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European harbours are known to contribute to air quality degradation. While most of the literature focuses on emissions from stacks or logistics operations, ship refit and repair activities are also relevant aerosol sources in EU harbour areas. Main activities include abrasive removal of filler and spray painting with antifouling coatings/primers/topcoats. This work aimed to assess ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions from ship maintenance activities and their links with exposure, toxicity and health risks for humans and the aquatic environment. Aerosol emissions were monitored during mechanical abrasion of surface coatings under real-world operating conditions in two scenarios in the Mallorca harbour (Spain). Different types of UFPs were observed: (1) highly regular (triangular, hexagonal) engineered nanoparticles (Ti-, Zr-, Fe-based), embedded as nano-additives in the coatings, and (2) irregular, incidental particles emitted directly or formed during abrasion. Particle number concentrations monitored were in the range of industrial activities such as drilling or welding (up to 5 ∗ 105/cm3, mean diameters <30 nm). The chemical composition of PM4 aerosols was dominated by metallic tracers in the coatings (Ti, Al, Ba, Zn). In vitro toxicity of PM2 aerosols evidenced reduced cell viability and a moderate potential for cytotoxic effects. While best practices (exhaust ventilation, personal protective equipment, dust removal) were in place, it is unlikely that exposures and environmental release can be fully avoided at all times. Thus, it is advisable that health and safety protocols should be comprehensive to minimise exposures in all types of locations (near- and far-field) and periods (activity and non-activity). Potential release to coastal surface waters of metallic engineered and incidental nanomaterials, as well as fine and coarse particles (in the case of settled dust), should be assessed and avoided.

In this project a collection of clothes, based on the raggar culture has been developed. e work is intended to be a modernization of the clothing, exploring the subculture and developing it, however without loosing its attitude. In uences from other related subcultures have also taken part in the work. The aim is to investigate the technique of spray painting directly on garments, as a method for developing prints, taking visual inspiration from the culture of raggare. Sources for inspiration to the painting have been gra ti, airbrush and action painters. In order to keep the attitude of the raggar culture, the collection is largely based on vintage clothing, linked to the culture in question. e result in this project is a collection containing eight out ts, dedicated mainly to raggare but also to others.

In this project a collection of clothes, based on the raggar culture has been developed. e work is intended to be a modernization of the clothing, exploring the subculture and developing it, however without loosing its attitude. In uences from other related subcultures have also taken part in the work. The aim is to investigate the technique of spray painting directly on garments, as a method for developing prints, taking visual inspiration from the culture of raggare. Sources for inspiration to the painting have been gra ti, airbrush and action painters. In order to keep the attitude of the raggar culture, the collection is largely based on vintage clothing, linked to the culture in question. e result in this project is a collection containing eight out ts, dedicated mainly to raggare but also to others.

[EN] For high-quality spray painting of small parts, a rotary bell atomizer with a narrow spray pattern is used in the automotive industry. The required unusual high shaping air flow rate yields in an atomization process predominated by a pneumatic atomization and rather than by a rotary atomization, called hybrid bell atomizer in this article. Numerical and experimental investigation on typical high-speed rotary bell atomizers, with rotation type of high rotational speed 40000-60000 rpm of the bell, were already successful demonstrated. For these high-speed rotary bell atomizer for painting bigger areas the ratio between tangential velocity at the bell edge and axial shaping air velocity at the bell edge is in the range of 0.8 and 4, depending on the process parameter. At the hybrid bell atomizer (10000-20000 rpm), this ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4. The first step of the present study includes the theoretical characterization of spray cone velocity profile using two definitions of swirl-number compared to experimental measurements of particle velocities using Laser-DopplerVelocimetry (LDV). This study was carried out on varying shaping air settings and rotational speeds. The results show that the the swirl of the main airflow field is dominated by the secondary airflow, which is induced coaxial in an angle of 45°. The influence of the circumferential speed of the bell cup on the swirl of the main airflow field plays a subordinate role, so the resulting spray pattern is only weakly influenced by the number of revolutions of the bell-cup. In the second step, the hybrid bell atomizer was examined numerically. In order to implement the hybrid atomization concept in the simulation correctly, methods for creating droplet initial conditions in the trajectory calculation was developed. The simulation results were verified through comparisons of calculated and measured velocity profiles inside the spray cone and calculated and measured film thickness distributions on the wo

