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1. Application of the Milan System for Reporting Submandibular Gland Cytopathology: An international, multi-institutional study

Author

Maleki, Z, Baloch, Z, Lu, R, Shafique, K, Song, Sj, Viswanathan, K, Rao, Ra, Lefler, H, Fatima, A, Wiles, A, Jo, Vy, Wang, H, Fadda, G, Powers, Cn, Ali, Sz, Pantanowitz, L, Siddiqui, Mt, Nayar, R, Klijanienko, J, Barkan, Ga, Krane, Jf, Rossi, Ed, Callegari, F, Kholova, I, Bongiovanni, M, Faquin, Wc, Pusztaszeri, Mp, Maleki, Z, Baloch, Z, Lu, R, Shafique, K, Song, Sj, Viswanathan, K, Rao, Ra, Lefler, H, Fatima, A, Wiles, A, Jo, Vy, Wang, H, Fadda, G, Powers, Cn, Ali, Sz, Pantanowitz, L, Siddiqui, Mt, Nayar, R, Klijanienko, J, Barkan, Ga, Krane, Jf, Rossi, Ed, Callegari, F, Kholova, I, Bongiovanni, M, Faquin, Wc, and Pusztaszeri, Mp

Abstract

Background The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) is a 6-tier diagnostic category system with associated risks of malignancy (ROMs) and management recommendations. Submandibular gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is uncommon with a higher frequency of inflammatory lesions and a higher relative proportion of malignancy, and this may affect the ROM and subsequent management. This study evaluated the application of the MSRSGC and the ROM for each diagnostic category for 734 submandibular gland FNAs. Methods Submandibular gland FNA cytology specimens from 15 international institutions (2013-2017) were retrospectively assigned to an MSRSGC diagnostic category as follows: nondiagnostic, nonneoplastic, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), benign neoplasm, salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP), suspicious for malignancy (SM), or malignant. A correlation with the available histopathologic follow-up was performed, and the ROM was calculated for each MSRSGC diagnostic category. Results The case cohort of 734 aspirates was reclassified according to the MSRSGC as follows: nondiagnostic, 21.4% (0%-50%); nonneoplastic, 24.2% (9.1%-53.6%); AUS, 6.7% (0%-14.3%); benign neoplasm, 18.3% (0%-52.5%); SUMP, 12% (0%-37.7%); SM, 3.5% (0%-12.5%); and malignant, 13.9% (2%-31.3%). The histopathologic follow-up was available for 333 cases (45.4%). The ROMs were as follows: nondiagnostic, 10.6%; nonneoplastic, 7.5%; AUS, 27.6%; benign neoplasm, 3.2%; SUMP, 41.9%; SM, 82.3%; and malignant, 93.6%. Conclusions This multi-institutional study shows that the ROM of each MSRSGC category for submandibular gland FNA is similar to that reported for parotid gland FNA, although the reported rates for the different MSRSGC categories were variable across institutions. Thus, the MSRSGC can be reliably applied to submandibular gland FNA.

