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In this article, we engage with the emerging literature that studies the increased enrolment of first-generation college students (FGCS), that is, students from households where neither parent has obtained a bachelor’s /master’s degree. Our article answers two research questions. First, data from 2,338 first-year students are used to investigate the extent to which FGCS differ from continuing-generation college students (CGCS) concerning the reason why one enrols in university education. Second, to what degree do these motives explain differences in study choice? Our results show that FCGS, compared to CGCS, more strongly endorsed the economic investment motive and what we call the social investment motive, that is, the motivation to become a role model for one’s community. In addition, our findings reveal that the choice for more economically rewarding fields of study is related to these motives to start a university education. In the conclusion, we discuss the implications of our findings.

19 juni 2021, Contains fulltext : 253322.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

19 juni 2021, Contains fulltext : 253322.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

22 mei 2021, Contains fulltext : 240517.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Over the last two decades, European countries have struggled with several crises (e.g., the Great Recession, the refugee crisis) which had a tremendous impact on (some) societies. Typically, these crises were accompanied by divisive public discourses that rely heavily on a sharp and moralistic us-them distinction. Especially extreme right- and left-wing parties have adopted such conflict discourses and have gained much electoral support. Against this background, this paper has two objectives. First, data from the European Quality of Life Survey from 2003 to 2016 in 27 countries are used to provide a comprehensive overview of the salience of perceived societal conflicts between seven pairs of groups between countries and across time. We find substantial differences between countries and longitudinal trend variation in the salience of perceived societal conflict. For example, in Eastern European countries more economic conflict is perceived, while in Western European countries people perceive more cultural conflict between different ethnic and religious groups. Second, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses reveal that specific perceptions of conflict are structured by an underlying general orientation, generalized conflict thinking: people’s tendency to perceive society through the lens of conflict regardless of the specificity of these groups. The measure for generalized conflict thinking is metric equivalent across a large sample of countries. This demonstrates that generalized conflict thinking can be used as a social indicator for comparative research. In the conclusion we elaborate on the implications of our findings and develop a research agenda regarding generalized conflict thinking.

22 mei 2021, Contains fulltext : 240517.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Over the last two decades, European countries have struggled with several crises (e.g., the Great Recession, the refugee crisis) which had a tremendous impact on (some) societies. Typically, these crises were accompanied by divisive public discourses that rely heavily on a sharp and moralistic us-them distinction. Especially extreme right- and left-wing parties have adopted such conflict discourses and have gained much electoral support. Against this background, this paper has two objectives. First, data from the European Quality of Life Survey from 2003 to 2016 in 27 countries are used to provide a comprehensive overview of the salience of perceived societal conflicts between seven pairs of groups between countries and across time. We find substantial differences between countries and longitudinal trend variation in the salience of perceived societal conflict. For example, in Eastern European countries more economic conflict is perceived, while in Western European countries people perceive more cultural conflict between different ethnic and religious groups. Second, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses reveal that specific perceptions of conflict are structured by an underlying general orientation, generalized conflict thinking: people’s tendency to perceive society through the lens of conflict regardless of the specificity of these groups. The measure for generalized conflict thinking is metric equivalent across a large sample of countries. This demonstrates that generalized conflict thinking can be used as a social indicator for comparative research. In the conclusion we elaborate on the implications of our findings and develop a research agenda regarding generalized conflict thinking.

22 mei 2021, Contains fulltext : 240517.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Over the last two decades, European countries have struggled with several crises (e.g., the Great Recession, the refugee crisis) which had a tremendous impact on (some) societies. Typically, these crises were accompanied by divisive public discourses that rely heavily on a sharp and moralistic us-them distinction. Especially extreme right- and left-wing parties have adopted such conflict discourses and have gained much electoral support. Against this background, this paper has two objectives. First, data from the European Quality of Life Survey from 2003 to 2016 in 27 countries are used to provide a comprehensive overview of the salience of perceived societal conflicts between seven pairs of groups between countries and across time. We find substantial differences between countries and longitudinal trend variation in the salience of perceived societal conflict. For example, in Eastern European countries more economic conflict is perceived, while in Western European countries people perceive more cultural conflict between different ethnic and religious groups. Second, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses reveal that specific perceptions of conflict are structured by an underlying general orientation, generalized conflict thinking: people’s tendency to perceive society through the lens of conflict regardless of the specificity of these groups. The measure for generalized conflict thinking is metric equivalent across a large sample of countries. This demonstrates that generalized conflict thinking can be used as a social indicator for comparative research. In the conclusion we elaborate on the implications of our findings and develop a research agenda regarding generalized conflict thinking.

