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The spatial-temporal characteristics of wildfires were summarized based on fire reports covering 55, 863 wildfires with a total burned area of 289.91 km² from 1995 to 2020 in Japan. The long-term decreasing trend was largely influenced by changes in social aspects, while the annual fluctuation was determined by large-scale events. The wildfire season started around early January in the southern part and gradually shifted northward over approximately three months. A total of 98.77% of cases were human-induced, and 1.23% were caused by lightning. Regarding response time after receiving the call, firefighting was started within 30 min in 89% of cases and controlled within 1 h in 85% of cases, where spatial characteristics were insignificant. Full-time fire departments utilized artificial water sources primarily in 72% of cases and natural water sources in 28%, while the rate using natural water sources increased as the burned area increased. Natural water sources from ponds and rivers exhibited regionalities. Cluster analysis revealed five wildfire regions reflecting natural and anthropogenic factors. Furthermore, the Mann–Kendall trend test concluded that the initiation process decreased almost uniformly across the country, while regional differences existed regarding the expansion process. Additionally, only human-induced wildfires had a significant decreasing trend.

The concept of critical state has been a cornerstone of modern critical state soil mechanics. It remains inconclusive how grain crushing affects critical state behavior in crushable granular sand. A multiscale computational approach is employed in this study to simulate the shearing behavior of crushable granular sand at critical state. Grain crushing is rigorously considered by preserving the co-evolutions of grain size and shape in the simulation of the shearing process. Systematic simulations on specimens with varying initial states and loading paths show unique characteristics of critical state for crushable granular sand in terms of critical state stress ratio, void ratio, breakage index, and shape descriptors which are independent of stress path and initial conditions. To further understand the deformation mechanisms of crushable sand at critical state, the volumetric strain is decomposed into three components due respectively to grain size reduction, the interlocking of irregular shaped grains generated by crushing, and inter-particle friction. Competing mechanisms among the three strain components are quantitatively analyzed and discussed. Initial void ratio and stress levels are found to play a prominent role in shaping the critical state deformation of crushable sand and such impact may be gauged through the fraction of grains that experience crushing.

Soil microbial residues are a critical component of stable soil organic carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems. Plantations are anticipated to increase soil stable carbon stocks and contribute toward addressing global climate change. How rewilding, as a strategy to restore the multiple ecological functions of plantations, affects soil microbial residues remains to be elucidated. Here, we divided microbial residues into extracellular residues (using extracellular polymeric substances, i.e., EPS, as a proxy) and cellular residues (estimated by amino sugars) and investigated the changes in their accumulation over four decades (6–45 years) of Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantation development. It was found that forest rewilding resulted in a linear accumulation of soil microbial residues and enhanced their contributions to the soil organic carbon. Specifically, EPS-polysaccharide increased by 126.5%, while the total cellular residue carbon, fungal cellular residue carbon, and bacterial cellular residue carbon increased by 73.4%, 77.2%, and 54.3%, respectively. Correspondingly, the contributions of EPS-polysaccharide and total cellular residue carbon to the soil organic carbon increased by 66.1% and 32.1%, respectively. The main drivers behind extracellular and cellular residues differed, with fine root biomass being the main driver of extracellular residues, while soil nitrogen and organic carbon content were the main drivers of cellular residues. Our study demonstrated that through rewilding, microbial extracellular and cellular residues could continuously accumulate in soils and contribute significantly to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon, highlighting the need to incorporate both microbial residues into soil carbon models to address global climate change. The results suggested that plantations should be allowed to grow older rather than being prematurely harvested, as they promote soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, which has important implications f

Soil microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are important components of soil organic carbon (SOC), which are thought to promote the formation of soil structures and induce the stabilization of SOC. Earthworms may not only stimulate the production of EPS through the promotion of microbial activity and microbial biomass, but might also accelerate the decomposition of EPS via ingestion, resulting in SOC sequestration or loss. However, the exact impacts of earthworms on EPS in soils have never been evaluated. Here, a pioneering experiment involving two species of endogeic earthworms (Drawida gisti and Metaphire guillelmi) with different body sizes was conducted to investigate their impacts on soil EPS. It was found that the D. gisti and M. guillelmi earthworms reduced the soil EPS-protein concentrations by 12.6 % and 17.6 %, respectively; however, they did not affect the EPS-polysaccharide concentration. Moreover, the presence of these endogeic earthworms increased soil microbial biomass, and elevated microbial respiration, microbial metabolic quotient, dissolved organic carbon, and soil pH. The results of this study provide the first evidence for the decoupling effects of earthworms on extracellular residual components. This suggests that earthworms may alter the molecular composition of SOM, thereby influencing its persistence and soil-atmosphere carbon exchange.

Yixin Hou,1,* Jianguo Yan,2,* Ke Shi,1,3,* Xiaoli Liu,1 Fangyuan Gao,1 Tong Wu,1 Peipei Meng,1 Min Zhang,2 Yuyong Jiang,1 Xianbo Wang1 1Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China; 2People’s Liberation Army Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xianbo Wang, Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Jing Shun East Street, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China, Email wangxb@ccmu.edu.cn Min Zhang, People’s Liberation Army Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, 100039, People’s Republic of China, Email gcmw2001@163.comObject: Our objective was to estimate the 5-year cumulative risk of HCC in patients with HBC by utilizing an artificial neural network (ANN).Methods: We conducted this study with 1589 patients hospitalized at Beijing Ditan Hospital of Capital Medical University and People’s Liberation Army Fifth Medical Center. The training cohort consisted of 913 subjects from Beijing Ditan Hospital of Capital Medical University, while the validation cohort comprised 676 subjects from People’s Liberation Army Fifth Medical Center. Through univariate analysis, we identified factors that independently influenced the occurrence of HCC, which were then used to develop the ANN model. To evaluate the ANN model, we assessed its predictive accuracy, discriminative ability, and clinical net benefit using metrics such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), concordance index (C-index), calibration curves.Results: In total, we included nine independent risk factors in the development of the ANN model. Remarkably, the AUC of the ANN model was 0.880, sign