Published
2019

2. A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity

Author

Thompson, LR, Sanders, JG, McDonald, D, Amir, A, Ladau, J, Locey, KJ, Prill, RJ, Tripathi, A, Gibbons, SM, Ackermann, G, Navas-Molina, JA, Janssen, S, Kopylova, E, Vázquez-Baeza, Y, González, A, Morton, JT, Mirarab, S, Xu, ZZ, Jiang, L, Haroon, MF, Kanbar, J, Zhu, Q, Song, SJ, Kosciolek, T, Bokulich, NA, Lefler, J, Brislawn, CJ, Humphrey, G, Owens, SM, Hampton-Marcell, J, Berg-Lyons, D, McKenzie, V, Fierer, N, Fuhrman, JA, Clauset, A, Stevens, RL, Shade, A, Pollard, KS, Goodwin, KD, Jansson, JK, Gilbert, JA, Knight, R, Agosto Rivera, JL, Al-Moosawi, L, Alverdy, J, Amato, KR, Andras, J, Angenent, LT, Antonopoulos, DA, Apprill, A, Armitage, D, Ballantine, K, Bárta, J, Baum, JK, Berry, A, Bhatnagar, A, Bhatnagar, M, Biddle, JF, Bittner, L, Boldgiv, B, Bottos, E, Boyer, DM, Braun, J, Brazelton, W, Brearley, FQ, Campbell, AH, Caporaso, JG, Cardona, C, Carroll, JL, Cary, SC, Casper, BB, Charles, TC, Chu, H, Claar, DC, Clark, RG, Clayton, JB, Clemente, JC, Cochran, A, Coleman, ML, Collins, G, Colwell, RR, Contreras, M, Crary, BB, Creer, S, Cristol, DA, Crump, BC, Cui, D, Daly, SE, Davalos, L, Dawson, RD, Defazio, J, Delsuc, F, Dionisi, HM, Dominguez-Bello, MG, Dowell, R, Dubinsky, EA, Dunn, PO, Ercolini, D, Espinoza, RE, Ezenwa, V, Thompson, LR, Sanders, JG, McDonald, D, Amir, A, Ladau, J, Locey, KJ, Prill, RJ, Tripathi, A, Gibbons, SM, Ackermann, G, Navas-Molina, JA, Janssen, S, Kopylova, E, Vázquez-Baeza, Y, González, A, Morton, JT, Mirarab, S, Xu, ZZ, Jiang, L, Haroon, MF, Kanbar, J, Zhu, Q, Song, SJ, Kosciolek, T, Bokulich, NA, Lefler, J, Brislawn, CJ, Humphrey, G, Owens, SM, Hampton-Marcell, J, Berg-Lyons, D, McKenzie, V, Fierer, N, Fuhrman, JA, Clauset, A, Stevens, RL, Shade, A, Pollard, KS, Goodwin, KD, Jansson, JK, Gilbert, JA, Knight, R, Agosto Rivera, JL, Al-Moosawi, L, Alverdy, J, Amato, KR, Andras, J, Angenent, LT, Antonopoulos, DA, Apprill, A, Armitage, D, Ballantine, K, Bárta, J, Baum, JK, Berry, A, Bhatnagar, A, Bhatnagar, M, Biddle, JF, Bittner, L, Boldgiv, B, Bottos, E, Boyer, DM, Braun, J, Brazelton, W, Brearley, FQ, Campbell, AH, Caporaso, JG, Cardona, C, Carroll, JL, Cary, SC, Casper, BB, Charles, TC, Chu, H, Claar, DC, Clark, RG, Clayton, JB, Clemente, JC, Cochran, A, Coleman, ML, Collins, G, Colwell, RR, Contreras, M, Crary, BB, Creer, S, Cristol, DA, Crump, BC, Cui, D, Daly, SE, Davalos, L, Dawson, RD, Defazio, J, Delsuc, F, Dionisi, HM, Dominguez-Bello, MG, Dowell, R, Dubinsky, EA, Dunn, PO, Ercolini, D, Espinoza, RE, and Ezenwa, V

Abstract

Our growing awareness of the microbial world's importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth's microbial diversity.

