate and adherence to traditional rituals in important matters of life (birth, marriage and death), the findings of this study show that the process of secularization in Western European countries, both in terms of belief in religion and in terms of practice of religious beliefs, has intensified and the role of religion in the lives of Western European societies is much more declining than before.

This study is concerned with the central issues of community service engagement (CSE) in 21st century democratic societies around the world. To examine the factors influencing postsecondary education attainment’s relationship to CSE, this study utilized data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries using ordinary least square (OLS) and two-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) methods, including various factors for each country’s individual and country levels. The results show that attainment in postsecondary education at the individual level and investment and enrollments in tertiary education both have an influence on increasing CSE in 18 OECD countries. The present study is expected to contribute to an understanding of the relationship between postsecondary education and CSE across the world.

Purpose: Employers face the challenge of preparing for a new, upcoming generational cohort that is different in its expectations of the workplace, which goes hand-in-hand with its values. Therefore, Generation Z in Austria must receive detailed attention because it will make up a significant proportion of the workforce in the future. Questions will emerge about how to recruit this cohort or how to retain them. This research fills this gap by analyzing their espoused national cultural values and corresponding work values while considering implications from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Design/Method/Approach: This quantitative research surveyed 138 Austrians from the Generation Z. Findings: The results show a very low Power Distance score, concluding that Austrian Generation Z does not prefer unequally distributed power; a low preference for Collectivism; a higher preference for Uncertainty Avoidance, and lower masculinity. In terms of work values, Austrian Generation Z demonstrated the strongest preferences for intrinsic and social rewards and emphasized the importance of offering benefits such as remote work opportunities and flexibility in work scheduling. Theoretical implications (if applicable): Did you develop an existing theory? Did you reject any of existing theories? Which theoretical framework did you alter? Practical implications: Therefore, Human Resources practices are to be adapted aiming to successfully recruit and retain Austrian Generation Z. Originality/Value: This research is among the early attempts to not only understand how espoused national cultural values and COVID impact work values of Generation Z in Austria. Research limitations/Future research: The smaller sample size and the over representation of females impact the extent to which findings can be generalized to all of Generation Z in Austria. Future research should expand the sample within Austria and internationally.

Residualization refers to the process whereby publicly subsidized rental housing moves towards a position in which it provides only a safety net for low-income households. In this paper we quantify residualization based on the income profile of households in the below market rates (BMR) rental sector. Various residualization indicators for 12 European countries from EU-SILC data are calculated. First, we explore the effect of the size of the BMR sector and the cost of alternative tenure types on residualization. Second, we investigate if there are similar trends of residualization from 2005 to 2016. We find that decreases in the share of the BMR sector are associated with significant increases in residualization. Increases in rent differences between the BMR and market rate rental sector are related to larger degrees of residualization. We further observe a rising level of residualization for most countries. However, countries with allocation systems that aim at broader income groups still display the lowest degree of residualization.

The classicism of the literary canon is unquestionable, as well as the generalized disinterest of academia in the study of works of “low art,” those closest to the wider public. However, African American literature is undergoing a process of evolution in which genre fiction is predominating and marking the future of this ethnic literature. Following a theoretical framework based on Critical Race Theory and Black Feminism, this thesis analyzes the two novels written by the African American author Brit Bennett, The Mothers (2016) and The Vanishing Half (2020), locating them within the tradition of African American women’s fiction. This thesis aims to show the great literary relevance of genre fiction written in the twenty-first century through the rewriting of themes already present in canonical works, taking Bennett and her works as an example deserving of scholarly recognition., El clasicismo del canon literario es incuestionable, así como el generalizado desapego de la academia a estudiar obras de “arte bajo”, las más próximas al público. Sin embargo, la literatura afroamericana está sufriendo un proceso de evolución en el que es la ficción de género la que está predominando y marcando el futuro de dicha literatura étnica. Siguiendo un marco teórico basado en Teoría Crítica de la Raza y el Feminismo Negro, esta tesis analiza las dos novelas escritas por la autora afroamericana Brit Bennett, Las Madres (2016) y La Mitad Evanescente (2020), situándolas dentro de la tradición de la ficción afroamericana escrita por mujeres. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo demostrar la gran relevancia literaria de la ficción de género escrita en el siglo XXI a través de la reescritura de temas ya presentes en obras canónicas, tomando por ejemplo a Bennett y sus obras, y por ello siendo merecedora de reconocimiento académico., Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Máster en Estudios Ingleses Avanzados: Lenguas y Culturas en Contacto

Despite being structural entities which have relatively recently emerged, the alliances have caught global attention and interest, in a relatively short time, this giving a very well confined place in the approaches of the great political-military strategists, at all levels. The history and evolution of the North-Atlantic Alliance are closely connected to the security environment as well as to the geopolitical and geostrategic reality, specific to a particular moment. The emergence of an alliance has led to the formation of a counter alliance, meaning to bring a balance, even a fragile one on the surface.

Die liberale Demokratie steht weltweit unter Druck. Sie wird durch antiliberale Bewegungen und Parteien ebenso herausgefordert wie durch autoritäre Regimes. Der Liberalismus als parteiübergreifende Strömung ist in die Defensive geraten und wird oft mit Marktradikalismus, sozialer Kälte und ökologischer Ignoranz assoziiert. Die namhaften Beiträger*innen zeigen, dass der Liberalismus als Denkrichtung nicht tot ist. Sie stellen in ihren Essays Ideen und Ansätze für neue liberale Konzepte zur Bewältigung der großen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit vor: vom Klimawandel über Globalisierung und digitaler Revolution bis hin zu transnationaler Migration und zur zunehmenden Systemkonkurrenz zwischen Demokratien und autoritären Regimen.

