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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the angles of mental rotation when attempting to spatially orientate and the resulting response times and levels of accuracy. By means of a computer program, participants were presented with 64 mental rotational trials. The mental rotational trials consisted of a triangle placed in the center of the screen with a standard stick symbol of an aircraft appearing at various headings and orientations around the triangle. The participants were required to imagine themselves inside the flight deck of the aircraft, and then respond as quickly and accurately as possible to where the triangle is in relation to their orientation. Analysis of the data indicated that as the amount of angular displacement increased from the straight ahead and directly behind positions, the response times and accuracy rates increased and decreased respectively. Additionally, responses for the cardinal orientations were faster than the non-cardinal orientations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of automated and passive control on air traffic controller dynamic memory. The study consisted of two experiments, each involving a realistic ATC scenario for radar approach control with a mix of arriving and departing traffic. In Experiment I, the subjects performed manual control of the traffic while, in Experiment II, the scenario was highly automated and the subjects were tasked with only monitoring the situation. The dynamic memory performance was measured by interrupting the scenario and having the subjects recall the traffic situation at the moment of simulation interruption. The accuracy of recall was compared between the manual and automated scenarios. It was anticipated that subjects exercising manual control would have superior recall ability and a “picture.” This would have significant implications on the design of automated systems for ATC and the role of the human controller within the ATC system.

"The purpose of this research has been to investigate the degree to which the acquisition of a skill is enhanced through the use of an augmented reality training device."--Leaf v.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of high fidelity digital voice transmission, some aspects of information processing and the effect of short-term memory and long-term memory on one-way verbal communication. The experiment consisted of one realistic scenario with each of the twenty-four subjects involved recording on paper each of the sixteen Automatic Terminal Information Serice (ATIS) messages that they heard. Each subject heard each message one time, and the listening devices used were changed after four messages. The ATIS message consists of eleven hem groups of information. The results were viewed in group, number, and word errors. The largest error was the error of omission, and the most errors were found in message item 11 of the remarks section. The lengthy and complex remarks section overtaxed the capacity of the short term memory and resulted in large numbers of omission errors.

This thesis documents the efforts of the writer and his colleagues over the past several years to improve the theoretical foundation of the arbitrary quadrilateral shear panel used in structural analysis codes to model aircraft structures. An equilibrium stress-based element with pure shear resultants on its sides was developed using the principle of complementary virtual work. The internal stress field was derived from a complete polynomial Airy stress function. The element was numerically tested as a pure stress element and a hybrid element to assess the deflection properties for highly distorted planar panels. Linear-stress and quadratic-displacement rods were used, as appropriate, to model the stiffeners required to surround the shear panels. Panel displacements were compared with other well-known shear panels as well as with a finite element model of the shear panel. The pure-stress element, based on a third degree stress polynomial, was finally chosen because it gave displacements in agreement with the other shear panels (but usually on the order of twice the magnitude of the displacement-based finite element model) and panel performance was essentially unchanged with choice of higher-order stress polynomials. Performance of the hybrid version of the panel was spurious and further study is required to understand its behavior.

The purpose of this study is to use the finite element method to analyze thermal buckling, post-buckling, and vibrations of thermally buckled composite beams including shear deformation. The beam element used has ten degrees of freedom at each node: axial displacement, transverse displacement due to bending and shear, twisting angle, inplane shear rotation and their derivatives with respect to x. Hermitian polynomials and Lagrange's equation were used to derive the equations of motion. The equations of motion were divided into static and dynamic parts. For buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem was solved for the critical temperature. The scaled first mode shape was used as the trial displacement vector for post-buckling deflection analysis, which employed a Newton-Raphson type iterative procedure. Once the final static deflection was achieved, the dynamic part of the equation of motion was used to solve the eigenvalue problem for the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the thermally buckled beams.

This study was the second of two studies to evaluate the use of a pseudo threedimensional display to present information about future possible conflicts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate variations of a cockpit screen display that transfers relevant data to the pilot in a manner which is easy to interpret and to facilitate the possible stressful situations that may be encountered due to the proposed free flight environment. In the first phase, three display concepts, using three different screen designs were compared. In this study, three different displays, all of which used using the space-time predictor concept developed in the previous study, were compared for utility and acceptability. Eighteen pilots were tested. The results support the Pilot's perspective display (from the previous study) as the most effective display for conflict avoidance. The results also highlighted some areas of concern that are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the utilization of an experimental computer-based selection test battery would aid in the prediction of a candidate's performance when using an air traffic control computer-based simulation program. Each candidate completed the selection test battery, and then received air traffic control instruction using the air traffic control simulation program incorporated in the TRACON/Pro™ simulator system. The selection test battery results were correlated with the subsequent simulator scoring results.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are any significant decreases in the safety and effectiveness of pilots by age 60. The data for this study came from records of general aviation accidents (i.e., for private pilots, commercial pilots, and air transport pilots), and airline accidents (Part 121). These accident data were acquired from many specialized aviation data banks; these include: NTSB, AOPA, FAA, and the COMSIS Research Corporation. The data were organized into groups according to the ages of the pilots-in-command responsible for the accidents. Groupings progress in five-year increments starting at 20-24, and ending with 55-59. The data were analyzed in terms of both accidents per 1,000 pilots and accidents per 100,000 annual hours flown. The results indicate that age and experience both affect safety. The magnitude of these effects and their implications on flight safety are discussed.

