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Deliverable No. D4.2 of the (FP7-) Project "IRISS – Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies". Objective: To investigate societal effects of different surveillance practices from a multi-disciplinary social science and legal perspective.Deliverable D4.2: Conduct the observation/interviews – Doing privacy in everyday encounters with surveillance. Local reports on the results of the empirical studies conducted in different countries (Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Italy, UK)

Deliverable No. D3.2 of the (FP7-) Project "IRISS – Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies". Objective: To investigate societal effects of different surveillance practices from a multi-disciplinary social science and legal perspective. Further authors in alphabetical order: Bellanova, Rocco; Bergersen, Stine; Bonns, Wolfgang; Burgess, J. Peter; Ceresa, Alessia; Dahm, Sebastian; Fischer, Daniel; Fonio, Chiara; Friedewald, Michael; Galdon Clavell, Gemma; Galletta, Antonella; Goos, Kerstin; Jones, Richard; Kreissl, Reinhard; Lastic, Eric; LeLeux, Charles; Neumann, Alexander; Norris, Clive; Raab, Charles; Szekely, Ivan; Vissy, Beatrix; Webster, William; Zurawski, Nils

This paper examines the organizational tensions arising from mandatory data exchange initiatives between private and public organizations. The focus is the UK financial services sector, which is required to monitor and report on customer identities and transactions under the country’s Anti-Money Laundering/Counter-Terrorist Finance (AML/CTF) regulations. The transferred data are generated from existing organizational activities, systems, processes and working patterns; we examine how government demands for such data affect commercial priorities, customer relationships and working patterns in the sector. We adopt an exploratory approach to investigate this phenomenon, consisting of 16 in-depth interviews, analysis of documents and two case studies. Three contributions are made. First, we use remediation theory to show that existing organizational arrangements are reconfigured at multiple analytical levels, creating tensions between the organizations’ commercial and compliance roles. Second, we establish the information flow as an appropriate unit of analysis in the study of data exchange mechanisms and reveal the flows that characterise AML/CTF compliance for financial services organizations. Finally, we adopt a ‘set theoretic’ perspective on multi-level organizational research, to argue that the multi-level effects of this regulation can be examined in parallel.

The terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 prompted the search by governments of many developed nations, and international organisations, to find new ways to counter terrorist activities (Vlcek, 2008). Measures identified have included the increased monitoring of financial transactions in order to identify and counter the funding of terrorism, and the increased monitoring of individuals as they travel across national borders. However, whilst governments seek to enforce these counter-terrorism measures, private sector organisations are the point of contact with individuals whilst they are carrying out the activities of interest. This proximity to the activity or event of interest, and importantly, the ability to collect data on the individual and their activities, has led governments to require, often supported by legislation, private sector firms to collect data on their customers and report this to government agencies for their evaluation. This study explores the programmes of activity being put in place in two key sectors of UK industry; in the financial services sector, they are anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism finance (CTF), and in the travel sector, the e-Borders programme. In addition to the legislation enforcing compliance, most private sector firms appear to recognise their societal role in contributing to counter-terrorist activities. However, implementation and operation of the measures may present challenges. An obvious challenge is meeting the cost of such measures. The cost of meeting AML regulation by UK firms has been estimated at £274 million per year, which is 40% of the total cost of financial regulations on the sector (FSA, 2006), with the cost of proving the identity of customers put at £2 per customer (PriceWaterhouse Coopers, 2007). For the charter travel industry alone, complying with e-Borders regulations is estimated to cost £13 million cost per year, with the only modest savings from the removal of boarding cards (Airline

Commercial organisations are increasingly asked to perform tasks traditionally associated with governmental bodies, such as law enforcement. The rationale for these public-private partnerships is that there are synergies between traditional business skills and those required to achieve certain societal goals. However, there is a lack of research into whether this is, indeed, the case. This paper addresses this gap by investigating one particular type of public-private partnership: anti-money laundering (AML). The study explores the potential synergies between customer relationship management (CRM) and those required for AML. A quantitative survey-based approach is used to identify the overlaps and connections between these two areas of competence. The findings reveal tensions between financial institutions’ dual roles as both commercial organisations and players in the battle against money laundering. The consequences for these firms are explored, and the wider implications for other organisations supplying non-commercial services to government are considered.