Published
2017

3. A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity

Author

Thompson, LR, Sanders, JG, McDonald, D, Amir, A, Ladau, J, Locey, KJ, Prill, RJ, Tripathi, A, Gibbons, SM, Ackermann, G, Navas-Molina, JA, Janssen, S, Kopylova, E, Vazquez-Baeza, Y, Gonzalez, A, Morton, JT, Mirarab, S, Xu, ZZ, Jiang, L, Haroon, MF, Kanbar, J, Zhu, Q, Song, SJ, Kosciolek, T, Bokulich, NA, Lefler, J, Brislawn, CJ, Humphrey, G, Owens, SM, Hampton-Marcell, J, Berg-Lyons, D, McKenzie, V, Fierer, N, Fuhrman, JA, Clauset, A, Stevens, RL, Shade, A, Pollard, KS, Goodwin, KD, Jansson, JK, Gilbert, JA, Knight, R, Rivera, JLA, Al-Moosawi, L, Alverdy, J, Amato, KR, Andras, J, Angenent, LT, Antonopoulos, DA, Apprill, A, Armitage, D, Ballantine, K, Barta, J, Baum, JK, Berry, A, Bhatnagar, A, Bhatnagar, M, Biddle, JF, Bittner, L, Boldgiv, B, Bottos, E, Boyer, DM, Braun, J, Brazelton, W, Brearley, FQ, Campbell, AH, Caporaso, JG, Cardona, C, Carroll, J, Cary, SC, Casper, BB, Charles, TC, Chu, H, Claar, DC, Clark, RG, Clayton, JB, Clemente, JC, Cochran, A, Coleman, ML, Collins, G, Colwell, RR, Contreras, M, Crary, BB, Creer, S, Cristol, DA, Crump, BC, Cui, D, Daly, SE, Davalos, L, Dawson, RD, Defazio, J, Delsuc, F, Dionisi, HM, Dominguez-Bello, MG, Dowell, R, Dubinsky, EA, Dunn, PO, Ercolini, D, Espinoza, RE, Ezenwa, V, Fenner, N, Findlay, HS, Fleming, ID, Fogliano, V, Forsman, A, Freeman, C, Friedman, ES, Galindo, G, Garcia, L, Alexandra Garcia-Amado, M, Garshelis, D, Gasser, RB, Gerdts, G, Gibson, MK, Gifford, I, Gill, RT, Giray, T, Gittel, A, Golyshin, P, Gong, D, Grossart, H-P, Guyton, K, Haig, S-J, Hale, V, Hall, RS, Hallam, SJ, Handley, KM, Hasan, NA, Haydon, SR, Hickman, JE, Hidalgo, G, Hofmockel, KS, Hooker, J, Hulth, S, Hultman, J, Hyde, E, Ibanez-Alamo, JD, Jastrow, JD, Jex, AR, Johnson, LS, Johnston, ER, Joseph, S, Jurburg, SD, Jurelevicius, D, Karlsson, A, Karlsson, R, Kauppinen, S, Kellogg, CTE, Kennedy, SJ, Kerkhof, LJ, King, GM, Kling, GW, Koehler, AV, Krezalek, M, Kueneman, J, Lamendella, R, Landon, EM, Lane-deGraaf, K, LaRoche, J, Larsen, P, Laverock, B, Lax, S, Lentino, M, Levin, II, Liancourt, P, Liang, W, Linz, AM, Lipson, DA, Liu, Y, Lladser, ME, Lozada, M, Spirito, CM, MacCormack, WP, MacRae-Crerar, A, Magris, M, Martin-Platero, AM, Martin-Vivaldi, M, Margarita