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This article explores wood-fiber-based fabrics containing Lyocell yarn in the warp and Spinnova–Lyocell (60%/40%) yarn in the weft, which are used to form unidirectional all-cellulose composites (ACC) through partial dilution in a NaOH–urea solution. The aim is to investigate the role of the yarn orientation in composites, which was conducted by measuring the tensile properties in both the 0° and 90° directions. As a reference, thermoplastic biocomposites were prepared from the same fabrics, with biobased polypropylene (PP) as the matrix. We also compared the mechanical and thermal properties of the ACC and PP biocomposites. The following experiments were carried out: tensile test, TGA, DSC, DMA, water absorption test and SEM. The study found no significant difference in tensile strength regarding the Spinnova–Lyocell orientation between ACC and PP biocomposites, while the composite tensile strength was clearly higher in the warp (Lyocell) direction for both composite variants. Elongation at break doubled in ACC in the Lyocell direction compared with the other samples. Thermal analysis showed that mass reduction started at a lower temperature for ACC, but the thermal stability was higher compared with the PP biocomposites. Maximum thermal degradation temperature was measured as being 352 °C for ACC and 466 °C for neat PP, and the PP biocomposites had two peaks in the same temperature range (340–474 °C) as ACC and neat PP combined. ACCs absorbed 93% of their own dry weight in water in just one hour, whereas the PP biocomposites BC2 and BC4 absorbed only 10% and 6%, respectively. The study highlights the different properties of ACC and PP reference biocomposites that could lead to further development and research of commercial applications for ACC.

This article explores wood-fiber-based fabrics containing Lyocell yarn in the warp and Spinnova–Lyocell (60%/40%) yarn in the weft, which are used to form unidirectional all-cellulose composites (ACC) through partial dilution in a NaOH–urea solution. The aim is to investigate the role of the yarn orientation in composites, which was conducted by measuring the tensile properties in both the 0° and 90° directions. As a reference, thermoplastic biocomposites were prepared from the same fabrics, with biobased polypropylene (PP) as the matrix. We also compared the mechanical and thermal properties of the ACC and PP biocomposites. The following experiments were carried out: tensile test, TGA, DSC, DMA, water absorption test and SEM. The study found no significant difference in tensile strength regarding the Spinnova–Lyocell orientation between ACC and PP biocomposites, while the composite tensile strength was clearly higher in the warp (Lyocell) direction for both composite variants. Elongation at break doubled in ACC in the Lyocell direction compared with the other samples. Thermal analysis showed that mass reduction started at a lower temperature for ACC, but the thermal stability was higher compared with the PP biocomposites. Maximum thermal degradation temperature was measured as being 352 °C for ACC and 466 °C for neat PP, and the PP biocomposites had two peaks in the same temperature range (340–474 °C) as ACC and neat PP combined. ACCs absorbed 93% of their own dry weight in water in just one hour, whereas the PP biocomposites BC2 and BC4 absorbed only 10% and 6%, respectively. The study highlights the different properties of ACC and PP reference biocomposites that could lead to further development and research of commercial applications for ACC.

This article explores wood-fiber-based fabrics containing Lyocell yarn in the warp and Spinnova–Lyocell (60%/40%) yarn in the weft, which are used to form unidirectional all-cellulose composites (ACC) through partial dilution in a NaOH–urea solution. The aim is to investigate the role of the yarn orientation in composites, which was conducted by measuring the tensile properties in both the 0° and 90° directions. As a reference, thermoplastic biocomposites were prepared from the same fabrics, with biobased polypropylene (PP) as the matrix. We also compared the mechanical and thermal properties of the ACC and PP biocomposites. The following experiments were carried out: tensile test, TGA, DSC, DMA, water absorption test and SEM. The study found no significant difference in tensile strength regarding the Spinnova–Lyocell orientation between ACC and PP biocomposites, while the composite tensile strength was clearly higher in the warp (Lyocell) direction for both composite variants. Elongation at break doubled in ACC in the Lyocell direction compared with the other samples. Thermal analysis showed that mass reduction started at a lower temperature for ACC, but the thermal stability was higher compared with the PP biocomposites. Maximum thermal degradation temperature was measured as being 352 °C for ACC and 466 °C for neat PP, and the PP biocomposites had two peaks in the same temperature range (340–474 °C) as ACC and neat PP combined. ACCs absorbed 93% of their own dry weight in water in just one hour, whereas the PP biocomposites BC2 and BC4 absorbed only 10% and 6%, respectively. The study highlights the different properties of ACC and PP reference biocomposites that could lead to further development and research of commercial applications for ACC.

