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That coral reefs are in decline worldwide, particularly in the Caribbean, will come as no surprise. This decades-long decline has reached a potential tipping point as the weight of the effects of climate change have come decidedly to bear on the planet’s most diverse marine ecosystem. Whether coral reefs can persist without restorative intervention is debatable, which has prompted a surge in coral reef restoration projects focusing primarily on the cultivation and transplantation of coral fragments onto degraded reefs. But that widespread approach does little to address the underlying causes of coral loss, one of which is the proliferation of macroalgae that are deleterious to corals. An emerging solution to this problem is the enhancement of herbivory on coral reefs through improved management of herbivores, artificial enhancement of herbivore settlement, or their mariculture and subsequent stocking. This review explores the nuances of the biology of well-studied Caribbean coral reef herbivores (fishes, sea urchins, and crabs) as it relates to their mariculture and investigates the promise of herbivore stocking onto coral reefs as a restoration strategy. Fish, urchin, and crab herbivores differ appreciably in life histories, which confers advantages and disadvantages with respect to their mariculture and effectiveness as grazers. Mariculture of herbivorous marine fish for reef restoration is essentially non-existent so the reestablishment of grazing fish abundance on coral reefs focuses primarily on their protection through fishery regulations, but only at a few locations in the Caribbean. Mariculture of herbivorous urchins and crabs for restoration purposes is in its infancy, but promising especially for crabs whose larval rearing is less difficult. Perhaps the biggest challenge for the mariculture of either taxon is “scaling-up” from research settings to large-scale mariculture needed for stocking. Numerous studies extol the benefits of functional redundancy and

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gravinese, P. M., Page, H. N., Butler, C. B., Spadaro, A. J., Hewett, C., Considine, M., Lankes, D., & Fisher, S. Ocean acidification disrupts the orientation of postlarval Caribbean spiny lobsters. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 18092, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75021-9., Anthropogenic inputs into coastal ecosystems are causing more frequent environmental fluctuations and reducing seawater pH. One such ecosystem is Florida Bay, an important nursery for the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Although adult crustaceans are often resilient to reduced seawater pH, earlier ontogenetic stages can be physiologically limited in their tolerance to ocean acidification on shorter time scales. We used a Y-maze chamber to test whether reduced-pH seawater altered the orientation of spiny lobster pueruli toward chemical cues produced by Laurencia spp. macroalgae, a known settlement cue for the species. We tested the hypothesis that pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater would be less responsive to Laurencia spp. chemical cues than pueruli in ambient-pH seawater by comparing the proportion of individuals that moved to the cue side of the chamber with the proportion that moved to the side with no cue. We also recorded the amount of time (sec) before a response was observed. Pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater were less responsive and failed to select the Laurencia cue. Our results suggest that episodic acidification of coastal waters might limit the ability of pueruli to locate settlement habitats, increasing postsettlement mortality., We thank the Steinwachs Family Foundation, which provided funding that supported Gravinese’s postdoctoral fellowship at Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium. We also acknowledge the partial support provided by the St. Petersburg College Titan Achievement minigrant program. Page was supported by a Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. Postlarval spiny lobsters were collected with a state-issued Special Activity License (SAL-17-1868G-SR). We also thank those who helped with animal collection throughout this work including in-kind support provided by E. Muller and the Mote CAOS facility, as well as E. Bartels and C. Walter of the Coral Reef Monitoring and Assessment Program at Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, as well as other field personnel including: L. Toth, S. Perry, T. Parker, A. Fine, L. Humphrey, and many undergraduate interns. We also thank L. Toth, E. Ross, B. Sharp, C. Crowley, J. Butler, and B. Crowder for editorial comments.

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gravinese, P. M., Page, H. N., Butler, C. B., Spadaro, A. J., Hewett, C., Considine, M., Lankes, D., & Fisher, S. Ocean acidification disrupts the orientation of postlarval Caribbean spiny lobsters. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 18092, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75021-9., Anthropogenic inputs into coastal ecosystems are causing more frequent environmental fluctuations and reducing seawater pH. One such ecosystem is Florida Bay, an important nursery for the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Although adult crustaceans are often resilient to reduced seawater pH, earlier ontogenetic stages can be physiologically limited in their tolerance to ocean acidification on shorter time scales. We used a Y-maze chamber to test whether reduced-pH seawater altered the orientation of spiny lobster pueruli toward chemical cues produced by Laurencia spp. macroalgae, a known settlement cue for the species. We tested the hypothesis that pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater would be less responsive to Laurencia spp. chemical cues than pueruli in ambient-pH seawater by comparing the proportion of individuals that moved to the cue side of the chamber with the proportion that moved to the side with no cue. We also recorded the amount of time (sec) before a response was observed. Pueruli conditioned in reduced-pH seawater were less responsive and failed to select the Laurencia cue. Our results suggest that episodic acidification of coastal waters might limit the ability of pueruli to locate settlement habitats, increasing postsettlement mortality., We thank the Steinwachs Family Foundation, which provided funding that supported Gravinese’s postdoctoral fellowship at Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium. We also acknowledge the partial support provided by the St. Petersburg College Titan Achievement minigrant program. Page was supported by a Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. Postlarval spiny lobsters were collected with a state-issued Special Activity License (SAL-17-1868G-SR). We also thank those who helped with animal collection throughout this work including in-kind support provided by E. Muller and the Mote CAOS facility, as well as E. Bartels and C. Walter of the Coral Reef Monitoring and Assessment Program at Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, as well as other field personnel including: L. Toth, S. Perry, T. Parker, A. Fine, L. Humphrey, and many undergraduate interns. We also thank L. Toth, E. Ross, B. Sharp, C. Crowley, J. Butler, and B. Crowder for editorial comments.