Martinez, L, Martinez-Bueno, M, Marzinelli, EM, Mason, OU, Mayer, GD, McDevitt-Irwin, JM, McDonald, JE, McGuire, KL, McMahon, KD, McMinds, R, Medina, M, Mendelson, JR, Metcalf, JL, Meyer, F, Michelangeli, F, Miller, K, Mills, DA, Minich, J, Mocali, S, Moitinho-Silva, L, Moore, A, Morgan-Kiss, RM, Munroe, P, Myrold, D, Neufeld, JD, Ni, Y, Nicol, GW, Nielsen, S, Nissimov, JI, Niu, K, Nolan, MJ, Noyce, K, O'Brien, SL, Okamoto, N, Orlando, L, Castellano, YO, Osuolale, O, Oswald, W, Parnell, J, Peralta-Sanchez, JM, Petraitis, P, Pfister, C, Pilon-Smits, E, Piombino, P, Pointing, SB, Pollock, FJ, Potter, C, Prithiviraj, B, Quince, C, Rani, A, Ranjan, R, Rao, S, Rees, AP, Richardson, M, Riebesell, U, Robinson, C, Rockne, KJ, Rodriguezl, SM, Rohwer, F, Roundstone, W, Safran, RJ, Sangwan, N, Sanz, V, Schrenk, M, Schrenzel, MD, Scott, NM, Seger, RL, Seguin-Orlando, A, Seldin, L, Seyler, LM, Shakhsheer, B, Sheets, GM, Shen, C, Shi, Y, Shin, H, Shogan, BD, Shutler, D, Siegel, J, Simmons, S, Sjoling, S, Smith, DP, Soler, JJ, Sperling, M, Steinberg, PD, Stephens, B, Stevens, MA, Taghavi, S, Tai, V, Tait, K, Tan, CL, Tas, N, Taylor, DL, Thomas, T, Timling, I, Turner, BL, Urich, T, Ursell, LK, van der Lelie, D, Van Treuren, W, van Zwieten, L, Vargas-Robles, D, Thurber, RV, Vitaglione, P, Walker, DA, Walters, WA, Wang, S, Wang, T, Weaver, T, Webster, NS, Wehrle, B, Weisenhorn, P, Weiss, S, Werner, JJ, West, K, Whitehead, A, Whitehead, SR, Whittingham, LA, Willerslev, E, Williams, AE, Wood, SA, Woodhams, DC, Yang, Y, Zaneveld, J, Zarraonaindia, I, Zhang, Q, Zhao, H, Thompson, LR, Sanders, JG, McDonald, D, Amir, A, Ladau, J, Locey, KJ, Prill, RJ, Tripathi, A, Gibbons, SM, Ackermann, G, Navas-Molina, JA, Janssen, S, Kopylova, E, Vazquez-Baeza, Y, Gonzalez, A, Morton, JT, Mirarab, S, Xu, ZZ, Jiang, L, Haroon, MF, Kanbar, J, Zhu, Q, Song, SJ, Kosciolek, T, Bokulich, NA, Lefler, J, Brislawn, CJ, Humphrey, G, Owens, SM, Hampton-Marcell, J, Berg-Lyons, D, McKenzie, V, Fierer, N, Fuhrman, JA, Clauset, A, Stevens, RL, Shade, A, Pollard, KS, Goodwin, KD, Jansson, JK, Gilbert, JA, Knight, R, Rivera, JLA, Al-Moosawi, L, Alverdy, J, Amato, KR, Andras, J, Angenent, LT, Antonopoulos, DA, Apprill, A, Armitage, D, Ballantine, K, Barta, J, Baum, JK, Berry, A, Bhatnagar, A, Bhatnagar, M, Biddle, JF, Bittner, L, Boldgiv, B, Bottos, E, Boyer, DM, Braun, J, Brazelton, W, Brearley, FQ, Campbell, AH, Caporaso, JG, Cardona, C, Carroll, J, Cary, SC, Casper, BB, Charles, TC, Chu, H, Claar, DC, Clark, RG, Clayton, JB, Clemente, JC, Cochran, A, Coleman, ML, Collins, G, Colwell, RR, Contreras, M, Crary, BB, Creer, S, Cristol, DA, Crump, BC, Cui, D, Daly, SE, Davalos, L, Dawson, RD, Defazio, J, Delsuc, F, Dionisi, HM, Dominguez-Bello, MG, Dowell, R, Dubinsky, EA, Dunn, PO, Ercolini, D, Espinoza, RE, Ezenwa, V, Fenner, N, Findlay, HS, Fleming, ID, Fogliano, V, Forsman, A, Freeman, C, Friedman, ES, Galindo, G, Garcia, L, Alexandra