The use of waste wood flour as polymer reinforcements has recently gained popularity because of its environmental benefits. The goal of this research is to determine the thermal properties of a waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composite made via extrusion. The fillers were melt compounded with polyamide 6 at filler concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% using a twin screw extruder, followed by compression molding. The processability of waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composite was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA). According to the TGA analysis, the thermal stability of the composites decreases as the natural fiber content increases. The onset temperature of rapid thermal deterioration was reduced somewhat from 425 °C (neat PA6) to 405 °C (15 wt% wood flour). According to the DSC results, the addition of natural fibers resulted in quantify changes in the glass transition (Tg), melting (Tm), and crystallization temperature (Tc) of the PA6 composites. The storage modulus from the DMA study increased from 1177 MPa (neat PA6) to 1531 MPa due to the reinforcing effects of wood flour (15 wt%). Waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composites offer advantageous thermal properties, enabling us to profit from the strengthening potential of such cellulosic reinforcements while remaining recyclable and generally renewable.

The use of waste wood flour as polymer reinforcements has recently gained popularity because of its environmental benefits. The goal of this research is to determine the thermal properties of a waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composite made via extrusion. The fillers were melt compounded with polyamide 6 at filler concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% using a twin screw extruder, followed by compression molding. The processability of waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composite was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA). According to the TGA analysis, the thermal stability of the composites decreases as the natural fiber content increases. The onset temperature of rapid thermal deterioration was reduced somewhat from 425 °C (neat PA6) to 405 °C (15 wt% wood flour). According to the DSC results, the addition of natural fibers resulted in quantify changes in the glass transition (Tg), melting (Tm), and crystallization temperature (Tc) of the PA6 composites. The storage modulus from the DMA study increased from 1177 MPa (neat PA6) to 1531 MPa due to the reinforcing effects of wood flour (15 wt%). Waste wood flour/polyamide 6 composites offer advantageous thermal properties, enabling us to profit from the strengthening potential of such cellulosic reinforcements while remaining recyclable and generally renewable.

In this study, the effects of oxidized polypropylene, as a compatibilizer, and Nano-clay particles in improving the thermal properties of wood plastic composites are investigated. For this purpose, polypropylene polymer was oxidized in the vicinity of the air oxygen for 2 hours. Then, in order to produce the samples, Nano-clay particles at three levels (0%, 2% and 4%) were mixed with wood fibers, polypropylene polymer and the compatibilizer. Finally, the samples with thickness of 2mm and dimensions of 15×15cm were made by using hot press. For more precise investigation, the morphology of wood plastic composites was studied by using X-rays diffraction and electronic microscope images. Thermal properties of the composites were evaluated through thermal and differential analyses. The results of the thermal tests demonstrated that the addition of oxidized polypropylene and Nano-clay particles significantly improve the thermal properties of wood plastic composites. Furthermore, increment of Nano-clay particles content additionally improves thermal stability of the composites and also reduces the released heat amount during the thermal degradation. In addition, TEM images showed that the dispersion of Nano-clay particles in the composite has an intercalation structure. This subject also verified by the X-rays diffraction and it is an evidence of better thermal stability of the achieved wood plastic composites.

In this study, the effects of oxidized polypropylene, as a compatibilizer, and Nano-clay particles in improving the thermal properties of wood plastic composites are investigated. For this purpose, polypropylene polymer was oxidized in the vicinity of the air oxygen for 2 hours. Then, in order to produce the samples, Nano-clay particles at three levels (0%, 2% and 4%) were mixed with wood fibers, polypropylene polymer and the compatibilizer. Finally, the samples with thickness of 2mm and dimensions of 15×15cm were made by using hot press. For more precise investigation, the morphology of wood plastic composites was studied by using X-rays diffraction and electronic microscope images. Thermal properties of the composites were evaluated through thermal and differential analyses. The results of the thermal tests demonstrated that the addition of oxidized polypropylene and Nano-clay particles significantly improve the thermal properties of wood plastic composites. Furthermore, increment of Nano-clay particles content additionally improves thermal stability of the composites and also reduces the released heat amount during the thermal degradation. In addition, TEM images showed that the dispersion of Nano-clay particles in the composite has an intercalation structure. This subject also verified by the X-rays diffraction and it is an evidence of better thermal stability of the achieved wood plastic composites.