[EN] For high-quality spray painting of small parts, a rotary bell atomizer with a narrow spray pattern is used in the automotive industry. The required unusual high shaping air flow rate yields in an atomization process predominated by a pneumatic atomization and rather than by a rotary atomization, called hybrid bell atomizer in this article. Numerical and experimental investigation on typical high-speed rotary bell atomizers, with rotation type of high rotational speed 40000-60000 rpm of the bell, were already successful demonstrated. For these high-speed rotary bell atomizer for painting bigger areas the ratio between tangential velocity at the bell edge and axial shaping air velocity at the bell edge is in the range of 0.8 and 4, depending on the process parameter. At the hybrid bell atomizer (10000-20000 rpm), this ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4. The first step of the present study includes the theoretical characterization of spray cone velocity profile using two definitions of swirl-number compared to experimental measurements of particle velocities using Laser-DopplerVelocimetry (LDV). This study was carried out on varying shaping air settings and rotational speeds. The results show that the the swirl of the main airflow field is dominated by the secondary airflow, which is induced coaxial in an angle of 45°. The influence of the circumferential speed of the bell cup on the swirl of the main airflow field plays a subordinate role, so the resulting spray pattern is only weakly influenced by the number of revolutions of the bell-cup. In the second step, the hybrid bell atomizer was examined numerically. In order to implement the hybrid atomization concept in the simulation correctly, methods for creating droplet initial conditions in the trajectory calculation was developed. The simulation results were verified through comparisons of calculated and measured velocity profiles inside the spray cone and calculated and measured film thickness distributions on the wo

[EN] For high-quality spray painting of small parts, a rotary bell atomizer with a narrow spray pattern is used in the automotive industry. The required unusual high shaping air flow rate yields in an atomization process predominated by a pneumatic atomization and rather than by a rotary atomization, called hybrid bell atomizer in this article. Numerical and experimental investigation on typical high-speed rotary bell atomizers, with rotation type of high rotational speed 40000-60000 rpm of the bell, were already successful demonstrated. For these high-speed rotary bell atomizer for painting bigger areas the ratio between tangential velocity at the bell edge and axial shaping air velocity at the bell edge is in the range of 0.8 and 4, depending on the process parameter. At the hybrid bell atomizer (10000-20000 rpm), this ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4. The first step of the present study includes the theoretical characterization of spray cone velocity profile using two definitions of swirl-number compared to experimental measurements of particle velocities using Laser-DopplerVelocimetry (LDV). This study was carried out on varying shaping air settings and rotational speeds. The results show that the the swirl of the main airflow field is dominated by the secondary airflow, which is induced coaxial in an angle of 45°. The influence of the circumferential speed of the bell cup on the swirl of the main airflow field plays a subordinate role, so the resulting spray pattern is only weakly influenced by the number of revolutions of the bell-cup. In the second step, the hybrid bell atomizer was examined numerically. In order to implement the hybrid atomization concept in the simulation correctly, methods for creating droplet initial conditions in the trajectory calculation was developed. The simulation results were verified through comparisons of calculated and measured velocity profiles inside the spray cone and calculated and measured film thickness distributions on the wo