Garcia-Amado, M, Garshelis, D, Gasser, RB, Gerdts, G, Gibson, MK, Gifford, I, Gill, RT, Giray, T, Gittel, A, Golyshin, P, Gong, D, Grossart, H-P, Guyton, K, Haig, S-J, Hale, V, Hall, RS, Hallam, SJ, Handley, KM, Hasan, NA, Haydon, SR, Hickman, JE, Hidalgo, G, Hofmockel, KS, Hooker, J, Hulth, S, Hultman, J, Hyde, E, Ibanez-Alamo, JD, Jastrow, JD, Jex, AR, Johnson, LS, Johnston, ER, Joseph, S, Jurburg, SD, Jurelevicius, D, Karlsson, A, Karlsson, R, Kauppinen, S, Kellogg, CTE, Kennedy, SJ, Kerkhof, LJ, King, GM, Kling, GW, Koehler, AV, Krezalek, M, Kueneman, J, Lamendella, R, Landon, EM, Lane-deGraaf, K, LaRoche, J, Larsen, P, Laverock, B, Lax, S, Lentino, M, Levin, II, Liancourt, P, Liang, W, Linz, AM, Lipson, DA, Liu, Y, Lladser, ME, Lozada, M, Spirito, CM, MacCormack, WP, MacRae-Crerar, A, Magris, M, Martin-Platero, AM, Martin-Vivaldi, M, Margarita Martinez, L, Martinez-Bueno, M, Marzinelli, EM, Mason, OU, Mayer, GD, McDevitt-Irwin, JM, McDonald, JE, McGuire, KL, McMahon, KD, McMinds, R, Medina, M, Mendelson, JR, Metcalf, JL, Meyer, F, Michelangeli, F, Miller, K, Mills, DA, Minich, J, Mocali, S, Moitinho-Silva, L, Moore, A, Morgan-Kiss, RM, Munroe, P, Myrold, D, Neufeld, JD, Ni, Y, Nicol, GW, Nielsen, S, Nissimov, JI, Niu, K, Nolan, MJ, Noyce, K, O'Brien, SL, Okamoto, N, Orlando, L, Castellano, YO, Osuolale, O, Oswald, W, Parnell, J, Peralta-Sanchez, JM, Petraitis, P, Pfister, C, Pilon-Smits, E, Piombino, P, Pointing, SB, Pollock, FJ, Potter, C, Prithiviraj, B, Quince, C, Rani, A, Ranjan, R, Rao, S, Rees, AP, Richardson, M, Riebesell, U, Robinson, C, Rockne, KJ, Rodriguezl, SM, Rohwer, F, Roundstone, W, Safran, RJ, Sangwan, N, Sanz, V, Schrenk, M, Schrenzel, MD, Scott, NM, Seger, RL, Seguin-Orlando, A, Seldin, L, Seyler, LM, Shakhsheer, B, Sheets, GM, Shen, C, Shi, Y, Shin, H, Shogan, BD, Shutler, D, Siegel, J, Simmons, S, Sjoling, S, Smith, DP, Soler, JJ, Sperling, M, Steinberg, PD, Stephens, B, Stevens, MA, Taghavi, S, Tai, V, Tait, K, Tan, CL, Tas, N, Taylor, DL, Thomas, T, Timling, I, Turner, BL, Urich, T, Ursell, LK, van der Lelie, D, Van Treuren, W, van Zwieten, L, Vargas-Robles, D, Thurber, RV, Vitaglione, P, Walker, DA, Walters, WA, Wang, S, Wang, T, Weaver, T, Webster, NS, Wehrle, B, Weisenhorn, P, Weiss, S, Werner, JJ, West, K, Whitehead, A, Whitehead, SR, Whittingham, LA, Willerslev, E, Williams, AE, Wood, SA, Woodhams, DC, Yang, Y, Zaneveld, J, Zarraonaindia, I, Zhang, Q, and Zhao, H