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self-esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy.

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subject status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self‐esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy.

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20 oktober 2017, Contains fulltext : 179943.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Research on the supply side of politics demonstrates that populism acts as a common denominator even though populist parties possess very different ideological positions. However, it is uncertain whether this translates to the demand side: Do voters support left and right-wing populist parties for similar reasons? Using the Netherlands as our case study, we investigate the common demand side characteristics of supporters of populist radical right and populist radical left parties. The paper concludes that populist attitudes (i.e. a people-centered notion of political representation) unify supporters of both populist radical left and populist radical right parties. Supporters of both parties also demonstrate lower levels of political trust (than voters for other parties): this is particularly the case for PVV supporters. Beyond these similarities we find that the PVV and the SP attract very different supporters. PVV supporters demonstrate low immigrant tolerance, while SP voters support more income equality.

20 oktober 2017, Contains fulltext : 179943.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

20 oktober 2017, Contains fulltext : 179943.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

20 oktober 2017, Contains fulltext : 179943.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

RIVM rapport:Doel van de studie is de bijwerkingen van vaccins nader te bestuderen ter onderbouwing van voor te stellen richtlijnen. Bedoelde richtlijnen stellen eisen aan het verrichten van pre-klinische veiligheids-farmacologie van vaccins. Dit rapport beschrijft de cardiovasculaire en autonome effecten, die in-vivo worden waargenomen in jonge en volwassen ratten behandeld met hoge doseringen pertussis toxine, cellulair (DKTP-vaccin) en acellulair pertussis vaccin en Haemoinfluenza type b vaccin. Deze effecten refereren wellicht aan de collaps (flauwvallen) van de kinderen tijdens of vlak na de vaccinatie met kinkhoest vaccin. De belangrijkste effecten, die door pertussis toxine, DKTP and acellulair pertussis vaccin worden geinduceerd zijn hypotensie, tachycardie en remming van de adrenerge en cholinerge responsen. Volwassen ratten blijken gevoeliger voor deze stoffen te zijn dan jonge ratten en de respons hangt af van de toedieningsroute. Er worden geen effecten waargenomen in ratten, die behandeld zijn met DTP (deze mist de pertussis component) en Haemoinfluenza vaccin. Het wordt aanbevolen om de veiligheid van vaccins vast te stellen via bepaling van de cardiovasculaire en autonome bijwerkingen in volwassen ratten, die 3-4 keer met hoge dosis (20x de klinische dosering) en een middelhoge dosis zijn behandeld. Ten einde de klinische relevantie van de resultaten van het veiligheidsonderzoek afdoende vast te kunnen stellen, dient tot slot nog onderzocht te worden of herhaald i.m. toedienen van middelhoge dosis vaccins aan volwassen ratten dezelfde effecten induceert als waargenomen na i.v. toediening., Aim of the study is to investigate adverse side effects of vaccines to support the description of guidelines. Such guidelines describe the requirements how and when research to pre-clinical safety pharmacology vaccines are to be performed. This report describes the cardiovascular and autonomic effects observed in-vivo in young and adult rats treated with high doses of pertussis toxin, cellular (DKTP-vaccine) and acellular pertussis vaccine and Haemoinfluenza type b vaccine. These effects may refer to the collaps as observed in children vaccinated with pertussis vaccine. Main effects induced by pertussis toxin, DKTP and acellular pertussis vaccine are hypotension, tachycardia and inhibition of adrenergic and cholinergic responses. It appears that adult rats are more sensitive to these compounds than young rats and that the response depends on the route of administration. No effects are observed in rats treated with DTP, lacking the pertussis component and Haemoinfluenza vaccine. It is recommended to screen the safety of vaccines via evaluation of cardiovascular and autonomic side-effects in adult rats treated 3-4 times with a high (20-fold the clinical dose) and an intermediate dose. Finally, in order to establish properly the clinical relevance of the safety pharmacology requirements, it should be investigated whether multiple i.m. treatment of adult rats with intermediate doses of vaccines induces similar effects as observed after the intravenous route.