[EN] For high-quality spray painting of small parts, a rotary bell atomizer with a narrow spray pattern is used in the automotive industry. The required unusual high shaping air flow rate yields in an atomization process predominated by a pneumatic atomization and rather than by a rotary atomization, called hybrid bell atomizer in this article. Numerical and experimental investigation on typical high-speed rotary bell atomizers, with rotation type of high rotational speed 40000-60000 rpm of the bell, were already successful demonstrated. For these high-speed rotary bell atomizer for painting bigger areas the ratio between tangential velocity at the bell edge and axial shaping air velocity at the bell edge is in the range of 0.8 and 4, depending on the process parameter. At the hybrid bell atomizer (10000-20000 rpm), this ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4. The first step of the present study includes the theoretical characterization of spray cone velocity profile using two definitions of swirl-number compared to experimental measurements of particle velocities using Laser-DopplerVelocimetry (LDV). This study was carried out on varying shaping air settings and rotational speeds. The results show that the the swirl of the main airflow field is dominated by the secondary airflow, which is induced coaxial in an angle of 45°. The influence of the circumferential speed of the bell cup on the swirl of the main airflow field plays a subordinate role, so the resulting spray pattern is only weakly influenced by the number of revolutions of the bell-cup. In the second step, the hybrid bell atomizer was examined numerically. In order to implement the hybrid atomization concept in the simulation correctly, methods for creating droplet initial conditions in the trajectory calculation was developed. The simulation results were verified through comparisons of calculated and measured velocity profiles inside the spray cone and calculated and measured film thickness distributions on the wo

[EN] For high-quality spray painting of small parts, a rotary bell atomizer with a narrow spray pattern is used in the automotive industry. The required unusual high shaping air flow rate yields in an atomization process predominated by a pneumatic atomization and rather than by a rotary atomization, called hybrid bell atomizer in this article. Numerical and experimental investigation on typical high-speed rotary bell atomizers, with rotation type of high rotational speed 40000-60000 rpm of the bell, were already successful demonstrated. For these high-speed rotary bell atomizer for painting bigger areas the ratio between tangential velocity at the bell edge and axial shaping air velocity at the bell edge is in the range of 0.8 and 4, depending on the process parameter. At the hybrid bell atomizer (10000-20000 rpm), this ratio is between 0.2 and 0.4. The first step of the present study includes the theoretical characterization of spray cone velocity profile using two definitions of swirl-number compared to experimental measurements of particle velocities using Laser-DopplerVelocimetry (LDV). This study was carried out on varying shaping air settings and rotational speeds. The results show that the the swirl of the main airflow field is dominated by the secondary airflow, which is induced coaxial in an angle of 45°. The influence of the circumferential speed of the bell cup on the swirl of the main airflow field plays a subordinate role, so the resulting spray pattern is only weakly influenced by the number of revolutions of the bell-cup. In the second step, the hybrid bell atomizer was examined numerically. In order to implement the hybrid atomization concept in the simulation correctly, methods for creating droplet initial conditions in the trajectory calculation was developed. The simulation results were verified through comparisons of calculated and measured velocity profiles inside the spray cone and calculated and measured film thickness distributions on the wo

This video, from the LEAD with Guitars in STEM project, demonstrates the process of spray painting a sealed electric guitar body with a can of spray paint. The host, Doug Hunt, explains the process of preparing the guitar body for painting, and offers some tips and tricks for the spray painting process, with emphasis on techniques and desired qualities in the finished product. This YouTube video is one of a series on guitar finishing techniques. It runs just under 13 minutes and will be of interest to educators and students of guitar building and repair.&nbsp

As a part of a more extensive project of developing a new finishing line at the Bolivian door manufacturer Tecno Carpinteria San Pedro this thesis presents the development process for a special designed spray booth. The thesis covers every phase from a product idea to a final concept design. Working with finishing of furniture and other wooden products can effect the workers health in a negative way and damage the environment. The final result of the manufactured door is also depending on the how well the ventilation system in the working area is. Because of these reasons it is important to use safety equipment and a good ventilation system in the working area. As a part of this new finishing line San Pedro is in need of a special designed spray booth to control the spread of paint particles and other hazard substances that is a result of the finishing process. Together with the consultant firm CADEFOR a spray booth is designed and a proposal design is presented in this thesis. The result is a design built up with a dry filter solution together with an extractor that creates a cross draft airflow towards the rear part of the spray booth. The result of the project together with some recommendations of increasing the capacity in the finishing line are also presented.