In this study, the effects of oxidized polypropylene, as a compatibilizer, and Nano-clay particles in improving the thermal properties of wood plastic composites are investigated. For this purpose, polypropylene polymer was oxidized in the vicinity of the air oxygen for 2 hours. Then, in order to produce the samples, Nano-clay particles at three levels (0%, 2% and 4%) were mixed with wood fibers, polypropylene polymer and the compatibilizer. Finally, the samples with thickness of 2mm and dimensions of 15×15cm were made by using hot press. For more precise investigation, the morphology of wood plastic composites was studied by using X-rays diffraction and electronic microscope images. Thermal properties of the composites were evaluated through thermal and differential analyses. The results of the thermal tests demonstrated that the addition of oxidized polypropylene and Nano-clay particles significantly improve the thermal properties of wood plastic composites. Furthermore, increment of Nano-clay particles content additionally improves thermal stability of the composites and also reduces the released heat amount during the thermal degradation. In addition, TEM images showed that the dispersion of Nano-clay particles in the composite has an intercalation structure. This subject also verified by the X-rays diffraction and it is an evidence of better thermal stability of the achieved wood plastic composites.

In this study, the effects of oxidized polypropylene, as a compatibilizer, and Nano-clay particles in improving the thermal properties of wood plastic composites are investigated. For this purpose, polypropylene polymer was oxidized in the vicinity of the air oxygen for 2 hours. Then, in order to produce the samples, Nano-clay particles at three levels (0%, 2% and 4%) were mixed with wood fibers, polypropylene polymer and the compatibilizer. Finally, the samples with thickness of 2mm and dimensions of 15×15cm were made by using hot press. For more precise investigation, the morphology of wood plastic composites was studied by using X-rays diffraction and electronic microscope images. Thermal properties of the composites were evaluated through thermal and differential analyses. The results of the thermal tests demonstrated that the addition of oxidized polypropylene and Nano-clay particles significantly improve the thermal properties of wood plastic composites. Furthermore, increment of Nano-clay particles content additionally improves thermal stability of the composites and also reduces the released heat amount during the thermal degradation. In addition, TEM images showed that the dispersion of Nano-clay particles in the composite has an intercalation structure. This subject also verified by the X-rays diffraction and it is an evidence of better thermal stability of the achieved wood plastic composites.

The aim of this study was to investigate some of the physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of wood flour and cellulose fiber filled polypropylene composites. Polypropylene as a polymer matrix and wood fl our and cellulose fibers were used as reinforcing fillers to prepare the composites by using a single screw extruder. Physical properties such as density, mechanical properties such as flexure strength and flexure modulus, tensile strength and tensile modulus, and impact strength, thermal behavior with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), and morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the composites were determined. The density of the composites was found to increase with the addition of fillers. The mechanical properties of the composites showed that the flexure and tensile strength for the composites with wood flour was higher than the composites with cellulose fibers, whereas flexure and tensile modulus, and impact strength for the composites with cellulose fibers was found to have higher values as compared to the composites with wood flour. SEM pictures showed that particles and fibers dispersed to different locations in polypropylene matrix. According to the TGA results, thermal degradation of all the composites was found to be lower compared to neat polymer., Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati neka fizikalna, mehanička, toplinska i morfološka svojstva polipropilenskih kompozita s drvnim brašnom ili celuloznim vlaknima kao punilom. Polipropilen kao polimerna matrica te drvno brašno ili celulozna vlakna kao punilo za ojačanje upotrijebljeni su za izradu kompozita uz pomoć jednostrukoga vijčastog ekstrudera. Istraživanjem su određena fizikalna svojstva kompozita, npr. gustoća, te mehanička svojstva kao što su čvrstoća pri savijanju i modul savitljivosti, vlačna čvrstoća i modul elastičnosti te savojna žilavost. Usto je termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA/DTA) ispitano toplinsko ponašanje kompozita, a skeniranjem elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM) napravljena je morfološka karakterizacija uzorka. Utvrđeno je da se dodatkom punila gustoća kompozita povećava. Rezultati ispitivanja mehaničkih svojstava pokazali su da su čvrstoća pri savijanju i vlačna čvrstoća kompozita s drvnim brašnom veće od čvrstoće kompozita s celuloznim vlaknima, dok su vrijednosti modula savitljivosti, modula elastičnosti i savojne žilavosti veće za kompozite s celuloznim vlaknima nego za kompozite s drvnim brašnom kao punilom. SEM slike pokazuju da se čestice drvnog brašna i celulozna vlakna raspršuju na različite lokacije u polipropilenskoj matrici. Prema rezultatima TGA analize, utvrđeno je da je toplinska degradacija kompozita s drvnim brašnom ili celuloznim vlaknima kao punilom manja od degradacije kompozita s čistim polimerom.