In der aktuellen Debatte um Holocaust, Kolonialismus und Erinnerung hat Per Leo jüngst angeregt, dass Historikerinnen und Historiker irritierende Fragen stellen sollten. Diesem, wie ich finde, klugen Vorschlag folgend, möchte ich hier diskutieren, ob und inwieweit die Rede von der Singularität des Holocaust angemessen, sinnvoll, erkenntnisfördernd ist. Wie ist sie (in der Bundesrepublik) entstanden, und worin könnte heute ihre Aussagekraft liegen? Müsste die Perspektive nicht erweitert werden? Solche Fragen führen in das Zentrum einer Debatte, die hierzulande seit der Auseinandersetzung vom Frühjahr 2020 um den afrikanischen postkolonialen Theoretiker Achille Mbembe heftig entbrannt ist, dem der Antisemitismus-Beauftragte der Bundesregierung Felix Klein vorwarf, den Holocaust zu relativieren. Die vor allem in den Feuilletons geführte Debatte verschärfte sich, als der in den USA lehrende Historiker A. Dirk Moses im Mai 2021 mit einem provokanten Essay die deutsche Erinnerungskultur kritisierte: In der Fixierung auf den Holocaust würden die Kolonialverbrechen ausgeblendet. Die Kontroverse um Antisemitismus auf der diesjährigen documenta bildete mit den schrillen Tönen zweifellos den vorläufigen Tiefpunkt dieser Debatte. Nachdenkliche Argumente wie von Micha Brumlik, Sebastian Conrad, Charlotte Wiedemann oder Natan Sznaider scheinen kaum noch Gehör zu finden.

Weltweit ist eine Konjunktur der Refeudalisierung zu verzeichnen: Milliardäre werden Staatspräsidenten, der Luxuskonsum steigt ebenso dramatisch an wie soziale Ungleichheiten und es entsteht eine Kultur politischer und sozio-ökonomischer Abschottung. In Lateinamerika ist diese Tendenz zudem mit einem markanten Rechtsruck in der politischen Sphäre verbunden, der - symbolisiert im Aufstieg weißer, reicher Männer - Indigene, Arme und Feministen zunehmend diffamiert. Mit seiner Refeudalisierungs-Hypothese liefert der Autor einen kohärenten Interpretationsrahmen, um die Phänomene des Gesellschaftswandels verständlich zu machen, die wir im frühen 21. Jahrhundert global durchleben und die in Lateinamerika ganz spezifische regionale Ausdrucksformen annehmen.

Seit der Verabschiedung des Transplantationsgesetzes (TPG) im Jahr 1996 werden in Deutschland massenmediale Kampagnen zur Organtransplantation verbreitet. Plakataktionen sind ein wichtiger Teil dieser Kampagnen. In diesem Aufsatz wird die historische Entwicklung der Plakate mittels einer Kontextanalyse rekonstruiert, gestützt durch Expert*inneninterviews und multimodale Inhaltsanalysen. Dadurch werden Veränderungen identifiziert und die Kampagnenlandschaft wird als gewachsene Praxis von Akteuren des Gesundheitssystems reflektiert. Es zeigt sich erstens, dass die Kampagnen eng mit der Entwicklung des deutschen Transplantationswesens verknüpft sind. Ihre Ziele sind erklärungs- bzw. legitimierungsbedürftig: Aus historischer Sicht können sie sich mit ihren Kontexten ändern. Aus ethischer Sicht ist zentral, ob bestimmte Ziele der Kampagnen konfligieren und wie diese Konflikte so gelöst werden können, dass sie möglichst wenig Schaden erzeugen. Es zeigt sich zweitens, dass Akteure auf Zäsuren im Transplantationswesen mit persuasiven Kommunikationsstrategien zur Erhöhung der Organspendebereitschaft reagierten. Zunehmend ist jedoch eine Offenheit in der Wahl der Botschaften zu erkennen und den Plakaten liegt heute die Förderung einer selbstbestimmten und gut informierten Entscheidung zu Grunde - ein zukunftsweisender Weg für das Gesetz zur Stärkung der Entscheidungsbereitschaft bei der Organspende, welches 2022 in Kraft getreten ist., Since the passing of the Transplantation Act (TPG) in 1996, mass media campaigns on organ donation have been disseminated in Germany. Public posters are an important part of these campaigns. I reconstruct historical changes of such psoters through a context analysis, supported by expert interviews and a multimodal content analysis. Thus, changes are identified and campaigns are reflected as an evolved practice of actors in the health care system. First, it is shown that the campaigns are closely linked to the development of the German transplantation system. Their goals require explanation and legitimization: from a historical perspective, goals may change with their contexts. From an ethical point of view, it is central whether certain goals of the campaigns conflict and how these conflicts can be resolved in such a way that they produce as little harm as possible. Second, it is apparent that actors have responded to changes in transplantation with persuasive communication strategies to increase willingness to donate organs. However, the choice of messages has changed. Today, posters are based on promoting self-determined and well-informed decision-making - a promising path for the next legal revision, which came into force in 2022.

Die zunehmende Problematisierung von Fleischkonsum und die Aufwertung nachhaltiger Ernährungsstile sind für den Autor Ausgangspunkt für eine Rekonstruktion der Geschichte alternativer Ernährung in Deutschland aus religionswissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Vom organisierten Vegetarismus im 19. Jahrhundert über Vollwert- und Naturkost im 20. Jahrhundert bis zum "Bio-Boom" der jüngsten Vergangenheit zeichnet er die Transformationen von nonkonformistischen Innovationen zu vermeintlichen Mainstreamphänomenen nach und analysiert: Was genau wurde wie adaptiert und kompatibel gemacht? Welche Faktoren haben die Prozesse beeinflusst? Mit seiner Synthese leistet der Autor einen fundierten theoretischen Beitrag zur Modellierung kultureller Dynamiken., For the author, the increasing problematisation of meat consumption and the revaluation of sustainable nutritional styles is the starting point for a reconstruction of the history of alternative nutrition in Germany from the perspective of religious studies. From organised vegetarianism in the 19th century to wholefoods and natural foods in the 20th century to the "organic boom" of the recent past, he traces and analyses the transformations of non-conformist innovations into supposed mainstream phenomena: What exactly was adapted and made compatible and how? What factors influenced the processes? With his synthesis, the author makes a sound theoretical contribution to modelling cultural dynamics.