Mainstream approaches to aligning large language models (LLMs) heavily rely on human preference data, particularly when models require periodic updates. The standard process for iterative alignment of LLMs involves collecting new human feedback for each update. However, the data collection process is costly and challenging to scale. To address this issue, we introduce the "TS-Align" framework, which fine-tunes a policy model using pairwise feedback data automatically mined from its outputs. This automatic mining process is efficiently accomplished through the collaboration between a large-scale teacher model and a small-scale student model. The policy fine-tuning process can be iteratively repeated using on-policy generations within our proposed teacher-student collaborative framework. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our final aligned policy outperforms the base policy model with an average win rate of 69.7% across seven conversational or instruction-following datasets. Furthermore, we show that the ranking capability of the teacher is effectively distilled into the student through our pipeline, resulting in a small-scale yet effective reward model for policy model alignment.

Retrovirus immature particle morphology consists of a membrane enclosed, pleomorphic, spherical and incomplete lattice of Gag hexamers. Previously, we demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) immature particles possess a distinct and extensive Gag lattice morphology. To better understand the nature of the continuously curved hexagonal Gag lattice, we have used the single particle cryo-electron microscopy method to determine the HIV-2 Gag lattice structure for immature virions. The reconstruction map at 5.5 Å resolution revealed a stable, wineglass-shaped Gag hexamer structure with structural features consistent with other lentiviral immature Gag lattice structures. Cryo-electron tomography provided evidence for nearly complete ordered Gag lattice structures in HIV-2 immature particles. We also solved a 1.98 Å resolution crystal structure of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the HIV-2 capsid (CA) protein that identified a structured helix 12 supported via an interaction of helix 10 in the absence of the SP1 region of Gag. Residues at the helix 10-12 interface proved critical in maintaining HIV-2 particle release and infectivity. Taken together, our findings provide the first 3D organization of HIV-2 immature Gag lattice and important insights into both HIV Gag lattice stabilization and virus maturation.

Most of studies on change-point at a regional or global scale have only examined a single hydrometeorological variable and have been unable to identify any underlying explanations. In this study, we identified change-points and long-term trends of six wildfire-related variables and attempted to explain the cause of change-point from atmospheric–oceanic indices. As a result, we discovered that the main change-point dates for the precipitation, temperature, and drought codes, as well as the duff moisture code, fine fuel moisture code, and fire weather index, were 1995–2000 and 2000–2005, respectively. Furthermore, the relationship between the change-point of six variables and atmospheric–oceanic indices was discussed through the correlation coefficient. For example, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation was found to dominate the precipitation in West Africa. In addition, we divided the globe into eight homogenous wildfire weather zones based on the change-point dates and long-term trends of the six variables.

$L^1$ based optimization is widely used in image denoising, machine learning and related applications. One of the main features of such approach is that it naturally provide a sparse structure in the numerical solutions. In this paper, we study an $L^1$ based mixed DG method for second-order elliptic equations in the non-divergence form. The elliptic PDE in nondivergence form arises in the linearization of fully nonlinear PDEs. Due to the nature of the equations, classical finite element methods based on variational forms can not be employed directly. In this work, we propose a new optimization scheme coupling the classical DG framework with recently developed $L^1$ optimization technique. Convergence analysis in both energy norm and $L^{\infty}$ norm are obtained under weak regularity assumption. Such $L^1$ models are nondifferentiable and therefore invalidate traditional gradient methods. Therefore all existing gradient based solvers are no longer feasible under this setting. To overcome this difficulty, we characterize solutions of $L^1$ optimization as fixed-points of proximity equations and utilize matrix splitting technique to obtain a class of fixed-point proximity algorithms with convergence analysis. Various numerical examples are displayed to illustrate the numerical solution has sparse structure with careful choice of the bases of the finite dimensional spaces. Numerical examples in both smooth and nonsmooth settings are provided to validate the theoretical results.

We present a systematic study of the environmental impact on star formation activities of galaxies using a mass-complete sample of $\sim$170k galaxies at $z<4$ from the latest COSMOS2020 catalog. At $z<1$, we find that the mean star-formation rate (SFR) of all galaxies decreases with increasing density of the environment. However when we consider only star-forming galaxies, the mean SFR becomes independent of the environment at $z<1$. At $z>2$ we observe a clear positive correlation between the SFR and density of the environment for all the galaxies. On the other hand, stellar mass of the galaxies increases significantly with the environments at all redshifts except for star-forming galaxies at $z<1$. The fraction of quiescent galaxies increases with increasing density of environment at $z<2$, and the ``morphology-density'' relation is confirmed to be present up to $z\sim1$. We also find that environmental quenching is negligible at $z>1$, whereas mass quenching is the dominant quenching mechanism for massive galaxies at all redshifts. Based on these results, we argue that stellar mass regulated physical processes might be the major driving force for star formation activities of galaxies. At low redshift ($z<1$) massive galaxies are quenched primarily due to their high mass, resulting in a normal ``SFR-density'' relation. At high redshift ($z>2$) most of the galaxies are star-forming ones tightly following the star-forming main sequence, and the difference in their stellar mass at different environments naturally leads to a reversal of ``SFR-density'' relation., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Recent advancements in reference-free learned metrics for open-domain dialogue evaluation have been driven by the progress in pre-trained language models and the availability of dialogue data with high-quality human annotations. However, current studies predominantly concentrate on English dialogues, and the generalization of these metrics to other languages has not been fully examined. This is largely due to the absence of a multilingual dialogue evaluation benchmark. To address the issue, we introduce xDial-Eval, built on top of open-source English dialogue evaluation datasets. xDial-Eval includes 12 turn-level and 6 dialogue-level English datasets, comprising 14930 annotated turns and 8691 annotated dialogues respectively. The English dialogue data are extended to nine other languages with commercial machine translation systems. On xDial-Eval, we conduct comprehensive analyses of previous BERT-based metrics and the recently-emerged large language models. Lastly, we establish strong self-supervised and multilingual baselines. In terms of average Pearson correlations over all datasets and languages, the best baseline outperforms OpenAI's ChatGPT by absolute improvements of 6.5% and 4.6% at the turn and dialogue levels respectively, albeit with much fewer parameters. The data and code are publicly available at https://github.com/e0397123/xDial-Eval., Comment: Accepted to EMNLP-2023 Findings