In this paper, I argue that careful attention needs to be paid to the handling of urban CCTV digital data. Since the early 1990s, CCTV has left an indelible mark on UK cities, and beyond. CCTV is a crime-reduction strategy, and its activation owes much to the laws and regulations that govern its function and the passivity with which it is often viewed. I consider the nature of security when CCTV signs, recorded images and the rights of citizens are interlinked in controlled urban spaces. Despite the regulatory powers of the Data Protection Act, the management of CCTV data is at times poorly operationalised and often obfuscated. The paper discusses my experiences of identifying 17 different CCTV cameras and being recorded and my attempts to access my images through subject access requests (SARs). In what follows, I draw on different topologies of experience in expanding upon the mutable, unpredictable and intensive relations that guide the management of CCTV data.

Security is an important feature of the macro environment for tourism that affects the consumption of travel products. Following high-profile terrorist attacks, UK border security measures have been increased through the implementation of the e-Borders programme. This initiative requires passenger carriers to collect and electronically transmit travel document information and service information for any individual entering or leaving the UK. The commercial impact of e-Borders on travel firms is investigated by examining the relationships between the affected stakeholders, considering the power and decision making at play, and exploring the outcomes. The e-Borders programme is described, and a framework for the in-depth, qualitative study is presented. The findings show that passenger carriers and travel firms manage the negative consequences of compliance and restore their commercial interests by engaging in a process we describe as recognizing, rationalizing and refashioning. The implications for research and practice are explored.

Many funding bodies emphasise the advantages of using multi-disciplinary approaches; in response, in this paper we consider our reflections on doing such a project. We contribute to the multi-disciplinary literature by considering the standardizing effect of collaboration on multifarious research approaches. We argue that greater attention should be paid to ‘doing’ qualitative multi-disciplinary research. We find that elements of ‘letting go’ and ‘coming together’ are important when new perspectives and knowledge are engaged. Therefore, we call for clarity on the multi-disciplinary approaches and discuss how we came to understand the collaborative processes of researching, thinking, and writing. The paper begins with vignettes about our ontological journeys during the research project. In developing our argument, we consider the retrospective and reflexive qualities expressed in our vignettes and examine how our collaborative theorizing shaped the research project.

In response to recent terror attacks, Western governments now involve private sector organizations in national security regimes in key strategic areas such as travel, communication and financial services. The UK’s eBorders programme is one such regime. Its goal is to collect and analyse passport and passenger data from all travellers entering and leaving the United Kingdom in advance of travel. Airlines and their supply chains are required to collect data from their customers and transfer it to the UK Border agency for processing. Using documentary and interview data, this article develops the concept of ‘re-mediation work’ to characterise the impact of the regime on travel firms and their employees.

In the social sciences there has been much exciting and informative work on farmers’ markets and this paper contributes to this literature by considering how the place of farmers’ markets affects the way consumers understand the taste of food. I draw on the difficulty faced by many consumers in articulating the taste of food, especially when food is perceived to taste good. I explore how consumers demonstrate their evaluations of taste, whether through descriptions of taste that are metaphor-laden or through beliefs and values emboldened by food knowledges and opinions. I argue these are how farmers’ market consumers understand and perform taste in relation to market food. The findings that inform the paper are taken from interviews with farmers’ market consumers in the UK.

The focus of this chapter is the role of alterity and performance in buying food at farmers’ markets. Alterity is the context in which farmers’ markets are readily understood and situated (Spiller 2007; Youngs 2003); buying at a market is different to buying at, for instance, a supermarket, and as Hetherington (1997) might suggest, farmers’ markets appropriate a heterotopic space where a marginal force implies ideals - however temporary or ephemeral that space maybe . Nevertheless, as I argue, as performances become routine, the proficiency of such actions render them normal. In contrast to what were once reactionary or alternative sites to developments and incidences in farming and food in the UK today, the farmers’ markets may now have become normalized or to some extent non-alternative. A focus of this chapter is the corporeality at the markets, which encourages performances during the event of buying, selling or just being at a farmers’ market. Performance and its delivery is distinctly corporeal and linguistic in projecting the meanings and understandings that litter everyday life, and intrinsically performance is inescapable from identity, as every interaction and action between actors incorporates degrees of performance. When producers and consumers meet at the markets, the performances take on the guise of difference, in that the markets awaken carnivalesque connotations, because inherently the markets are not everyday, or are not supermarkets.