The aim of this study was to investigate some of the physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of wood flour and cellulose fiber filled polypropylene composites. Polypropylene as a polymer matrix and wood fl our and cellulose fibers were used as reinforcing fillers to prepare the composites by using a single screw extruder. Physical properties such as density, mechanical properties such as flexure strength and flexure modulus, tensile strength and tensile modulus, and impact strength, thermal behavior with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), and morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the composites were determined. The density of the composites was found to increase with the addition of fillers. The mechanical properties of the composites showed that the flexure and tensile strength for the composites with wood flour was higher than the composites with cellulose fibers, whereas flexure and tensile modulus, and impact strength for the composites with cellulose fibers was found to have higher values as compared to the composites with wood flour. SEM pictures showed that particles and fibers dispersed to different locations in polypropylene matrix. According to the TGA results, thermal degradation of all the composites was found to be lower compared to neat polymer., Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati neka fizikalna, mehanička, toplinska i morfološka svojstva polipropilenskih kompozita s drvnim brašnom ili celuloznim vlaknima kao punilom. Polipropilen kao polimerna matrica te drvno brašno ili celulozna vlakna kao punilo za ojačanje upotrijebljeni su za izradu kompozita uz pomoć jednostrukoga vijčastog ekstrudera. Istraživanjem su određena fizikalna svojstva kompozita, npr. gustoća, te mehanička svojstva kao što su čvrstoća pri savijanju i modul savitljivosti, vlačna čvrstoća i modul elastičnosti te savojna žilavost. Usto je termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA/DTA) ispitano toplinsko ponašanje kompozita, a skeniranjem elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM) napravljena je morfološka karakterizacija uzorka. Utvrđeno je da se dodatkom punila gustoća kompozita povećava. Rezultati ispitivanja mehaničkih svojstava pokazali su da su čvrstoća pri savijanju i vlačna čvrstoća kompozita s drvnim brašnom veće od čvrstoće kompozita s celuloznim vlaknima, dok su vrijednosti modula savitljivosti, modula elastičnosti i savojne žilavosti veće za kompozite s celuloznim vlaknima nego za kompozite s drvnim brašnom kao punilom. SEM slike pokazuju da se čestice drvnog brašna i celulozna vlakna raspršuju na različite lokacije u polipropilenskoj matrici. Prema rezultatima TGA analize, utvrđeno je da je toplinska degradacija kompozita s drvnim brašnom ili celuloznim vlaknima kao punilom manja od degradacije kompozita s čistim polimerom.

Получены зависимости изменения температуры на поверхности и внутри древесины во времени. Определены закономерности изменения тепловых коэффициентов древесины во времени при прогреве. Dependences of change of temperature on a surface and in wood in time are received. Regularities of change of thermal factors of wood in time are defined at heating up

Thermophysical characteristics of pine wood were investigated by the complex method. Dependencies that reflect the temperature changes character on the surface and inside the wood with time were received. Change principles of the thermal conductivity coefficient, of specific heat, temperature conductivity coefficient of wood with time when heated in unsaturated environment.

The high temperature possibilities of wood through treatment of various types and its applications are the basis of this annotated bibliography. High temperature is defined as anything up to 1500 deg F, including char. Laminated wood and plywood were investigated, too.

Effect of zeolite content on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of wood plastic composites was investigated in this study. To meet this objective, pine wood flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%) with compatibilizing agent, zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%), and polypropylene were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. Physical and mechanical, and thermal (Thermogravimetry Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) properties of the wood plastic composites were determined. The water absorption and thickness swelling properties of wood plastic composites improved with increasing zeolite content. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. All the wood plastic composites provided the values of flexural strength (58,4-72,9 MPa) and flexural modulus (2718-5024 MPa) that were well over the requirement by the standard specified in ASTM D 6662. The mass loss rates values of wood plastic composites increased with increasing zeolite contents. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies and degree of crystallization of wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. The decrease in the Tc and Xc indicated that zeolite was the poor nucleating agent for the wood plastic composites.

Effect of zeolite content on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of wood plastic composites was investigated in this study. To meet this objective, pine wood flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%) with compatibilizing agent, zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%), and polypropylene were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. Physical and mechanical, and thermal (Thermogravimetry Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) properties of the wood plastic composites were determined. The water absorption and thickness swelling properties of wood plastic composites improved with increasing zeolite content. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. All the wood plastic composites provided the values of flexural strength (58,4-72,9 MPa) and flexural modulus (2718-5024 MPa) that were well over the requirement by the standard specified in ASTM D 6662. The mass loss rates values of wood plastic composites increased with increasing zeolite contents. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies and degree of crystallization of wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. The decrease in the Tc and Xc indicated that zeolite was the poor nucleating agent for the wood plastic composites.