The advent and fast development of neural networks have revolutionized the research on dialogue systems and subsequently have triggered various challenges regarding their automatic evaluation. Automatic evaluation of open-domain dialogue systems as an open challenge has been the center of the attention of many researchers. Despite the consistent efforts to improve automatic metrics' correlations with human evaluation, there have been very few attempts to assess their robustness over multiple domains and dimensions. Also, their focus is mainly on the English language. All of these challenges prompt the development of automatic evaluation metrics that are reliable in various domains, dimensions, and languages. This track in the 11th Dialogue System Technology Challenge (DSTC11) is part of the ongoing effort to promote robust and multilingual automatic evaluation metrics. This article describes the datasets and baselines provided to participants and discusses the submission and result details of the two proposed subtasks.

High-fidelity replication of the large RNA genome of coronaviruses (CoVs) is mediated by a 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN) in nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14), which excises nucleotides including antiviral drugs misincorporated by the low-fidelity viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and has also been implicated in viral RNA recombination and resistance to innate immunity. Here, we determined a 1.6-Å resolution crystal structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ExoN in complex with its essential cofactor, nsp10. The structure shows a highly basic and concave surface flanking the active site, comprising several Lys residues of nsp14 and the N-terminal amino group of nsp10. Modeling suggests that this basic patch binds to the template strand of double-stranded RNA substrates to position the 3' end of the nascent strand in the ExoN active site, which is corroborated by mutational and computational analyses. We also show that the ExoN activity can rescue a stalled RNA primer poisoned with sofosbuvir and allow RdRp to continue its extension in the presence of the chain-terminating drug, biochemically recapitulating proofreading in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Molecular dynamics simulations further show remarkable flexibility of multidomain nsp14 and suggest that nsp10 stabilizes ExoN for substrate RNA binding to support its exonuclease activity. Our high-resolution structure of the SARS-CoV-2 ExoN-nsp10 complex serves as a platform for future development of anticoronaviral drugs or strategies to attenuate the viral virulence.

A subset $B$ of ring $\mathbb{Z}_n$ is called a $\ell$-covering set if $\{ ab \pmod n \mid 0\leq a \leq \ell, b\in B\} = \mathbb{Z}_n$. We show there exists a $\ell$-covering set of $\mathbb{Z}_n$ of size $O(\frac{n}{\ell}\log n)$ for all $n$ and $\ell$, and how to construct such set. We also show examples where any $\ell$-covering set must have size $\Omega(\frac{n}{\ell}\frac{\log n}{\log \log n})$. The proof uses a refined bound for relative totient function obtained through sieve theory, and existence of a large divisor with linear divisor sum.

Grain crushing underpins key mechanical behaviours of granular materials. A variety of factors, including grading, particle shapes and loading conditions, have been recognised to affect the crushability of grains and the overall behaviour of a granular material. Among them, the role of intermediate principal stress in a general stress condition on the shear behaviour of crushable granular sand remains less understood, owing to the scarcity of experimental data and analytical tools available. In this paper, a multi-scale computational approach is employed to investigate the shear behaviour of crushable granular sand under general stress conditions with varying intermediate principal stresses and confining pressures. The computational approach features multi-scale coupling between non-smooth contact dynamics and peridynamics, and offers a rigorous way to consider the intertwined evolution of particle size and shape during the process of grain crushing. The numerical study helps to quantify comprehensively and analyse the grain crushing-induced changes of macro- and micro-scale material behaviours including strength, deformability, particle size and shape evolution, particle-scale forces and contact conditions, and the development of anisotropy. The competition between a void-filling mechanism due to grain size change and enhanced friction and interlocking due to grain shape change in dictating the deformation of crushable sand is further discussed. The findings offer insights into the complex behaviours of crushable granular materials under general stress conditions and facilitate future development of physics-based constitutive theories on crushable sand.

We present a detailed characterization of the Lya properties for 93 Lya emitters (LAEs) at z~3.1 selected from the D1 field of the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope Legacy Survey, including 24 members of a massive protocluster. The median-stacked Lya image shows an extended Lya halo (LAH) surrounding the galaxy with the exponential scale length 4.9+/-0.7kpc, which accounts for roughly half of the total line flux. Accounting for the LAH contribution, the total Lya escape fraction, f_esc, is 40+/-26%. Combining the dataset with existing measurements, we find a dependence of f_esc on the galaxy's UV slope (beta) and UV luminosity (L_UV). The simultaneous use of both parameters allows prediction of f_esc within 0.18dex, a substantial improvement over 0.23dex when only beta is used. The correlation between f_esc and E(B-V) suggests that Lya photons undergo interstellar dust attenuation in a similar manner to continuum photons. Yet, Lya transmission is typically higher than that expected for continuum photons at similar wavelength by a factor, which depends on UV luminosity, up to 2 in the samples we studied. These results hint at complex geometries and physical conditions of the interstellar medium, which affect the Lya transmission or production. Alternatively, the dust law may change with luminosity leading to over-or under-estimation of f_esc. Finally, we report that protocluster member LAEs tend to be bluer and more UV-luminous than their field cousins, resulting in systematically higher f_esc values. We speculate that it may be due to the widespread formation of young low-mass galaxies in dense gas-rich environments., Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures, accepted by ApJ