Under the 1998 Data Protection Act, citizens have the right to access CCTV images of themselves. One researcher, Keith Spiller, sought to test out how easy it actually is to gain access to the footage, and sought to deliberately stand in site of CCTV cameras for two minutes at a time. He found it far more difficult to gain access to the images than the legislation suggests it ought to be.

Commercial organisations are increasingly asked to perform tasks traditionally associated with governmental bodies, such as law enforcement. The rationale for these public-private partnerships is that there are synergies between traditional business skills and those required to achieve certain societal goals. However, there is a lack of research into whether this is, indeed, the case. This paper addresses this gap by investigating one particular type of public-private partnership: anti-money laundering (AML). The study explores the potential synergies between customer relationship management (CRM) and those required for AML. A quantitative survey-based approach is used to identify the overlaps and connections between these two areas of competence. The findings reveal tensions between financial institutions’ dual roles as both commercial organisations and players in the battle against money laundering. The consequences for these firms are explored, and the wider implications for other organisations supplying non-commercial services to government are considered.

In this paper, I argue that careful attention needs to be paid to the handling of urban CCTV digital data. Since the early 1990s, CCTV has left an indelible mark on UK cities, and beyond. CCTV is a crime-reduction strategy, and its activation owes much to the laws and regulations that govern its function and the passivity with which it is often viewed. I consider the nature of security when CCTV signs, recorded images and the rights of citizens are interlinked in controlled urban spaces. Despite the regulatory powers of the Data Protection Act, the management of CCTV data is at times poorly operationalised and often obfuscated. The paper discusses my experiences of identifying 17 different CCTV cameras and being recorded and my attempts to access my images through subject access requests (SARs). In what follows, I draw on different topologies of experience in expanding upon the mutable, unpredictable and intensive relations that guide the management of CCTV data.

Many funding bodies emphasise the advantages of using multi-disciplinary approaches; in response, in this paper we consider our reflections on doing such a project. We contribute to the multi-disciplinary literature by considering the standardizing effect of collaboration on multifarious research approaches. We argue that greater attention should be paid to ‘doing’ qualitative multi-disciplinary research. We find that elements of ‘letting go’ and ‘coming together’ are important when new perspectives and knowledge are engaged. Therefore, we call for clarity on the multi-disciplinary approaches and discuss how we came to understand the collaborative processes of researching, thinking, and writing. The paper begins with vignettes about our ontological journeys during the research project. In developing our argument, we consider the retrospective and reflexive qualities expressed in our vignettes and examine how our collaborative theorizing shaped the research project.

Security is an important feature of the macro environment for tourism that affects the consumption of travel products. Following high-profile terrorist attacks, UK border security measures have been increased through the implementation of the e-Borders programme. This initiative requires passenger carriers to collect and electronically transmit travel document information and service information for any individual entering or leaving the UK. The commercial impact of e-Borders on travel firms is investigated by examining the relationships between the affected stakeholders, considering the power and decision making at play, and exploring the outcomes. The e-Borders programme is described, and a framework for the in-depth, qualitative study is presented. The findings show that passenger carriers and travel firms manage the negative consequences of compliance and restore their commercial interests by engaging in a process we describe as recognizing, rationalizing and refashioning. The implications for research and practice are explored.

In this paper I look at a farm that diversified its business and within this process bought a second-hand sausage vacuum-filler. I do this in order to question how this machine came to be understood and valued by the farmers who bought it. The themes discussed include the role of the machine in changing the working practices of the farm, as well as factors unknown when buying second-hand – purchasers can only ever truly know the reliability and levels of performance of the machine retrospectively. While much work has considered the second-hand cultures of goods such as clothes, brick-a-brac or cars, the departure I make here is to consider goods bought and used in commercial contexts. I consider the calculations made when a second-hand commodity is invested with the risks and tensions of expanding a business. There are critical and additional pressures resting on the machine, for example, if the machine fails to work it may be detrimental to the business. The paper focuses on the appreciations of two farmers and how the machine they bought was used and appreciated.

In response to recent terror attacks, Western governments now involve private sector organizations in national security regimes in key strategic areas such as travel, communication and financial services. The UK’s eBorders programme is one such regime. Its goal is to collect and analyse passport and passenger data from all travellers entering and leaving the United Kingdom in advance of travel. Airlines and their supply chains are required to collect data from their customers and transfer it to the UK Border agency for processing. Using documentary and interview data, this article develops the concept of ‘re-mediation work’ to characterise the impact of the regime on travel firms and their employees.