Effect of zeolite content on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of wood plastic composites was investigated in this study. To meet this objective, pine wood flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%) with compatibilizing agent, zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%), and polypropylene were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. Physical and mechanical, and thermal (Thermogravimetry Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) properties of the wood plastic composites were determined. The water absorption and thickness swelling properties of wood plastic composites improved with increasing zeolite content. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. All the wood plastic composites provided the values of flexural strength (58,4-72,9 MPa) and flexural modulus (2718-5024 MPa) that were well over the requirement by the standard specified in ASTM D 6662. The mass loss rates values of wood plastic composites increased with increasing zeolite contents. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies and degree of crystallization of wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. The decrease in the Tc and Xc indicated that zeolite was the poor nucleating agent for the wood plastic composites.

Effect of zeolite content on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of wood plastic composites was investigated in this study. To meet this objective, pine wood flour (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%) with compatibilizing agent, zeolite (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%), and polypropylene were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. Physical and mechanical, and thermal (Thermogravimetry Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) properties of the wood plastic composites were determined. The water absorption and thickness swelling properties of wood plastic composites improved with increasing zeolite content. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. All the wood plastic composites provided the values of flexural strength (58,4-72,9 MPa) and flexural modulus (2718-5024 MPa) that were well over the requirement by the standard specified in ASTM D 6662. The mass loss rates values of wood plastic composites increased with increasing zeolite contents. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies and degree of crystallization of wood plastic composites decreased with increasing zeolite content. The decrease in the Tc and Xc indicated that zeolite was the poor nucleating agent for the wood plastic composites.

U ovom je radu na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja dan pregled mogućnosti primjene IC termografije kako u energetskim ispitivanjima hidrotermičkih procesa, tako i u nedestruktivnom ispitivanju drva. Time je ustanovljeno polazište za buduća istraživanja i praktičnu primjenu pri karakterizaciji toplinskih svojstava različitih vrsta drva. Prikazani su eksperimentalni rezultati razmatranja prolaska topline kroz drvo, a primjenom IC termografi je omogućeno je otkrivanje grešaka u strukturi materijala poput udubina, truleži i, za proces sušenja najvažnijih, pukotina. Jedan od bitnih ciljeva jest usmjeravanje budućih istraživanja na karakterizaciju toplinskih svojstava domaćih vrsta drva. Drugo moguće područje jest primjena u energetskim ispitivanjima u daljnjemu laboratorijskom i industrijskom praćenju hidrotermičkih procesa., This paper gives an overview of possibilities for using IR thermography method. There are two main directions for further research: energy analysis of hydrothermal process and non-destructive evaluation of wood, especially the determination of thermal properties of wood. In this way the starting point has been established for further research and practical application of this method in wood industry. The experimental data of heat flux in wood have been analyzed, and this method can be used for defects detection in material structure, particularly holes, rot and drying cracks. One of the most important future aims is the characterization and research of thermal properties of domestic wood species.

U ovom je radu na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja dan pregled mogućnosti primjene IC termografije kako u energetskim ispitivanjima hidrotermičkih procesa, tako i u nedestruktivnom ispitivanju drva. Time je ustanovljeno polazište za buduća istraživanja i praktičnu primjenu pri karakterizaciji toplinskih svojstava različitih vrsta drva. Prikazani su eksperimentalni rezultati razmatranja prolaska topline kroz drvo, a primjenom IC termografi je omogućeno je otkrivanje grešaka u strukturi materijala poput udubina, truleži i, za proces sušenja najvažnijih, pukotina. Jedan od bitnih ciljeva jest usmjeravanje budućih istraživanja na karakterizaciju toplinskih svojstava domaćih vrsta drva. Drugo moguće područje jest primjena u energetskim ispitivanjima u daljnjemu laboratorijskom i industrijskom praćenju hidrotermičkih procesa., This paper gives an overview of possibilities for using IR thermography method. There are two main directions for further research: energy analysis of hydrothermal process and non-destructive evaluation of wood, especially the determination of thermal properties of wood. In this way the starting point has been established for further research and practical application of this method in wood industry. The experimental data of heat flux in wood have been analyzed, and this method can be used for defects detection in material structure, particularly holes, rot and drying cracks. One of the most important future aims is the characterization and research of thermal properties of domestic wood species.