Text discourse parsing weighs importantly in understanding information flow and argumentative structure in natural language, making it beneficial for downstream tasks. While previous work significantly improves the performance of RST discourse parsing, they are not readily applicable to practical use cases: (1) EDU segmentation is not integrated into most existing tree parsing frameworks, thus it is not straightforward to apply such models on newly-coming data. (2) Most parsers cannot be used in multilingual scenarios, because they are developed only in English. (3) Parsers trained from single-domain treebanks do not generalize well on out-of-domain inputs. In this work, we propose a document-level multilingual RST discourse parsing framework, which conducts EDU segmentation and discourse tree parsing jointly. Moreover, we propose a cross-translation augmentation strategy to enable the framework to support multilingual parsing and improve its domain generality. Experimental results show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on document-level multilingual RST parsing in all sub-tasks., Comment: Published in CODI@EMNLP 2021

We present a detailed characterization of the Lya properties for 93 Lya emitters (LAEs) at z~3.1 selected from the D1 field of the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope Legacy Survey, including 24 members of a massive protocluster. The median-stacked Lya image shows an extended Lya halo (LAH) surrounding the galaxy with the exponential scale length 4.9+/-0.7kpc, which accounts for roughly half of the total line flux. Accounting for the LAH contribution, the total Lya escape fraction, f_esc, is 40+/-26%. Combining the dataset with existing measurements, we find a dependence of f_esc on the galaxy's UV slope (beta) and UV luminosity (L_UV). The simultaneous use of both parameters allows prediction of f_esc within 0.18dex, a substantial improvement over 0.23dex when only beta is used. The correlation between f_esc and E(B-V) suggests that Lya photons undergo interstellar dust attenuation in a similar manner to continuum photons. Yet, Lya transmission is typically higher than that expected for continuum photons at similar wavelength by a factor, which depends on UV luminosity, up to 2 in the samples we studied. These results hint at complex geometries and physical conditions of the interstellar medium, which affect the Lya transmission or production. Alternatively, the dust law may change with luminosity leading to over-or under-estimation of f_esc. Finally, we report that protocluster member LAEs tend to be bluer and more UV-luminous than their field cousins, resulting in systematically higher f_esc values. We speculate that it may be due to the widespread formation of young low-mass galaxies in dense gas-rich environments., Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures, accepted by ApJ

Ly$\alpha$-emitting galaxies (LAEs) are easily detectable in the high-redshift Universe and are potentially efficient tracers of large scale structure at early epochs, as long as their observed properties do not strongly depend on environment. We investigate the luminosity and equivalent width functions of LAEs in the overdense field of a protocluster at redshift $z \simeq 3.78$. Using a large sample of LAEs (many spectroscopically confirmed), we find that the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity distribution is well-represented by a Schechter (1976) function with $\log(L^{\ast}/{\rm erg s^{-1}}) = 43.26^{+0.20}_{-0.22}$ and $\log(\phi^{\ast}/{\rm Mpc^{-3}})=-3.40^{+0.03}_{-0.04}$ with $\alpha=-1.5$. Fitting the equivalent width distribution as an exponential, we find a scale factor of $\omega=79^{+15}_{-15}$ Angstroms. We also measured the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity and equivalent width functions using the subset of LAEs lying within the densest cores of the protocluster, finding similar values for $L^*$ and $\omega$. Hence, despite having a mean overdensity more than 2$\times$ that of the general field, the shape of the Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function and equivalent width distributions in the protocluster region are comparable to those measured in the field LAE population by other studies at similar redshift. While the observed Ly$\alpha$ luminosities and equivalent widths show correlations with the UV continuum luminosity in this LAE sample, we find that these are likely due to selection biases and are consistent with no intrinsic correlations within the sample. This protocluster sample supports the strong evolutionary trend observed in the Ly$\alpha$ escape fraction and suggest that lower redshift LAEs can be on average significantly more dusty that their counterparts at higher redshift., Comment: Updated version to match the one accepted by ApJ

We present a multiwavelength study of galaxies around D4UD01, a spectroscopically confirmed protocluster at z = 3.24 to investigate environmental trends. 450 galaxies are selected based on Ks band detection with photometric redshifts (photo-z) at 3.0 < z < 3.4, among which ~ 12% are classified as quiescent galaxies. The quiescent galaxies are among the most massive and reddest ones in the entire sample. We identify a large photo-z galaxy overdensity in the field, which lies close to the previously spectroscopically confirmed sources of the protocluster. We find that the quiescent galaxies are largely concentrated in the overdense protocluster region with a higher quiescent fraction, showing a sign of environmental quenching. Galaxies in the protocluster are forming faster than the field counterparts as seen in the stellar mass function, suggesting early and accelerated mass assembly in the overdense regions. Although weak evidence of suppressed star-formation is found in the protocluster, the statistics are not significant enough to draw a definite conclusion. Our work shed light on how the formation of massive galaxies is affected in the dense region of a protocluster when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted to ApJ

Speech evaluation is an essential component in computer-assisted language learning (CALL). While speech evaluation on English has been popular, automatic speech scoring on low resource languages remains challenging. Work in this area has focused on monolingual specific designs and handcrafted features stemming from resource-rich languages like English. Such approaches are often difficult to generalize to other languages, especially if we also want to consider suprasegmental qualities such as rhythm. In this work, we examine three different languages that possess distinct rhythm patterns: English (stress-timed), Malay (syllable-timed), and Tamil (mora-timed). We exploit robust feature representations inspired by music processing and vector representation learning. Empirical validations show consistent gains for all three languages when predicting pronunciation, rhythm and intonation performance., Comment: Accepted at INTERSPEECH 2021