As a part of a more extensive project of developing a new finishing line at the Bolivian door manufacturer Tecno Carpinteria San Pedro this thesis presents the development process for a special designed spray booth. The thesis covers every phase from a product idea to a final concept design. Working with finishing of furniture and other wooden products can effect the workers health in a negative way and damage the environment. The final result of the manufactured door is also depending on the how well the ventilation system in the working area is. Because of these reasons it is important to use safety equipment and a good ventilation system in the working area. As a part of this new finishing line San Pedro is in need of a special designed spray booth to control the spread of paint particles and other hazard substances that is a result of the finishing process. Together with the consultant firm CADEFOR a spray booth is designed and a proposal design is presented in this thesis. The result is a design built up with a dry filter solution together with an extractor that creates a cross draft airflow towards the rear part of the spray booth. The result of the project together with some recommendations of increasing the capacity in the finishing line are also presented.

The mandate in DoDD 5000.1 to manage risk as an element of acquisition cost control enabled Robins AFB?s justification for incorporation of 80% exhaust recirculation into the design for construction of a corrosion control facility (CCF) for C-5 aircraft that will enter service in 2007. A key tool in developing their justification was the LaPuma model, a process model into which a user inputs facility and process parameters to calculate the steady-state background air concentration of process-derived contaminants as a function of percent exhaust recirculated. The assumption that isocyanates-the exposure risk driver in topcoats-are an inert, ideal gas rather than a reactive, sticky vapor causes their concentration to be overestimated, and exposure data from the C-5 CCF are expected to clarify the extent and moment of this overestimation. In 2005 Elmendorf AFB followed Robins? lead and precedents in designing a C-17 CCF at 80% recirculation to save several $M in construction costs and $0.5M annually in fuel costs to operate. Predicted isocyanate concentrations for a (smaller) F-22 component repair facility (CRF) required interpretation and Elmendorf specified a conventional design in their bid request. That the only proposal whose cost was within the project budget included 80% recirculation created a situation that was ultimately resolved by a meeting of the design team, users, bioenvironmental engineering and the successful bidder that ended in consensus that the proposed design as modified in the meeting constituted an acceptable risk?benefit trade. However, that the situation arose demonstrates the need for explicit guidance to ensure that future decisions about recirculating hangar designs be made early on as a consensus among key offices at base level., The original document contains color images.

As part of a large-scale epidemiological study, occupational isocyanate exposure was assessed in spray-painting environments. The aim was to assess which compounds contribute to isocyanate exposure in car body repair shops and industrial painting companies, and to identify tasks with high risk of isocyanate exposure. Mainly personal task-based samples (n = 566) were collected from 24 car body repair shops and five industrial painting companies using impingers with DBA in toluene. Samples were analysed by LC-MS for isocyanate monomers, oligomers and products of thermal degradation. From the 23 analysed compounds, 20 were detected. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a HDI, TDI and MDI factor with the thermal degradation products divided over the TDI and MDI factors. The HDI factor mainly consisted of HDI oligomers and was dominant in frequency and exposure levels in both industries. Spray painting of PU lacquers resulted in the highest exposures for the HDI factor (

Routine Industrial Hygiene exposure sampling was conducted during application of prime and top coats to C-130 aircraft in a ventilated insert located in Building 270, Hill Air Force Base. Equivalent sets of measurements were taken by staff of the Bioenvironmental Engineering office for each of three aircraft, one of which was painted under conditions of 80% recirculation of filtered painting exhaust air. Typically large scatter was evident both within and among the data sets so generated, but the set of exposure measurements taken in the recirculated environment was not significantly elevated relative to the two sets measured in staright-through conditions. Toxicants measured were butyl acetate, diisobutyl ketone, ethylbenzene, methyl amyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, xylene, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDl), toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDl), and strontium chromate.