Individuals hold beliefs about what causes poverty, and those beliefs have been theorized to explain policy preferences and ultimately cross-country variations in welfare states. However, there has been little empirical work on the effects of poverty attributions on welfare state attitudes. We seek to fill this gap by making use of Eurobarometer data from 27 European countries in the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 to explore the effects of poverty attributions on judgments about economic inequality as well as preferences regarding the welfare state. Relying on a four-type typology of poverty attribution which includes individual fate, individual blame, social fate and social blame as potential explanations for poverty, our analyses show that these poverty attributions are associated with judgments about inequality and broadly defined support for the welfare state, but have little or no effect on more concrete policy proposals such as unemployment benefits or increase of social welfare at the expense of higher taxes.

En las sociedades contemporáneas constatamos un estado de desigualdad social como en el viejo régimen: la acumulación de la riqueza en el 1% de la población, multimillonarios como presidentes, el aumento en el consumo de lujo, el surgimiento de una cultura de distinción, así como la concentración de la tierra y la segregación espacial. Para comprender estos fenómenos en un marco interpretativo coherente, este ensayo plantea la hipótesis de que en el temprano siglo XXI vivimos una nueva combinación de refeudalización a nivel global, pero con rasgos regionales específicos. En América Latina este concepto es particularmente útil para entender el regreso de la derecha al poder después de una época de gobiernos de izquierda.

Die Ansprache von gesundheitsrelevanten wie -bezogenen Themen erfolgt heutzutage über die unterschiedlichsten Wege. Innerhalb der Medien stellen klassische Printmedien und Bewegtbildformate derweil die dominierenden Basismedien dar. Auditiven Medien, wie dem Radio oder dem Podcast, wird bisweilen eine vergleichsweise geringe Bedeutung zugesprochen. Einzelne Gesundheitskampagnen zogen in den vergangenen Jahren jedoch auch immer wieder verschiedene Hörmedien in Betracht. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich der nachfolgende Beitrag dem Einsatz von auditiven Medien in der Gesundheitskommunikation. Hierzu wird die historische Entwicklung der ausgewählten Hörmedien skizziert sowie eine Auswahl historischer wie aktueller gesundheitsbezogener Hörformate vorgestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird der Stellenwert auditiver Medien innerhalb der Gesundheitskommunikation diskutiert., Nowadays, health-related and health-relevant topics are addressed in a wide variety of ways. Within the media, classic print media and moving image formats are the dominant kind of media. Auditory media, such as radio or podcasts, has been used less. In recent years, however, individual health campaigns have repeatedly considered various audio media. Given this background the following article is dedicated to the application of auditory media in health communication. For this purpose, the historical development of the selected audio media is outlined and a selection of historical and current health-related audio formats are presented. Based on this, the significance of auditory media within health communication is discussed.

Much has been said about the impact of the Great Recession (2008-2009) on the conditions and foundations of democracy, especially in the Western world. But has it really been like this? Today we have various options to approach the comparative study of the state of democracy in the world through wide-ranging cross-sectional and longitudinal sections. Perhaps one of the most successful is that of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), whose approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy is to provide a data set that attempts to reflect the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of government that includes, but it goes beyond the simple presence of elections. For this reason, the V-Dem project collects data to measure different principles of democracy, one of which is the electoral one. In principle, the main finding of this documentary effort leads its authors to affirm that "autocratization", a word with which they call the decrease in democratic features, has accelerated in the world, particularly when the existing state at the time of The Great Recession will occur with the present situation in 2019. This has to be reflected in the state of the principles in the electoral question. Detailing the scope and characteristics of this loss of democratic features in general and its manifestation in the electoral sphere throughout this century and between two ten-year cuts (2000-2009 and 2010-2019) is the task that we propose to carry out in this paper. This, knowing that 2020 will represent a new watershed in the conditions for the development of democracy and elections in the world, given the experience of the "Great Confinement", with a practice and hopefully temporary suspension of electoral exercises in the world and a return uncertain at the polls in which the repercussions of this event will gradually be seen in the spirit of the electoral bodies of the world.

Das Institut für Europäische Geschichte Mainz und die Johannes Gutenberg-Universität veranstalteten im akademischen Jahr 2010/2011 im Rahmen des Studienprogramms des gemeinsamen Graduiertenkollegs "Die christlichen Kirchen vor der Herausforderung 'Europa' (1890 bis zur Gegenwart)" eine Vorlesungsreihe, die unter dem Titel "Die Kirchen in Europa: Denker und Querdenker". Die Vorträge gingen der Frage nach, wie sich kirchennahe Organisationen und ihre Entscheidungsträger zum Gedanken einer Einigung Europas positionierten und sich dem Prozess der europäischen Integration stellten. Der Fokus der Reihe richtete sich - als Pendant zu der ersten Ringvorlesung, die 2009-2010 stattfand und in einem Band "Die europäische Integration und die Kirchen. Akteure und Rezipienten" dokumentiert wurde - auf Persönlichkeiten und Gruppierungen, die in die Öffentlichkeit hineinwirkten und deren Meinungsbildung mitgestalteten. Der Band versammelt acht Beiträge von Kirchenhistorikern, Historikern und Politikwissenschaftlern. Die Beiträge decken einen langen Zeitraum ab und beleuchten in Fallbeispielen oder überblicksartig die Zeit vom ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert bis an die Schwelle der Gegenwart. Trotz eines gewissen Schwerpunkts im deutschsprachigen Raum wird der Blick auch nach Estland und Italien gelenkt. In Betracht kommen Gruppen, wie politische Parteien; Konfessionskirchen, wie z.B. das Luthertum, und Institutionen, wie der Heilige Stuhl. Vorgestellt werden aber auch und vor allem Einzelpersonen und deren Haltung, wobei auch hier das Spektrum sehr weit ist und von der "Prominenz" bis hin zu weniger bekannten "Einzelgängern" reicht.