Summarizing conversations via neural approaches has been gaining research traction lately, yet it is still challenging to obtain practical solutions. Examples of such challenges include unstructured information exchange in dialogues, informal interactions between speakers, and dynamic role changes of speakers as the dialogue evolves. Many of such challenges result in complex coreference links. Therefore, in this work, we investigate different approaches to explicitly incorporate coreference information in neural abstractive dialogue summarization models to tackle the aforementioned challenges. Experimental results show that the proposed approaches achieve state-of-the-art performance, implying it is useful to utilize coreference information in dialogue summarization. Evaluation results on factual correctness suggest such coreference-aware models are better at tracing the information flow among interlocutors and associating accurate status/actions with the corresponding interlocutors and person mentions., Comment: Accepted for presentation at SIGDIAL-2021. Version2: add BART-Large results/fix typos

We present a detailed study of Near-IR selected galaxies in a protocluster field at z = 3.13. Protocluster galaxies are selected using the available mutliwavelength data with the photometric redshift (photo-z) at 2.9 < z < 3.3, reaching a mass completeness of ~10^10 M_sun. Diverse types of galaxies have been found in the field including normal star-forming galaxies, quiescent galaxies and dusty star-forming galaxies. The photo-z galaxies form two large overdense structures in the field, largely overlapping with the previously identified galaxy overdensities traced by Ly{\alpha} emitters (LAEs) and Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) respectively. The northern overdensity consists of a large fraction of old and/or dusty galaxy populations, while the southern one is mainly composed of normal star-forming galaxies which are spatially correlated with the LAEs. This agrees with our previous study arguing the spatial offset of different galaxy overdensities may be due to halo assembly bias. Given the large end-to-end sizes of the two overdensities, one possibility is that they will form into a supercluster by the present day. We also find strong evidence that the star-formation activities of the galaxies in the overdense protocluster regions are enhanced in comparison to their field counterparts, which suggests an accelerated mass assembly in this protocluster., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present a detailed study of Near-IR selected galaxies in a protocluster field at z = 3.13. Protocluster galaxies are selected using the available mutliwavelength data with the photometric redshift (photo-z) at 2.9 < z < 3.3, reaching a mass completeness of ~10^10 M_sun. Diverse types of galaxies have been found in the field including normal star-forming galaxies, quiescent galaxies and dusty star-forming galaxies. The photo-z galaxies form two large overdense structures in the field, largely overlapping with the previously identified galaxy overdensities traced by Ly{\alpha} emitters (LAEs) and Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) respectively. The northern overdensity consists of a large fraction of old and/or dusty galaxy populations, while the southern one is mainly composed of normal star-forming galaxies which are spatially correlated with the LAEs. This agrees with our previous study arguing the spatial offset of different galaxy overdensities may be due to halo assembly bias. Given the large end-to-end sizes of the two overdensities, one possibility is that they will form into a supercluster by the present day. We also find strong evidence that the star-formation activities of the galaxies in the overdense protocluster regions are enhanced in comparison to their field counterparts, which suggests an accelerated mass assembly in this protocluster., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Much progress has been made in text summarization, fueled by neural architectures using large-scale training corpora. However, in the news domain, neural models easily overfit by leveraging position-related features due to the prevalence of the inverted pyramid writing style. In addition, there is an unmet need to generate a variety of summaries for different users. In this paper, we propose a neural framework that can flexibly control summary generation by introducing a set of sub-aspect functions (i.e. importance, diversity, position). These sub-aspect functions are regulated by a set of control codes to decide which sub-aspect to focus on during summary generation. We demonstrate that extracted summaries with minimal position bias is comparable with those generated by standard models that take advantage of position preference. We also show that news summaries generated with a focus on diversity can be more preferred by human raters. These results suggest that a more flexible neural summarization framework providing more control options could be desirable in tailoring to different user preferences, which is useful since it is often impractical to articulate such preferences for different applications a priori., Comment: Accepted to Findings of EMNLP 2020

We revise the structure-preserving finite element method in [K. Hu, Y. MA and J. Xu. (2017) Stable finite element methods preserving $\nabla \cdot \mathbf{B}=0$ exactly for MHD models. Numer. Math.,135, 371-396]. The revised method is semi-implicit in time-discretization. We prove the linearized scheme preserves the divergence free property for the magnetic field exactly at each time step. Further, we showed the linearized scheme is unconditionally stable and we obtain optimal convergence in the energy norm of the revised method even for solutions with low regularity.

Document-level discourse parsing, in accordance with the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), remains notoriously challenging. Challenges include the deep structure of document-level discourse trees, the requirement of subtle semantic judgments, and the lack of large-scale training corpora. To address such challenges, we propose to exploit robust representations derived from multiple levels of granularity across syntax and semantics, and in turn incorporate such representations in an end-to-end encoder-decoder neural architecture for more resourceful discourse processing. In particular, we first use a pre-trained contextual language model that embodies high-order and long-range dependency to enable finer-grain semantic, syntactic, and organizational representations. We further encode such representations with boundary and hierarchical information to obtain more refined modeling for document-level discourse processing. Experimental results show that our parser achieves the state-of-the-art performance, approaching human-level performance on the benchmarked RST dataset., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, 7 tables

Text discourse parsing plays an important role in understanding information flow and argumentative structure in natural language. Previous research under the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) has mostly focused on inducing and evaluating models from the English treebank. However, the parsing tasks for other languages such as German, Dutch, and Portuguese are still challenging due to the shortage of annotated data. In this work, we investigate two approaches to establish a neural, cross-lingual discourse parser via: (1) utilizing multilingual vector representations; and (2) adopting segment-level translation of the source content. Experiment results show that both methods are effective even with limited training data, and achieve state-of-the-art performance on cross-lingual, document-level discourse parsing on all sub-tasks., Comment: Published in COLING2020