Increasing levels of technology have changed the task of flying modern helicopter cockpits by allowing many crew functions to be performed automatically. This study attempted to understand the relation between automation and helicopter crew coordination. Twenty-eight helicopter pilots were assigned to two-person crews and asked to fly a simulated mission in either automated or manual conditions using a low-fidelity helicopter simulator. Communication was transcribed and coded into a nine-category content classification system by two trained raters. The inter-rater reliability was +.84. Results indicated that a higher frequency of total communications was demonstrated during manual flights. The interaction of Pilot Position by Automation Level was significant (p<.05) for three of the communication content categories: Observations, Suggestions, Statements of Intent. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for communications and Crew Resource Management (CRM) training for crews flying advanced technology helicopters.

Studio portrait of a woman with a fluted lace collar, pearl choker necklace, and a close cut hair style.

Studio portrait of a woman with a ruched lace collar, earrings, a brooch, and a close cut hair style.

Group portrait of men on horses. A brand shows on the elbow of one horse.

Men sit on the ground and play a knife game; saddled horses stand nearby.

Men sit on the ground among saddled horses, a tent, and camping gear at Hunton Creek in Converse or Sweetwater County, Wyoming. Other men eat at a table and by cooking pots.

Men sit on horses; a chuck wagon and gear are to the side.

Men sit on the ground among saddled horses; a prairie is in the background.

A man stands by a chuck wagon and cooking pots at the Birdwood Ranch in Birdwood (Lincoln County), Nebreaska; another man sits in a horse-drawn wagon.

Portrait of a man on a horse at the Birdwood Ranch in Birdwood (Lincoln County), Nebraska; a cowboy and cattle are in the background.

Men ride galloping horses; cattle are in the distance.

Rooftop view of Trinidad (Las Animas County), Colorado. Commercial buildings, a church, and houses are in the town.

Profile portrait of an unidentified Native American man; plaque on frame reads: "Painted and Presented to Colorado State Museum, Dwight D. Eisenhower."

Men pose with a horse, mule, and cow in harness pulling a covered wagon, in Kearney (Buffalo County), Nebraska.

William Frederick Cody "Buffalo Bill" full length studio portrait seated at table holding a pen with hat in lap; fringe jacket with embroidery, knee-high boots with ankle buckle; image has been cropped from original.

Group of Dakota Native American children (boys and girls) standing outside Sitting Bull's school, Grand River, South Dakota; three teachers on one side (two women and one man), one Dakota Native American man with badge at end of row; shows wooden frame school building with bell and belfry.

Fort Yates (formerly Standing Rock Agency), North Dakota, with uniformed troops in formation on parade ground; barracks or wooden frame buildings in background.

Unidentified Dakota Native American female lying on ground posed next to staged burial on scaffolds; full length studio portrait with painted backdrop; Dakota female with braids, necklaces, fringed buckskin shirt, bracelets, woven beaded belt, blanket wrapped around waist, and beaded moccasins; staged burial with bow, quiver, and beaded belts.

Fort Yates, North Dakota, overview of Fort and Standing Rock Agency from rise looking towards Missouri River; Catholic priest's residence (enclosed by picket fence) and Catholic church with small steeple viewed center foreground; numerous other Agency two-story wooden frame buildings, corrals, picket and board fencing on left; fort buildings and residences center right.

Fort Custer, Montana, wooden frame residence with numerous men and others lined up outside picket fence in front; includes young boy, men in military uniform and civilian suits, women sitting behind picket fence, and children sitting on ground in front of picket fence; several young trees in full bloom, numerous potted plants on front steps and porch of house, line strung for trellis on left side of porch, brick chimneys, shuttered windows, board fence in back and outbuildings.

Oval framed view of a line of oxen and mule carts on an unpaved street with boardwalk and business buildings; Lagerbeer Saloon, third brick building from right.

Overview of Fort Abraham Lincoln, North Dakota, showing stables, barracks, officer's houses, other buildings and Missouri River; barren landscape.

Red Cloud, Dakota Chief, seated on left, John Burke, standing in center, and American Horse, seated on right during Wild West Show in Madison Square Garden, New York; Red Cloud wears feather headdress, breastplate, blanket wrapped around waist, beaded moccasins, and holds pipe; John Burke wears suit coat and vest; American Horse wears feather headdress, fur piece around neck, blanket wrapped around waist, and holds a pole with feathers.

Sternwheeler Rosebud taken at Drowned Man's Rapids on Missouri River.

Red Cloud, Dakota Chief, on left, William Frederick Cody "Buffalo Bill" center, and American Horse, Dakota Chief, on right atop horses in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show at Madison Square Garden, New York; Red Cloud and American Horse wear feather headdresses; American Horse holds feather decorated pole; Cody wears hat, riding coat and gloves, and is shaking hands with Red Cloud.

Red Cloud, Dakota Chief, on left, and American Horse, Dakota Chief, on right, both full length, seated; taken during performance of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show at Madison Square Garden, New York; Red Cloud wears feather headdress, breastplate, blanket wrapped around waist, beaded sash down lap, and moccasins; American Horse wears feather headdress, fur neck piece, blanket wrapped around waist, moccasins, and holds a pole with feathers.

Wagon hitched with pair of draft horses standing in unidentified river; cliff on other side of river.

David F. Barry's photographic studio and gallery in Superior, Wisconsin, 1312 Tower Avenue; numerous Native American artifacts (many were gifts to Barry by Native Americans), props used in his photographic portrait work, and framed images by Barry covering walls; folding camp chair in right foreground belonged to General George Custer.

David F. Barry's photographic studio and gallery in Superior, Wisconsin, 1312 Tower Avenue; numerous Native American artifacts (many were gifts to Barry), props used in his photographic portrait work and framed images by Barry covering walls.

Unidentified male, head and shoulders studio portrait, wearing suit coat, vest and bow tie.