Historische Prägungen beeinflussen noch immer politische und kirchenpolitische Ereignisse in der Ukraine. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie sich die Erfahrungen der Ukrainer mit den Wirkungen der Imperien, mit Revolutionen und mit kirchlicher Pluralität auf jenen Prozess auswirkten, der 2018 zur Proklamation der Autokephalie der Orthodoxie in der Ukraine führten und zu ihrer Bestätigung durch das Ökumenische Patriarchat 2020., Historical imprints still influence political and church political events in the Ukraine. The article shows how Ukrainians' experiences with the effects of the empires, revolutions and ecclesiastical plurality impacted on the process which led to the proclamation of the autocephaly of Orthodoxy in Ukraine in 2018 and its confirmation by the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2019.

Die Aufklärung über HIV und AIDS durch die Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) in Deutschland war wegweisend für die Renaissance gesellschaftsbezogener Reaktionsweisen auf Infektionskrankheiten in der Bundesrepublik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Im Zuge der Pandemie in den 1980er-Jahren entwickelten sich in Westdeutschland Konzepte und Grundlagen für die partizipative Aufklärung über Gesundheitsprobleme, die ihre sozialen Probleme in den Blick nehmen und nach 30 Jahren noch immer Anwendung finden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Evaluation von Gesundheitskommunikationskampagnen der Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung zu HIV und AIDS von 1987 bis 2017 mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Inhaltsanalyse untersucht, um deren These des evaluationsgestützten Lernens zu überprüfen. Abschließend wird diskutiert, inwiefern die Evaluationsstudien zu einer Weiterentwicklung der Aufklärungsarbeit und des Verständnisses für Kampagneneffekte beigetragen haben.

Much has been said about the impact of the Great Recession (2008-2009) on the conditions and foundations of democracy, especially in the Western world. But has it really been like this? Today we have various options to approach the comparative study of the state of democracy in the world through wide-ranging cross-sectional and longitudinal sections. Perhaps one of the most successful is that of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), whose approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy is to provide a data set that attempts to reflect the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of government that includes, but it goes beyond the simple presence of elections. For this reason, the V-Dem project collects data to measure different principles of democracy, one of which is the electoral one. In principle, the main finding of this documentary effort leads its authors to affirm that "autocratization", a word with which they call the decrease in democratic features, has accelerated in the world, particularly when the existing state at the time of The Great Recession will occur with the present situation in 2019. This has to be reflected in the state of the principles in the electoral question. Detailing the scope and characteristics of this loss of democratic features in general and its manifestation in the electoral sphere throughout this century and between two ten-year cuts (2000-2009 and 2010-2019) is the task that we propose to carry out in this paper. This, knowing that 2020 will represent a new watershed in the conditions for the development of democracy and elections in the world, given the experience of the Great Confinement, with a practice and hopefully temporary suspension of electoral exercises in the world and a return uncertain at the polls in which the repercussions of this event will gradually be seen in the spirit of the electoral bodies of the world.

This article focuses on Mexicans, socially perceived as poor, and the impact of social policy in force in the second decade of the 21st century, focused on improving the living conditions of the population, living in poverty and facing the national democratic process, which represents the alternative of change to the national conditions in Mexico. A country with social inequalities, where the lack of guaranteeing equal living conditions through institutional frameworks that guarantee opportunities and access to common satisfiers is evident. Therefore, in the midst of a democratization process, the State seeks to address the levels of precariousness. In the midst of the recognition of the basic needs to be met among those who are reviewing the renewed social policy of the 21st century, the need to strengthen the living conditions of the excluded is prioritized and in its consolidation process it would guarantee attention to poverty through institutional channels. This is the case of the social development law, which deals with a problem of productive order from a State vision. An analysis is carried out that seeks to identify the relationship between the effectiveness of current actions to combat the lack of attention to basic needs and the institutionalized discourse, which, according to the social research approach, strengthens the interest in conducting studies on social precariousness as a group characteristic; fueled by the political discourse, exalted by the government in turn of the poor first. In this case, it is the message that strengthens the need to analyze the way, in which poverty is measured based on the recognition of poverty lines, as an instrument that allows knowing the number of people in that condition, according to the levels of dissatisfaction of food needs and due to the low level of economic income (inability to consume a basic set of food goods) for rural and urban environments. Therefore, it seeks to measure the lack of food needs, without

The change of tasks in occupations is of interest to economic and sociological research from three perspectives. The task-based technological change approach describes tasks as the link between capital input and labor demand. In human capital theory, tasks are used to distinguish between general and specific human capital. Moreover, in institutional economics or sociology, it is argued that the specificity of occupations influences the marketability of the corresponding skills and tasks. However, data sources that illustrate task change within occupations are rare. The objective of this paper is therefore to introduce a task panel, which is created based on 16 cross-sectional surveys from between 1973 and 2011 of the German microcensus (Labor-Force-Survey), as an additional source to monitor task change. I present and discuss the harmonization method for eleven main activities that are exercised by the incumbents of the occupation within 176 occupational groups. To demonstrate the research potential of this novel data source, I develop an alternative theoretical view on the task-technology framework and classify the harmonized tasks according to their relationship to technological inventions in the third industrial (micro-electronic) revolution (technologically replaceable, technology-accompanying, technology-complementary and technologically neutral). Matching the task panel to an already existing Occupational Panel (OccPan) for Western Germany from 1976 to 2010, I can use fixed-effect regressions to show that changes of tasks within occupations correspond with theoretical expectations regarding the median wage growth of an occupation. The task panel can be matched to any data set containing a German classification of occupations from 1975, 1988 or 1992 to investigate further effects of task change on individual labor market success.

The authors deal with comparative aspects of contemporary authoritarianism. Authoritarian tendencies have appeared in several "old democracies" but their main successes take place in several states which departed from dictatorial regimes recently. The book contains case-studies of contemporary Hungarian, Kenyan, Polish, Russian and Turkish regimes.