In the social sciences there has been much exciting and informative work on farmers’ markets and this paper contributes to this literature by considering how the place of farmers’ markets affects the way consumers understand the taste of food. I draw on the difficulty faced by many consumers in articulating the taste of food, especially when food is perceived to taste good. I explore how consumers demonstrate their evaluations of taste, whether through descriptions of taste that are metaphor-laden or through beliefs and values emboldened by food knowledges and opinions. I argue these are how farmers’ market consumers understand and perform taste in relation to market food. The findings that inform the paper are taken from interviews with farmers’ market consumers in the UK.

The terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 prompted the search by governments of many developed nations, and international organisations, to find new ways to counter terrorist activities (Vlcek, 2008). Measures identified have included the increased monitoring of financial transactions in order to identify and counter the funding of terrorism, and the increased monitoring of individuals as they travel across national borders. However, whilst governments seek to enforce these counter-terrorism measures, private sector organisations are the point of contact with individuals whilst they are carrying out the activities of interest. This proximity to the activity or event of interest, and importantly, the ability to collect data on the individual and their activities, has led governments to require, often supported by legislation, private sector firms to collect data on their customers and report this to government agencies for their evaluation. This study explores the programmes of activity being put in place in two key sectors of UK industry; in the financial services sector, they are anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism finance (CTF), and in the travel sector, the e-Borders programme. In addition to the legislation enforcing compliance, most private sector firms appear to recognise their societal role in contributing to counter-terrorist activities. However, implementation and operation of the measures may present challenges. An obvious challenge is meeting the cost of such measures. The cost of meeting AML regulation by UK firms has been estimated at £274 million per year, which is 40% of the total cost of financial regulations on the sector (FSA, 2006), with the cost of proving the identity of customers put at £2 per customer (PriceWaterhouse Coopers, 2007). For the charter travel industry alone, complying with e-Borders regulations is estimated to cost £13 million cost per year, with the only modest savings from the removal of boarding cards (Airline

The focus of this chapter is the role of alterity and performance in buying food at farmers’ markets. Alterity is the context in which farmers’ markets are readily understood and situated (Spiller 2007; Youngs 2003); buying at a market is different to buying at, for instance, a supermarket, and as Hetherington (1997) might suggest, farmers’ markets appropriate a heterotopic space where a marginal force implies ideals - however temporary or ephemeral that space maybe . Nevertheless, as I argue, as performances become routine, the proficiency of such actions render them normal. In contrast to what were once reactionary or alternative sites to developments and incidences in farming and food in the UK today, the farmers’ markets may now have become normalized or to some extent non-alternative. A focus of this chapter is the corporeality at the markets, which encourages performances during the event of buying, selling or just being at a farmers’ market. Performance and its delivery is distinctly corporeal and linguistic in projecting the meanings and understandings that litter everyday life, and intrinsically performance is inescapable from identity, as every interaction and action between actors incorporates degrees of performance. When producers and consumers meet at the markets, the performances take on the guise of difference, in that the markets awaken carnivalesque connotations, because inherently the markets are not everyday, or are not supermarkets.

This paper examines the organizational tensions arising from mandatory data exchange initiatives between private and public organizations. The focus is the UK financial services sector, which is required to monitor and report on customer identities and transactions under the country’s Anti-Money Laundering/Counter-Terrorist Finance (AML/CTF) regulations. The transferred data are generated from existing organizational activities, systems, processes and working patterns; we examine how government demands for such data affect commercial priorities, customer relationships and working patterns in the sector. We adopt an exploratory approach to investigate this phenomenon, consisting of 16 in-depth interviews, analysis of documents and two case studies. Three contributions are made. First, we use remediation theory to show that existing organizational arrangements are reconfigured at multiple analytical levels, creating tensions between the organizations’ commercial and compliance roles. Second, we establish the information flow as an appropriate unit of analysis in the study of data exchange mechanisms and reveal the flows that characterise AML/CTF compliance for financial services organizations. Finally, we adopt a ‘set theoretic’ perspective on multi-level organizational research, to argue that the multi-level effects of this regulation can be examined in parallel.