Aberrant expression of the transcription factor double homeobox protein 4 (DUX4) can lead to a number of diseases including facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and sarcomas. Inhibition of DUX4 may represent a therapeutic strategy for these diseases. By applying Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment (SELEX), we identified aptamers against DUX4 with specific secondary structural elements conveying high affinity to DUX4 as assessed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence polarization techniques. Sequences analysis of these aptamers revealed the presence of two consensus DUX4 motifs in a reverse complementary fashion forming hairpins interspersed with bulge loops at distinct positions that enlarged the binding surface with the DUX4 protein, as determined by crystal structure analysis. We demonstrate that insertion of specific structural elements into transcription factor binding oligonucleotides can enhance specificity and affinity.

The APOBEC3B (A3B) single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) cytosine deaminase has important roles in innate immunity but is also a major endogenous source of mutations in cancer. Previous structural studies showed that the C-terminal catalytic domain of human A3B has a tightly closed active site, and rearrangement of the surrounding loops is required for binding to substrate ssDNA. Here we report structures of the A3B catalytic domain in a new crystal form that show alternative, yet still closed, conformations of active site loops. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations support the dynamic behavior of active site loops and recapitulate the distinct modes of interactions that maintain a closed active site. Replacing segments of A3B loop 1 to mimic the more potent cytoplasmic deaminase APOBEC3A leads to elevated ssDNA deaminase activity, likely by facilitating opening of the active site. These data collectively suggest that conformational equilibrium of the A3B active site loops, skewed toward being closed, controls enzymatic activity by regulating binding to ssDNA substrates.

In the hierarchical theory of galaxy formation, a galaxy overdensity is a hallmark of a massive cosmic structure. However, it is less well understood how different types of galaxies trace the underlying large-scale structure. Motivated by the discovery of a z=3.13 protocluster, we examine how the same structure is populated by Ly$\alpha$-emitting galaxies (LAEs). To this end, we have undertaken a deep narrow-band imaging survey sampling Ly$\alpha$ emission at this redshift. Of the 93 LAE candidates within a 36'x36'~(70x70~Mpc^2) field, 21 galaxies form a significant surface overdensity (delta_g=3.3+/-0.9), which is spatially segregated from the Lyman break galaxy (LBG) overdensity. One possible interpretation is that they trace two separate structures of comparable masses (~ 10^{15}M_sun) where the latter is hosted by a halo assembled at an earlier time. We speculate that the dearth of LAEs in the LBG overdensity region may signal the role of halo assembly bias in galaxy formation, which would suggest that different search techniques may be biased accordingly to the formation age or dynamical state of the host halo. The median Ly$\alpha$- and UV luminosity is 30--70\% higher for the protocluster LAEs relative to the field. This difference cannot be explained by the galaxy overdensity alone, and may require a top-heavy mass function, higher star formation efficiency for protocluster halos, or suppression of galaxy formation in low-mass halos. A luminous Ly$\alpha$ blob and an ultramassive galaxy found in this region paint a picture consistent with the expected early growth of galaxies in clusters., Comment: Accepted to ApJ

In the hierarchical theory of galaxy formation, a galaxy overdensity is a hallmark of a massive cosmic structure. However, it is less well understood how different types of galaxies trace the underlying large-scale structure. Motivated by the discovery of a z=3.13 protocluster, we examine how the same structure is populated by Ly$\alpha$-emitting galaxies (LAEs). To this end, we have undertaken a deep narrow-band imaging survey sampling Ly$\alpha$ emission at this redshift. Of the 93 LAE candidates within a 36'x36'~(70x70~Mpc^2) field, 21 galaxies form a significant surface overdensity (delta_g=3.3+/-0.9), which is spatially segregated from the Lyman break galaxy (LBG) overdensity. One possible interpretation is that they trace two separate structures of comparable masses (~ 10^{15}M_sun) where the latter is hosted by a halo assembled at an earlier time. We speculate that the dearth of LAEs in the LBG overdensity region may signal the role of halo assembly bias in galaxy formation, which would suggest that different search techniques may be biased accordingly to the formation age or dynamical state of the host halo. The median Ly$\alpha$- and UV luminosity is 30--70\% higher for the protocluster LAEs relative to the field. This difference cannot be explained by the galaxy overdensity alone, and may require a top-heavy mass function, higher star formation efficiency for protocluster halos, or suppression of galaxy formation in low-mass halos. A luminous Ly$\alpha$ blob and an ultramassive galaxy found in this region paint a picture consistent with the expected early growth of galaxies in clusters., Comment: Accepted to ApJ