Asking citizens "the way democracy works" is the basis of a wide literature on the support citizens have for their political institutions and is one of the most common survey items in political science. Moreover, it is a key indicator for the purported global decline in legitimacy. Yet, its trends, levels, and dynamics are still debated, and conclusions may be erroneous. In this paper, we compile a unique global dataset between 1973 and 2018 encompassing all major cross-national datasets and national election studies in twelve countries to study the dynamics and consistency of "satisfaction with democracy" (SWD) measures globally. Our results show that while trends and between-country differences in democratic satisfaction are largely similar, the levels of satisfaction vary substantially between survey projects, and both trends and levels vary significantly in several widely studied countries. We show that this has consequences at the individual level: opting for one survey over another may alter our conclusions about the relationship between key demographics and SWD. Thus, researchers studying SWD should endeavor to consult diverse survey sources and should be cautious about their conclusions when they do not, especially when it comes to making claims about changes in SWD over time.

Political responsiveness is highly unequal along class lines, which has triggered a lively debate about potential causes of this political inequality. What has remained largely unexplored in this debate are the structural economic conditions under which policymakers operate. In this contribution, we hypothesize that budgetary pressures affect both the level and the equality of political responsiveness. Using a dataset containing public opinion data on around 450 fiscal policy proposals in Germany between 1980 and 2016, we investigate whether policymakers are more responsive on issues with budgetary consequences under conditions of low fiscal pressure than under conditions of high fiscal pressure. We find that responsiveness indeed varies systematically with the degree of fiscal pressure and that policymakers are less responsive on fiscal issues when fiscal pressure is high. This holds for both left-wing and right-wing governments. In contrast, we do not find strong effects of fiscal pressure on political inequality: responsiveness is not more equal in fiscally more permissive times. However, since different types of policy proposals are adopted in times of high fiscal stress, unequal responsiveness has different policy implications in times of high and low fiscal pressure.

Die Geschichte der Oral History in China ist lang, vielschichtig und zuweilen turbulent. Dieser Überblicksartikel - eher eine journalistische Reportage als ein wissenschaftlicher Artikel - berichtet über einige Aspekte der Geschichte und Gegenwart der Oral History in China im zwanzigsten und frühen einundzwanzigsten Jahrhundert. Eine Grundannahme ist, dass ein historiographischer Zugang auch für Oral Historians in anderen Ländern von Interesse sein kann. Es wäre wünschenswert, wenn mit diesem Artikel eine Debatte unter Oral Historians über die nationale und internationale Bedeutung von Chinas langer Geschichte der Oral History angeregt werden kann, um so auch die aktuelle globale Praxis zu bereichern.

Symphony No. 1 is an original musical composition based on the events of the worldwide pandemic of 2020-2021. This work is written for piccolo, three flutes, two oboes, English horn, two clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns in F, four trumpets in B- flat, three trombones, bass trombone, tuba in BB-flat, timpani, triangle, wood block, slapstick, tambourine, suspended cymbal, piatti, metal and glass wind chimes, snare drum, bass drum, tubular bells, glockenspiel, xylophone, marimba, pianoforte, celesta, harp, violin I section, violin II section, viola section, violoncello section, and contrabass section. All themes are original and do not intentionally quote other works.All examples provided in the appendix are given in concert pitch (unless otherwise indicated).

The classicism of the literary canon is unquestionable, as well as the generalized disinterest of academia in the study of works of “low art,” those closest to the wider public. However, African American literature is undergoing a process of evolution in which genre fiction is predominating and marking the future of this ethnic literature. Following a theoretical framework based on Critical Race Theory and Black Feminism, this thesis analyzes the two novels written by the African American author Brit Bennett, The Mothers (2016) and The Vanishing Half (2020), locating them within the tradition of African American women’s fiction. This thesis aims to show the great literary relevance of genre fiction written in the twenty-first century through the rewriting of themes already present in canonical works, taking Bennett and her works as an example deserving of scholarly recognition., El clasicismo del canon literario es incuestionable, así como el generalizado desapego de la academia a estudiar obras de “arte bajo”, las más próximas al público. Sin embargo, la literatura afroamericana está sufriendo un proceso de evolución en el que es la ficción de género la que está predominando y marcando el futuro de dicha literatura étnica. Siguiendo un marco teórico basado en Teoría Crítica de la Raza y el Feminismo Negro, esta tesis analiza las dos novelas escritas por la autora afroamericana Brit Bennett, Las Madres (2016) y La Mitad Evanescente (2020), situándolas dentro de la tradición de la ficción afroamericana escrita por mujeres. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo demostrar la gran relevancia literaria de la ficción de género escrita en el siglo XXI a través de la reescritura de temas ya presentes en obras canónicas, tomando por ejemplo a Bennett y sus obras, y por ello siendo merecedora de reconocimiento académico., Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Máster en Estudios Ingleses Avanzados: Lenguas y Culturas en Contacto

How is dramatic character created and revealed? In this PhD by Published Works, “In and Out of Bounds: a playwright’s approach to character”, I return to four of my plays produced during a fifteen-year career in the UK professional theatre, placing them alongside work by visual artists, scholars and other playwrights, and argue that it is the boundaries, and importantly, movement back and forth at these boundaries, that define character. I explore bodily boundaries in relation to The Eleventh Capital (Royal Court Theatre, 2007), drawing on Julia Kristeva’s notion of the abject to think about how bodily waste suggests the fragility of the border. Are traces of a person still part of them? The sculptures of Rachel Whiteread and Doris Salcedo suggest ways to think about traces, how general or specific they can be in revealing who or what is absent. I use The Human Ear (Paines Plough, 2015) to think about a character’s temporal boundaries, with particular reference to Rebecca Schneider’s writings on reenactment. When does a character begin and end? What is dragged from the past into the present? I explore rhythm as being the manner of flowing from past into present and back again. I question the boundaries between genres in Never Vera Blue (Futures Theatre, 2018) and how the movement between conscious fictions and real events might help shape character. Finally, I examine boundaries of scale and significance in The Tyler Sisters (Hampstead Theatre, 2019), in which the audience is invited to move towards and away from the characters, to put them in a context, whether that be the growing span of the characters’ lives or the global stage. The thesis explores how this never static, fluid thing we call character is created and revealed anew each time at the meeting of text, performance and audience response (both collective and individual), always in motion at the edges, as one thing meets another.