Doel van de studie is de bijwerkingen van vaccins nader te bestuderen ter onderbouwing van voor te stellen richtlijnen. Bedoelde richtlijnen stellen eisen aan het verrichten van pre-klinische veiligheids-farmacologie van vaccins. Dit rapport beschrijft de cardiovasculaire en autonome effecten, die in-vivo worden waargenomen in jonge en volwassen ratten behandeld met hoge doseringen pertussis toxine, cellulair (DKTP-vaccin) en acellulair pertussis vaccin en Haemoinfluenza type b vaccin. Deze effecten refereren wellicht aan de collaps (flauwvallen) van de kinderen tijdens of vlak na de vaccinatie met kinkhoest vaccin. De belangrijkste effecten, die door pertussis toxine, DKTP and acellulair pertussis vaccin worden geinduceerd zijn hypotensie, tachycardie en remming van de adrenerge en cholinerge responsen. Volwassen ratten blijken gevoeliger voor deze stoffen te zijn dan jonge ratten en de respons hangt af van de toedieningsroute. Er worden geen effecten waargenomen in ratten, die behandeld zijn met DTP (deze mist de pertussis component) en Haemoinfluenza vaccin. Het wordt aanbevolen om de veiligheid van vaccins vast te stellen via bepaling van de cardiovasculaire en autonome bijwerkingen in volwassen ratten, die 3-4 keer met hoge dosis (20x de klinische dosering) en een middelhoge dosis zijn behandeld. Ten einde de klinische relevantie van de resultaten van het veiligheidsonderzoek afdoende vast te kunnen stellen, dient tot slot nog onderzocht te worden of herhaald i.m. toedienen van middelhoge dosis vaccins aan volwassen ratten dezelfde effecten induceert als waargenomen na i.v. toediening., Aim of the study is to investigate adverse side effects of vaccines to support the description of guidelines. Such guidelines describe the requirements how and when research to pre-clinical safety pharmacology vaccines are to be performed. This report describes the cardiovascular and autonomic effects observed in-vivo in young and adult rats treated with high doses of pertussis toxin, cellular (DKTP-vaccine) and acellular pertussis vaccine and Haemoinfluenza type b vaccine. These effects may refer to the collaps as observed in children vaccinated with pertussis vaccine. Main effects induced by pertussis toxin, DKTP and acellular pertussis vaccine are hypotension, tachycardia and inhibition of adrenergic and cholinergic responses. It appears that adult rats are more sensitive to these compounds than young rats and that the response depends on the route of administration. No effects are observed in rats treated with DTP, lacking the pertussis component and Haemoinfluenza vaccine. It is recommended to screen the safety of vaccines via evaluation of cardiovascular and autonomic side-effects in adult rats treated 3-4 times with a high (20-fold the clinical dose) and an intermediate dose. Finally, in order to establish properly the clinical relevance of the safety pharmacology requirements, it should be investigated whether multiple i.m. treatment of adult rats with intermediate doses of vaccines induces similar effects as observed after the intravenous route.

RIVM rapport:Doel van de studie is de bijwerkingen van vaccins nader te bestuderen ter onderbouwing van voor te stellen richtlijnen. Bedoelde richtlijnen stellen eisen aan het verrichten van pre-klinische veiligheids-farmacologie van vaccins. Dit rapport beschrijft de cardiovasculaire en autonome effecten, die in-vivo worden waargenomen in jonge en volwassen ratten behandeld met hoge doseringen pertussis toxine, cellulair (DKTP-vaccin) en acellulair pertussis vaccin en Haemoinfluenza type b vaccin. Deze effecten refereren wellicht aan de collaps (flauwvallen) van de kinderen tijdens of vlak na de vaccinatie met kinkhoest vaccin. De belangrijkste effecten, die door pertussis toxine, DKTP and acellulair pertussis vaccin worden geinduceerd zijn hypotensie, tachycardie en remming van de adrenerge en cholinerge responsen. Volwassen ratten blijken gevoeliger voor deze stoffen te zijn dan jonge ratten en de respons hangt af van de toedieningsroute. Er worden geen effecten waargenomen in ratten, die behandeld zijn met DTP (deze mist de pertussis component) en Haemoinfluenza vaccin. Het wordt aanbevolen om de veiligheid van vaccins vast te stellen via bepaling van de cardiovasculaire en autonome bijwerkingen in volwassen ratten, die 3-4 keer met hoge dosis (20x de klinische dosering) en een middelhoge dosis zijn behandeld. Ten einde de klinische relevantie van de resultaten van het veiligheidsonderzoek afdoende vast te kunnen stellen, dient tot slot nog onderzocht te worden of herhaald i.m. toedienen van middelhoge dosis vaccins aan volwassen ratten dezelfde effecten induceert als waargenomen na i.v. toediening., Aim of the study is to investigate adverse side effects of vaccines to support the description of guidelines. Such guidelines describe the requirements how and when research to pre-clinical safety pharmacology vaccines are to be performed. This report describes the cardiovascular and autonomic effects observed in-vivo in young and adult rats treated with high doses of pertussis toxin, cellular (DKTP-vaccine) and acellular pertussis vaccine and Haemoinfluenza type b vaccine. These effects may refer to the collaps as observed in children vaccinated with pertussis vaccine. Main effects induced by pertussis toxin, DKTP and acellular pertussis vaccine are hypotension, tachycardia and inhibition of adrenergic and cholinergic responses. It appears that adult rats are more sensitive to these compounds than young rats and that the response depends on the route of administration. No effects are observed in rats treated with DTP, lacking the pertussis component and Haemoinfluenza vaccine. It is recommended to screen the safety of vaccines via evaluation of cardiovascular and autonomic side-effects in adult rats treated 3-4 times with a high (20-fold the clinical dose) and an intermediate dose. Finally, in order to establish properly the clinical relevance of the safety pharmacology requirements, it should be investigated whether multiple i.m. treatment of adult rats with intermediate doses of vaccines induces similar effects as observed after the intravenous route.