This article is the tenth series of the Fungal Diversity Notes, where 114 taxa distributed in three phyla, ten classes, 30 orders and 53 families are described and illustrated. Taxa described in the present study include one new family (viz. Pseudoberkleasmiaceae in Dothideomycetes), five new genera (Caatingomyces, Cryptoschizotrema, Neoacladium, Paramassaria and Trochilispora) and 71 new species, (viz. Acrogenospora thailandica, Amniculicola aquatica, A. guttulata, Angustimassarina sylvatica, Blackwellomyces lateris, Boubovia gelatinosa, Buellia viridula, Caatingomyces brasiliensis, Calophoma humuli, Camarosporidiella mori, Canalisporium dehongense, Cantharellus brunneopallidus, C. griseotinctus, Castanediella meliponae, Coprinopsis psammophila, Cordyceps succavus, Cortinarius minusculus, C. subscotoides, Diaporthe italiana, D. rumicicola, Diatrypella delonicis, Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis, D. taiwanense, Digitodesmium chiangmaiense, Distoseptispora dehongensis, D. palmarum, Dothiorella styphnolobii, Ellisembia aurea, Falciformispora aquatic, Fomitiporia carpinea, F. lagerstroemiae, Grammothele aurantiaca, G. micropora, Hermatomyces bauhiniae, Jahnula queenslandica, Kamalomyces mangrovei, Lecidella yunnanensis, Micarea squamulosa, Muriphaeosphaeria angustifoliae, Neoacladium indicum, Neodidymelliopsis sambuci, Neosetophoma miscanthi, N. salicis, Nodulosphaeria aquilegiae, N. thalictri, Paramassaria samaneae, Penicillium circulare, P. geumsanense, P. mali-pumilae, P. psychrotrophicum, P. wandoense, Phaeoisaria siamensis, Phaeopoacea asparagicola, Phaeosphaeria penniseti, Plectocarpon galapagoense, Porina sorediata, Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense, Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis, Rhizophydium koreanum, Russula prasina, Sporoschisma chiangraiense, Stigmatomyces chamaemyiae, S. cocksii, S. papei, S. tschirnhausii, S. vikhrevii, Thysanorea uniseptata, Torula breviconidiophora, T. polyseptata, Trochilispora schefflerae and Vaginatispora palmae). Further, tw

This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes, where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla, nine classes, 31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated. Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera, 74 new species, three new combinations, two reference specimens, a re-circumscription of the epitype, and 15 records of sexual-asexual morph connections, new hosts and new geographical distributions. Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora, Brunneomurispora, Liua, Lonicericola, Neoeutypella, Paratrimmatostroma, Parazalerion, Proliferophorum, Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis, Septomelanconiella, Velebitea and Vicosamyces. Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius, A. langensis, Aleurodiscus patagonicus, Amanita flavoalba, A. subtropicana, Amphisphaeria mangrovei, Baorangia major, Bartalinia kunmingensis, Brunneofusispora sinensis, Brunneomurispora lonicerae, Capronia camelliae-yunnanensis, Clavulina thindii, Coniochaeta simbalensis, Conlarium thailandense, Coprinus trigonosporus, Liua muriformis, Cyphellophora filicis, Cytospora ulmicola, Dacrymyces invisibilis, Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis, Distoseptispora thysanolaenae, Emericellopsis koreana, Galiicola baoshanensis, Hygrocybe lucida, Hypoxylon teeravasati, Hyweljonesia indica, Keissleriella caraganae, Lactarius olivaceopallidus, Lactifluus midnapurensis, Lembosia brigadeirensis, Leptosphaeria urticae, Lonicericola hyaloseptispora, Lophiotrema mucilaginosis, Marasmiellus bicoloripes, Marasmius indojasminodorus, Micropeltis phetchaburiensis, Mucor orantomantidis, Murilentithecium lonicerae, Neobambusicola brunnea, Neoeutypella baoshanensis, Neoroussoella heveae, Neosetophoma lonicerae, Ophiobolus malleolus, Parabambusicola thysanolaenae, Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis, Parazalerion indica, Penicillium dokdoense, Peroneutypa mangrovei, Phaeosphaeria cycadis, Phanerochaete australosanguinea, Plectosphaerella kunmingensis, Plenodomus artemisiae, P. lijiangensis, Proliferophoru

© 2019, The Author(s). This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes, where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla, nine classes, 31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated. Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera, 74 new species, three new combinations, two reference specimens, a re-circumscription of the epitype, and 15 records of sexual-asexual morph connections, new hosts and new geographical distributions. Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora, Brunneomurispora, Liua, Lonicericola, Neoeutypella, Paratrimmatostroma, Parazalerion, Proliferophorum, Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis, Septomelanconiella, Velebitea and Vicosamyces. Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius, A. langensis, Aleurodiscus patagonicus, Amanita flavoalba, A. subtropicana, Amphisphaeria mangrovei, Baorangia major, Bartalinia kunmingensis, Brunneofusispora sinensis, Brunneomurispora lonicerae, Capronia camelliae-yunnanensis, Clavulina thindii, Coniochaeta simbalensis, Conlarium thailandense, Coprinus trigonosporus, Liua muriformis, Cyphellophora filicis, Cytospora ulmicola, Dacrymyces invisibilis, Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis, Distoseptispora thysanolaenae, Emericellopsis koreana, Galiicola baoshanensis, Hygrocybe lucida, Hypoxylon teeravasati, Hyweljonesia indica, Keissleriella caraganae, Lactarius olivaceopallidus, Lactifluus midnapurensis, Lembosia brigadeirensis, Leptosphaeria urticae, Lonicericola hyaloseptispora, Lophiotrema mucilaginosis, Marasmiellus bicoloripes, Marasmius indojasminodorus, Micropeltis phetchaburiensis, Mucor orantomantidis, Murilentithecium lonicerae, Neobambusicola brunnea, Neoeutypella baoshanensis, Neoroussoella heveae, Neosetophoma lonicerae, Ophiobolus malleolus, Parabambusicola thysanolaenae, Paratrimmatostroma