The article presents two recreations of the mythical Don Juan, proposed by contemporary authors: Jerónimo López Mozo (1942) and Jean-Marc Lanteri (1962) in their theatrical works: D.J. (1986) and Initiales D.J. (2004), respectively. The two playwrights reinvent the Don Juan character, whom they both call "D.J". Despite having the same name, the protagonists of these re-readings of the Don Juan theme do not appear to have many characteristics in common, nor similar life experiences. There is, however, something that unites them: they both feel a yearning for the ideal, for the absolute, which they cannot satisfy and which moves them to undertake a dangerous and eternal search for their respective ideals. Whatever the ideal pursued, this search is presented as condemned to end in failure. Don Juan by López Mozo seeks absolute pleasure; his French namesake longs for absolute suffering, a pain ‘beyond the reach of men’, which he considers as a measure to soothe another pain he has felt since he was a child, believing himself to be the victim of a lack of family affection, a lack that he tries to fulfill by awakening the concern and compassion in family and objects of affection, to whom he offers the spectacle of his eternal suffering. The two seekers of the absolute, who suggest one of the variants of the Don Juan character, who invented Romanticism, pursue their respective ideals and although they do not achieve them, they do not give up; they fail, but they endure, invincible like the myth of Don Juan itself., El artículo presenta las recreaciones del mítico Don Juan, que dos autores contemporáneos: Jerónimo López Mozo (1942) y Jean-Marc Lanteri (1962) proponen en sus obras teatrales: D.J. (1986) e Initiales D.J. (2004), respectivamente. Los dramaturgos reinventan al personaje donjuanesco al que ambos llaman “D.J”. A pesar de tener el mismo nombre, los protagonistas de dichas relecturas del tema de Don Juan no parecen poseer muchas características en común, tampoco experiencias vitales semejantes. Sin embargo, hay algo que les une: ambos sienten pues una sed de ideal, de absoluto, la que no llegan a saciar y la que les mueve a emprender una búsqueda, peligrosa y eterna, de sus respectivos ideales. Cual que sea el ideal perseguido, esa búsqueda se presenta como condenada a acabar en fracaso. El Don Juan de López Mozo busca un placer absoluto; su homónimo francés desea un sufrimiento absoluto, un dolor “fuera del alcance de los hombres”, al que ve como una medida para calmar otro dolor que siente desde niño, creyéndose víctima de la falta de afecto familiar ‒ una falta que intenta completar despertando la inquietud y compasión de las personas cercanas a las que ofrece el espectáculo de su eterno sufrimiento. Esos buscadores de absoluto, que hacen pensar en una de las variantes del personaje donjuanesco, que inventó el romanticismo, persiguen sus respectivos ideales y aunque no los alcanzan, no se rinden; fracasan, pero perduran, invencibles como el mismo mito de Don Juan.

The classicism of the literary canon is unquestionable, as well as the generalized disinterest of academia in the study of works of “low art,” those closest to the wider public. However, African American literature is undergoing a process of evolution in which genre fiction is predominating and marking the future of this ethnic literature. Following a theoretical framework based on Critical Race Theory and Black Feminism, this thesis analyzes the two novels written by the African American author Brit Bennett, The Mothers (2016) and The Vanishing Half (2020), locating them within the tradition of African American women’s fiction. This thesis aims to show the great literary relevance of genre fiction written in the twenty-first century through the rewriting of themes already present in canonical works, taking Bennett and her works as an example deserving of scholarly recognition., El clasicismo del canon literario es incuestionable, así como el generalizado desapego de la academia a estudiar obras de “arte bajo”, las más próximas al público. Sin embargo, la literatura afroamericana está sufriendo un proceso de evolución en el que es la ficción de género la que está predominando y marcando el futuro de dicha literatura étnica. Siguiendo un marco teórico basado en Teoría Crítica de la Raza y el Feminismo Negro, esta tesis analiza las dos novelas escritas por la autora afroamericana Brit Bennett, Las Madres (2016) y La Mitad Evanescente (2020), situándolas dentro de la tradición de la ficción afroamericana escrita por mujeres. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo demostrar la gran relevancia literaria de la ficción de género escrita en el siglo XXI a través de la reescritura de temas ya presentes en obras canónicas, tomando por ejemplo a Bennett y sus obras, y por ello siendo merecedora de reconocimiento académico., Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Máster en Estudios Ingleses Avanzados: Lenguas y Culturas en Contacto

This article seeks to revisit the French social space 30 years after Pierre Bourdieu first mapped it in Distinction. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme, it deploys geometric data analysis to construct a model of the space of class positions that is remarkably similar in its structure to that presented by Bourdieu despite three decades of economic transformation. The relationship with occupational groups and geographical space is also familiar, though gender and, to a greater extent, age are perhaps more prominent than when Bourdieu was writing. The article then goes on to demonstrate the multidimensional nature of symbolic violence, in the form of perception of one’s place, and the manner in which social reproduction is misrecognised. On the latter point, it transpires that while there is recognition of unfair advantage, not only is faith in meritocracy the prevailing view but the dominated are the most likely to deny that having educated parents makes a difference to whether one ‘gets ahead’ or not.