RIVM rapport:Doel van de studie is de bijwerkingen van vaccins nader te bestuderen ter onderbouwing van voor te stellen richtlijnen. Bedoelde richtlijnen stellen eisen aan het verrichten van pre-klinische veiligheids-farmacologie van vaccins. Dit rapport beschrijft de cardiovasculaire en autonome effecten, die in-vivo worden waargenomen in jonge en volwassen ratten behandeld met hoge doseringen pertussis toxine, cellulair (DKTP-vaccin) en acellulair pertussis vaccin en Haemoinfluenza type b vaccin. Deze effecten refereren wellicht aan de collaps (flauwvallen) van de kinderen tijdens of vlak na de vaccinatie met kinkhoest vaccin. De belangrijkste effecten, die door pertussis toxine, DKTP and acellulair pertussis vaccin worden geinduceerd zijn hypotensie, tachycardie en remming van de adrenerge en cholinerge responsen. Volwassen ratten blijken gevoeliger voor deze stoffen te zijn dan jonge ratten en de respons hangt af van de toedieningsroute. Er worden geen effecten waargenomen in ratten, die behandeld zijn met DTP (deze mist de pertussis component) en Haemoinfluenza vaccin. Het wordt aanbevolen om de veiligheid van vaccins vast te stellen via bepaling van de cardiovasculaire en autonome bijwerkingen in volwassen ratten, die 3-4 keer met hoge dosis (20x de klinische dosering) en een middelhoge dosis zijn behandeld. Ten einde de klinische relevantie van de resultaten van het veiligheidsonderzoek afdoende vast te kunnen stellen, dient tot slot nog onderzocht te worden of herhaald i.m. toedienen van middelhoge dosis vaccins aan volwassen ratten dezelfde effecten induceert als waargenomen na i.v. toediening., Aim of the study is to investigate adverse side effects of vaccines to support the description of guidelines. Such guidelines describe the requirements how and when research to pre-clinical safety pharmacology vaccines are to be performed. This report describes the cardiovascular and autonomic effects observed in-vivo in young and adult rats treated with high doses of pertussis toxin, cellular (DKTP-vaccine) and acellular pertussis vaccine and Haemoinfluenza type b vaccine. These effects may refer to the collaps as observed in children vaccinated with pertussis vaccine. Main effects induced by pertussis toxin, DKTP and acellular pertussis vaccine are hypotension, tachycardia and inhibition of adrenergic and cholinergic responses. It appears that adult rats are more sensitive to these compounds than young rats and that the response depends on the route of administration. No effects are observed in rats treated with DTP, lacking the pertussis component and Haemoinfluenza vaccine. It is recommended to screen the safety of vaccines via evaluation of cardiovascular and autonomic side-effects in adult rats treated 3-4 times with a high (20-fold the clinical dose) and an intermediate dose. Finally, in order to establish properly the clinical relevance of the safety pharmacology requirements, it should be investigated whether multiple i.m. treatment of adult rats with intermediate doses of vaccines induces similar effects as observed after the intravenous route.