Abstract

Our growing awareness of the microbial world's importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth's microbial diversity.

Published
2017

4. Current concepts in diabetic retinopathy.

Author

Song, SJ, Wong, TY, Song, SJ, and Wong, TY

Abstract

For the past several decades, tremendous efforts have been made to decrease the complications of diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy. New diagnostic modalities like ultrawide field fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography has allowed more accurate diagnosis of early diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Antivascular endothelial growth factors are now extensively used to treat diabetic retinopathy and macular edema with promising results. There remains uncertainty over the long term effects and the socioeconomic costs of these agents.

Published
2014

5. A study on the dry cleaning of aluminium surfaces by low temperature plasma process

Author

Lim, GT, Kim, KH, Kim, KS, Li, HJ, Song, SJ, Shon, H, Cho, DL, Lim, GT, Kim, KH, Kim, KS, Li, HJ, Song, SJ, Shon, H, and Cho, DL

Abstract

Lubricating oil on aluminium surfaces was cleaned by a low temperature plasma process. Oxygen plasma mixed with argon was used, and process parameters were the mixing ratio of argon in oxygen, discharge power, and negative DC potential. The aluminium surfaces were analyzed with FTIR and EDX after the cleaning. It was found that almost all of the oil was eliminated in 20 min. if the oil was pure. Elimination efficiency was highly dependent on operational conditions of the process. The highest efficiency was obtained when treated at 300 W with oxygen plasma mixed with 30% argon applying negative potential more than -500 V on the aluminium surfaces. However, efficiency higher that 60% cannot be obtained at any condition if the oil contained inorganic materials.

Published
2008

6. A study on the dry cleaning of aluminium surfaces by low temperature plasma process

Author

Lim, GT, Kim, KH, Kim, KS, Li, HJ, Song, SJ, Shon, H, Cho, DL, Lim, GT, Kim, KH, Kim, KS, Li, HJ, Song, SJ, Shon, H, and Cho, DL

Abstract

Lubricating oil on aluminium surfaces was cleaned by a low temperature plasma process. Oxygen plasma mixed with argon was used, and process parameters were the mixing ratio of argon in oxygen, discharge power, and negative DC potential. The aluminium surfaces were analyzed with FTIR and EDX after the cleaning. It was found that almost all of the oil was eliminated in 20 min. if the oil was pure. Elimination efficiency was highly dependent on operational conditions of the process. The highest efficiency was obtained when treated at 300 W with oxygen plasma mixed with 30% argon applying negative potential more than -500 V on the aluminium surfaces. However, efficiency higher that 60% cannot be obtained at any condition if the oil contained inorganic materials.

Published
2008

7. Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 leads to inhibition of osteoclast differentiation.

Author

Smith, R, Ransjö, Maria, Tatarczuch, L, Song, SJ, Pagel, C, Morrison, JR, Pike, RN, Mackie, EJ, Smith, R, Ransjö, Maria, Tatarczuch, L, Song, SJ, Pagel, C, Morrison, JR, Pike, RN, and Mackie, EJ

Abstract

PAR-2 is expressed by osteoblasts and activated by proteases present during inflammation. PAR-2 activation inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by hormones and cytokines in mouse bone marrow cultures and may protect bone from uncontrolled resorption. INTRODUCTION: Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), which is expressed by osteoblasts, is activated specifically by a small number of proteases, including mast cell tryptase and factor Xa. PAR-2 is also activated by a peptide (RAP) that corresponds to the "tethered ligand" created by cleavage of the receptor's extracellular domain. The effect of activating PAR-2 on osteoclast differentiation was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mouse bone marrow cultures have been used to investigate the effect of PAR-2 activation on osteoclast differentiation induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], and interleukin-11 (IL-11). Expression of PAR-2 by mouse bone marrow, mouse bone marrow stromal cell-enriched cultures, and the RAW264.7 osteoclastogenic cell line was demonstrated by RT-PCR. RESULTS: RAP was shown to inhibit osteoclast differentiation induced by PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate expression of mediators of osteoclast differentiation induced by PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11 in mouse bone marrow cultures and primary calvarial osteoblast cultures treated simultaneously with RAP. In bone marrow and osteoblast cultures treated with PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11, RAP inhibited expression of RANKL and significantly suppressed the ratio of RANKL:osteoprotegerin expression. Activation of PAR-2 led to reduced expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 in bone marrow cultures treated with PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3, or IL-11. RAP inhibited PTH- or 1,25(OH)2D3-induced expression of IL-6 in bone marrow cultures. RAP had no effect on osteoclast differentiation in RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION: These observations indicate that PAR-2 activation inhibits

Published
2004
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