Eltron Research, Inc., is currently developing multicomponent metal-oxide and supported noble-metal catalysts for the destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air at low temperatures. The goal for this work is to produce a simple, cost-effective technology for reducing the concentration of VOCs in air to acceptable levels before the air is released into the atmosphere or recirculated. Specific application areas include ventilated work spaces for spray painting and engine maintenance (degreasing and fuel line repair), indoor air decontamination, dry cleaning, food processing (grills and deep fat fryers), fume hoods, residential use, and solvent-intensive industrial processes. The components of the catalysts were chosen based on their anticipated oxygen surface mobility, resistance to poisoning, multiple oxidations states, and documented activity for oxidation reactions. Catalysts were screened with and without dispersed platinum for conversion of 1-butanol, toluene, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) into carbon dioxide and water. The concentrations of VOCs in the feedstream were maintained at ^100 ppm, and the space velocity was between ^1,000 and 26,000/hr. Catalysts with the best overall performance in the absence of noble metals generated complete conversion of 1-butanol into CO2 at 150 deg. C, 47% conversion at 100 deg. C, and 15% conversion at 80 deg. C. For toluene these catalysts generated complete conversion at 200 deg. C, and conversions as high as 75% at 150 deg. C. Adding Platinum to these materials further improved low-temperature activity and routinely allowed greater than 50% conversion of VOCs to CO2 at temperatures of 100 deg. C and lower. Although it was generally found that catalyst destruction decreased in the order 1 -butanol>MEK>toluene, some of the most-active materials demonstrated different trends, as well as large disparities in activity for these VOCs., #548, Proceedings 93rd Annual Conference, Air and Waste Management Association, Salt Lake City.

RIVM rapport:This "Informative document spray painting waste" forms part of a series of "Informative documents waste materials". These documents are conducted by RIVM on the instructions of the Directorate General for the Environment, Directorate Waste Materials, in behalf of the program of action on "prevention and recycling of waste materials". In the documents a survey is given of the main facts and figures on specific waste materials, for example data on sources, amount(s), composition and properties, way of treatment, etc. Besides prognoses of the amount(s) in the year 2000 are made and finally the main options for prevention, recycling and treatment are summarized.

This "Informative document spray painting waste" forms part of a series of "Informative documents waste materials". These documents are conducted by RIVM on the instructions of the Directorate General for the Environment, Directorate Waste Materials, in behalf of the program of action on "prevention and recycling of waste materials". In the documents a survey is given of the main facts and figures on specific waste materials, for example data on sources, amount(s), composition and properties, way of treatment, etc. Besides prognoses of the amount(s) in the year 2000 are made and finally the main options for prevention, recycling and treatment are summarized.

RIVM rapport:This "Informative document spray painting waste" forms part of a series of "Informative documents waste materials". These documents are conducted by RIVM on the instructions of the Directorate General for the Environment, Directorate Waste Materials, in behalf of the program of action on "prevention and recycling of waste materials". In the documents a survey is given of the main facts and figures on specific waste materials, for example data on sources, amount(s), composition and properties, way of treatment, etc. Besides prognoses of the amount(s) in the year 2000 are made and finally the main options for prevention, recycling and treatment are summarized.

RIVM rapport:This "Informative document spray painting waste" forms part of a series of "Informative documents waste materials". These documents are conducted by RIVM on the instructions of the Directorate General for the Environment, Directorate Waste Materials, in behalf of the program of action on "prevention and recycling of waste materials". In the documents a survey is given of the main facts and figures on specific waste materials, for example data on sources, amount(s), composition and properties, way of treatment, etc. Besides prognoses of the amount(s) in the year 2000 are made and finally the main options for prevention, recycling and treatment are summarized.

This report covers the evaluation of the application of MIL-P-23377 epoxy primer to interior surfaces of TOW motor cases., SBI-ADE951403.

Several materials and application procedures have been investigated for use in the in-place maintenance painting of steel piling. Coatings designed for application to dry sandblasted piling above the waterline have performed well for two years. Coatings designed for application between tides, so that they are wetted with seawater almost immediately after application, or for application underwater, have performed well for one year. Application above water was accomplished by conventional spraying. Part of the application between tides and a few feet below mean low water was accomplished by a special cofferdam designed for use on steel sheet piling. The rest was accomplished by brushing coatings specially formulated for underwater application. Surface preparation for the latter application was generally by underwater sandblasting, but cleaning with a pneumatic needle gun was also investigated. Laboratory testing indicated that needle gun cleaning was a promising technique.

Photo taken April, 1965