In der BAMF-Kurzanalyse 1|2021 wird untersucht, wie sich die Lebenssituationen von jungen geflüchteten Frauen und Männern zwischen 2016 und 2018 entwickelt haben. Es werden Veränderungen im Erwerbs-, Bildungs- und Familienstatus der jungen Geflüchteten berücksichtigt. Die Autorin analysierte Daten der ersten drei Erhebungswellen der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten aus den Jahren 2016, 2017 und 2018. Im Zentrum der Kurzanalyse steht die Entwicklung der Lebenssituationen von jungen Geflüchteten, die bei Einreise in Deutschland zwischen 18 und 25 Jahre alt waren. Es werden Umstände und Bedingungen bei Ankunft in Deutschland sowie das Einleben in Deutschland näher betrachtet. Um das Einleben der jungen Geflüchteten in Deutschland zu erfassen, werden neben Entwicklungen im aufenthaltsrechtlichen Status auch Veränderungen in der Wohn- und Familiensituation sowie dem Bildungs- und Erwerbsstatus nachgezeichnet. Zudem wird untersucht, inwieweit sich die Entwicklungen bei jungen Geflüchteten mit denen von gleichaltrigen in Deutschland geborenen jungen Erwachsenen sowie von älteren Geflüchteten ähneln. Abschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie junge geflüchtete Frauen und Männer 2018 ihren Alltag gestaltet haben., BAMF Brief Analysis 1|2021 examines how the life situations of young female and male refugees have developed between 2016 and 2018. It takes account of changes in the employment, education and family status of young refugees. The author analysed data from the first three waves of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey from 2016, 2017 and 2018. The Brief Analysis focuses on developments in the life situations of young refugees who were between 18 and 25 years old when they arrived in Germany. Circumstances and conditions on arrival, as well as their adjustment to life in Germany, are investigated. To record the adjustment of the young refugees in Germany, changes in their housing and family situations, as well as in their educational, employment and legal status are examined. In addition, it is analysed to what extent the developments of young refugees are similar to those of young adults of the same age born in Germany or of older displaced persons. Finally, the question is investigated of how young female and male refugees organised their everyday lives in 2018.

Die BAMF-Kurzanalyse 5|2021 gibt einen Einblick in die Sozialstruktur, die Umstände des Ankommens sowie die Lebenssituationen von in Deutschland lebenden Geflüchteten im Alter von 45 Jahren und älter. Vorwiegend auf Basis der 3. Welle der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten aus dem Jahr 2018 untersucht die Autorin die Zusammensetzung der Gruppe der Geflüchteten im Alter von 45 Jahren und älter, die hauptsächlich zwischen 2013 und 2016 nach Deutschland kamen, hinsichtlich des Geschlechts, Alters und der Herkunftsländer. Zudem werden ihre Ankunft und das Einleben in Deutschland betrachtet, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der familiären und sozialen Situation liegt. Zuletzt werden auch die Sorgen und Zufriedenheit dieser Personengruppe in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen beleuchtet., BAMF Brief Analysis 5|2021 provides an overview of the social structure, the circumstances of arrival, as well as the situations faced by refugees aged 45 and older living in Germany. Largely on the basis of the 3rd wave of the IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey of refugees from 2018, the author studies the composition of the group of refugees aged 45 and older, most of whom came to Germany between 2013 and 2016, with regard to their gender, age, and countries of origin. Further, the study analyses the circumstances of their arrival and how they have settled in Germany, thereby paying special attention to their family and social situations. Finally, the concerns and the level of satisfaction of this group of individuals in various areas of life are also examined.

As such, the Scandinavian model holds considerable military and political promise to ensure the armed forces’ access to competent and motivated soldiers, while at the same time garnering high levels of support among both politicians and the population. However, this model also entails inherent tensions and challenges to full implementation that policy-makers and military representatives need to consider when advocating for it: Most prominently, the analysis suggests that the model and its public support is dependent on continued efforts by the armed forces to become an inclusive and attractive professional and educational institution for all. These efforts may include marketing the armed forces in ways which signal that a diversity of young people is welcome and valued within the institution. Yet, it must also include efforts at institutional change and concrete policy initiatives. With regards to gender equality, it is pivotal to ensure that the drafting and selection process - but also the work environment within the armed forces - does not discriminate against women as a group. This entails making sure, for example, that women conscripts are provided with fitting uniforms and equipment. Moreover, given that the model is dependent on making military service competitive and therefore attractive to young people, attempts by the Government to considerably increase the number of people selected for service each year may pose a threat to the ambition of keeping military service voluntary in principle. Countries interested in increasing public support for conscription and implementing a gender-equal, democratic and ultimately modern draft system by adopting the Scandinavian model should therefore pay close attention to these challenges and tensions emerging in the Swedish context.

This paper argues that the case of product differentiation of concentrated markets (i.e., innovation competition) is one where production per unit of profit of non-financial corporations is lower than in competitive mass production and profit share is not an increasing function of capacity utilisation. Rather the desired excess capacity is higher compared since the break-even point where total costs and revenues equalize tends to be lower. The argument is supported with descriptive annual data for the period 1947-2019 in the USA.

This study focuses on the collection and interpretation of English material magic by English museums in the modern era. Based on a survey of English amulets in English museums, the thesis addresses the question ‘how have museum collections of English popular magic materialised relations between people and things in practice?’ Melding two academic perspectives — historical interpretations of English magic and analyses of ethnographic collections — it contributes to both fields of study. Theoretical approaches from material culture studies, museology, anthropology and history are used. Building on four areas of current academic concern — magic, modernity, materiality and museums — the thesis explores four themes: changing attitudes to magic, shifting attitudes to the material world, the growth and definition of academic disciplines, and relationships between amateurism and professionalism. The thesis' temporal scope extends from 1850 to the present, with a focus on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when most of the collections were amassed, and on their re-interpretation in the second half of the twentieth century. Taking English amulets as its starting point, the thesis examines why and how these have been juxtaposed with artefacts from the rest of Britain, Europe and the world. It investigates networks of institutions, people, objects and ideas which formed and were formed by the collections. The study pivots around a number of key case studies, both of people who collected and interpreted amulets and of institutions that assembled them. Institutions encompass the Pitt Rivers Museum, Folklore Society, Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Brighton Museum, and Museum of Witchcraft and Magic; individuals include General Pitt-Rivers, Edward Burnett Tylor, Frederick Elworthy, Edward Lovett, Henry Balfour, Alfred Cort Haddon, Herbert Toms, Beatrice Blackwood and Cecil Williamson. The thesis concludes that collections of English mate

The effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) of models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) has increased relative to CMIP5. We explore the implications of this for global mean sea-level (GMSL) change projections in 2100 for three emissions scenarios. CMIP6 projections of global surface air temperature are substantially higher than in CMIP5, but projections of global mean thermal expansion are not. Using these projections as input to construct projections of GMSL change with IPCC AR5 methods, the 95th percentile of GMSL change at 2100 only increases by 3–7 cm. Projected rates of GMSL rise around 2100 increase more strongly, though, implying more pronounced differences beyond 2100 and greater committed sea-level rise. Intermodel differences in GMSL projections indicate that EffCS-based model selection may substantially alter the ensemble projections. GMSL change in 2100 is accurately predicted by time-integrated temperature change, and thus requires reducing emissions early to be mitigated., Physical and Space Geodesy, Environmental Fluid Mechanics

Background: Sedentary behaviour (SB) has been identified as an important mortality risk factor. Health organizations have recognised SB as a public health challenge with major health, social, and economic consequences. Researchers have alerted the need to develop specific strategies, to monitor, prevent, and reduce SB. However, there is no systematic analysis of the SB changes in European Union adults. We aimed to examine SB changes between 2002 and 2017 in the European Union (EU) adult population. Methods: SB prevalence (>4h30mins of sitting time/day) of 96,004 adults as a whole sample and country-by-country was analysed in 2002, 2005, 2013, and 2017 of the Sport and Physical Activity EU Special Eurobarometers’ data. The SB question of a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was considered. SB prevalence between countries and within years was analysed with a χ2 test, and SB between genders was analysed with the Z-Score test for two population proportions. Results: An association between the SB prevalence and the years was found (p < 0.001), with increases for the whole sample (2002: 49.3%, 48.5–50.0 95% confidence interval (CI); 2017: 54.5%, 53.9–55.0 95% CI) and men (2002: 51.2%, 50.0–52.4 95% CI; 2017: 55.8%, 55.0–56.7 95% CI) and women (2002: 47.6%, 46.6–48.7 95% CI; 2017: 53.4%, 52.6–54.1 95% CI) separately. The adjusted standardised residuals showed an increase in the observed prevalence versus the expected during 2013 and 2017 for the whole sample and women and during 2017 for men. For all years, differences were observed in the SB prevalence between countries for the whole sample, and men and women separately (p < 0.001). Besides, the SB prevalence was always higher in men versus women in the overall EU sample (p < 0.001). Conclusions: SB prevalence increased between 2002 and 2017 for the EU as a whole and for both sexes separately. Additionally, differences in SB prevalence were observed for all years between EU countries

Methodological innovations have a special status in disciplinary histories, because they can be widely adopted and anonymised. In the 1950s, this occurred to Georges Laplace's innovative use of 3-dimensional metric Cartesian coordinate system to record the positions of archaeological objects. This paper proposes a conceptual and social history of this process, with a focus on its spatial context, the Pyrenean region (Spain, Basque Country, and France). Main results of this research based on archives, publications, and bibliometric data, include: 1) a critical discussion of the notions concerning authorship of such methodological innovations; 2) a presentation of the lesser-known aspects of Laplace’s method, showing its contribution to the abstraction and formalisation of archaeological observations and data recording; and 3) the identification of an international Pyrenean intellectual lineage of innovation regarding stratigraphy and excavation methods, from the late 19th century to the early 21th century., Les innovations méthodologiques, pouvant être largement adoptées et anonymisées, possèdent un statut particulier dans les historiographies disciplinaires. Ce fut le cas du système de coordonnées Cartésiens métriques employé dès les années 1950 par Georges Laplace pour enregistrer la position des objets archéologiques. Fondé sur ce cas, et accordant une attention particulière à son contexte spatial - l’espace international pyrénéen (Espagne, Pays Basque, France) - cet article propose une histoire conceptuelle et sociale de ce processus. Les résultats de cette recherche, basée sur les publications, des archives, et des données bibliométriques, comprennent : 1) une approche critique de l’attribution d’autorité dans le cas des innovations méthodologiques ; 2) l’analyse d’aspects plus méconnus de la méthode Laplace, et leur contribution au processus d’abstraction et de formalisation des observations et de l’enregistrement des données en archéologie ; 3) la mise en évidence, de la fin du XIXe siècle au début du XXIe siècle, d’un lignage pyrénéen international d’innovation., Las innovaciones metodológicas, que pueden ser ampliamente adoptadas y anonimizadas, tienen un estatus especial en las historiografías disciplinarias. Así, desde los años 1950, Georges Laplace ha utilizado un sistema de coordenadas métricas cartesianas para registrar la posición de los objetos arqueológicos. A partir de este caso, y prestando especial atención a su contexto espacial - el espacio pirenaico internacional (España, País Vasco, Francia) -, este artículo propone una historia conceptual y social de este proceso. Los resultados de esta investigación, basada en publicaciones, archivos y datos bibliométricos, incluyen: 1) un enfoque crítico del reconocimiento de la autoría en el caso de las innovaciones metodológicas; 2) el análisis de los aspectos menos conocidos del método Laplace, y su contribución al proceso de abstracción y formalización tanto de las observaciones como del registrode datos arqueologícos; 3) la identificación, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta principios del siglo XXI, de un linaje pirenaico internacional de innovación.

Public health in twenty-first century Ghana is mired with several issues ranging from the inadequacy of public health facilities, improper settlement planning, insanitary conditions, and the inadequacy of laws and their implementation. This situation compared to the colonial era is a direct contradiction. Development in the pre-colonial era to the colonial era sought to make the prevention of diseases a priority in the colonial administration. This was begun with the establishment of the health branch in 1909 as a response to the bubonic plague that was fast spreading in the colony. From here public health policies and strategies were enacted to help the diseases prevention cause. Various public health boards, the medical research institute or the laboratory branch, the waste management department, the use of preventive medicine and maintenance of good settlement planning and sanitation were public health measures in the colonial era. This research seeks to analyse the public health system in the colonial era so as to draw basic lessons for twenty-first century Ghana. Archival data and other secondary sources are reviewed and analysed to help draw these lessons. Richard Rose’s lesson-drawing approach was used to draw the lessons.