We present a detailed census of galaxies in and around PC217.96+32.3, a spectroscopically confirmed Coma analog at z=3.78. Diverse galaxy types identified in the field include Lya emitters (LAEs), massive star-forming galaxies, and ultra-massive galaxies (log (Mstar/Msun)>= 11) which may have already halted their star formation. The sky distribution of the star-forming galaxies suggests the presence of a significant overdensity (delta_g=8+/-2), which is spatially offset from the previously confirmed members by 3-4 Mpc to the west. Candidate quiescent and post-starburst galaxies are also found in large excess (a factor of ~ 8-15 higher surface density than the field) although their redshifts are less certain. We estimate that the total enclosed mass traced by star-forming galaxy candidates is roughly comparable to that of PC217.96+32.3 traced by the LAEs. We speculate that the true extent of PC217.96+32.3 may be larger than previously known, a half of which is missed by our LAE selection. Alternatively, the newly discovered overdensity may belong to another Coma progenitor not associated with PC217.96+32.3. Expectations from theory suggest that both scenarios are equally unlikely (<1%), particularly in the cosmic volume probed in our survey. If confirmed as a single structure, its total mass will be well in excess of Coma, making this a singularly large cosmic structure rarely seen even in large cosmological simulations. Finally, we find that the protocluster galaxies follow the same SFR-M_star scaling relation as the field galaxies, suggesting that the environmental effect at z~4 is a subtle one at best for normal star-forming galaxies., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal

We report the discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of a very large star-forming Lyman Break galaxy, G6025, at z_spec=3.721+/-0.003. In the rest-frame ~2100A, G6025 subtends ~24 kpc in physical extent when measured from the 1.5-sigma isophote, in agreement with the parametric size measurements which yield the half-light radius of 4.9+/-0.5 kpc and the semi-major axis of 12.5+/-0.1 kpc. G6025 is also very UV-luminous (~5L*(z~4}) and young (~140+/-60 Myr). Despite its unusual size and luminosity, the stellar population parameters and dust reddening (M_star~M*(z~4)$, and E(B-V)=0.18+/-0.05) estimated from the integrated light, are similar to those of smaller galaxies at comparable redshifts. The ground-based morphology and spectroscopy show two dominant components, both located off-center, embedded in more diffuse emission. We speculate that G6025 may be a scaled-up version of chain galaxies seen in deep HST imaging, or alternatively, a nearly equal-mass merger involving two super-L* galaxies in its early stage. G6025 lies close to but not within a known massive protocluster at z=3.78. We find four companions within 6 Mpc from G6025, two of which lie within 1.6 Mpc. While the limited sensitivity of the existing spectroscopy does not allow us to robustly characterize the local environment of G6025, it likely resides in a locally overdense environment. The luminosity, size, and youth of G6025 make it uniquely suited to study the early formation of massive galaxies in the universe., Comment: accepted for publication

We present a detailed census of galaxies in and around PC217.96+32.3, a spectroscopically confirmed Coma analog at z=3.78. Diverse galaxy types identified in the field include Lya emitters (LAEs), massive star-forming galaxies, and ultra-massive galaxies (log (Mstar/Msun)>= 11) which may have already halted their star formation. The sky distribution of the star-forming galaxies suggests the presence of a significant overdensity (delta_g=8+/-2), which is spatially offset from the previously confirmed members by 3-4 Mpc to the west. Candidate quiescent and post-starburst galaxies are also found in large excess (a factor of ~ 8-15 higher surface density than the field) although their redshifts are less certain. We estimate that the total enclosed mass traced by star-forming galaxy candidates is roughly comparable to that of PC217.96+32.3 traced by the LAEs. We speculate that the true extent of PC217.96+32.3 may be larger than previously known, a half of which is missed by our LAE selection. Alternatively, the newly discovered overdensity may belong to another Coma progenitor not associated with PC217.96+32.3. Expectations from theory suggest that both scenarios are equally unlikely (<1%), particularly in the cosmic volume probed in our survey. If confirmed as a single structure, its total mass will be well in excess of Coma, making this a singularly large cosmic structure rarely seen even in large cosmological simulations. Finally, we find that the protocluster galaxies follow the same SFR-M_star scaling relation as the field galaxies, suggesting that the environmental effect at z~4 is a subtle one at best for normal star-forming galaxies., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal

We report the discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of a very large star-forming Lyman Break galaxy, G6025, at z_spec=3.721+/-0.003. In the rest-frame ~2100A, G6025 subtends ~24 kpc in physical extent when measured from the 1.5-sigma isophote, in agreement with the parametric size measurements which yield the half-light radius of 4.9+/-0.5 kpc and the semi-major axis of 12.5+/-0.1 kpc. G6025 is also very UV-luminous (~5L*(z~4}) and young (~140+/-60 Myr). Despite its unusual size and luminosity, the stellar population parameters and dust reddening (M_star~M*(z~4)$, and E(B-V)=0.18+/-0.05) estimated from the integrated light, are similar to those of smaller galaxies at comparable redshifts. The ground-based morphology and spectroscopy show two dominant components, both located off-center, embedded in more diffuse emission. We speculate that G6025 may be a scaled-up version of chain galaxies seen in deep HST imaging, or alternatively, a nearly equal-mass merger involving two super-L* galaxies in its early stage. G6025 lies close to but not within a known massive protocluster at z=3.78. We find four companions within 6 Mpc from G6025, two of which lie within 1.6 Mpc. While the limited sensitivity of the existing spectroscopy does not allow us to robustly characterize the local environment of G6025, it likely resides in a locally overdense environment. The luminosity, size, and youth of G6025 make it uniquely suited to study the early formation of massive galaxies in the universe., Comment: accepted for publication

We begin with a treatment of the Caputo time-fractional diffusion equation, by using the Laplace transform, to obtain a Volterra intego-differential equation where we may examine the weakly singular nature of this convolution kernel.\iffalse The order of fractional derivative, $\alpha$, is tied to finite difference methods and is of great interest.\fi We examine this new equation and utilize a numerical scheme that is derived in parallel to the L1-method for the time variable and a usual fourth order approximation in the spatial variable. The main method derived in this paper has a rate of convergence of $O(k^{2}+h^4)$ for $u(x,t) \in C^6(\Omega)\times C^2[0,T]$, which improves previous estimates by a factor of $k^{\alpha}$. We also present a novel alternative method for a first order approximation in time, which allows us to relax our regularity assumption to $u(x,t) \in C^6(\Omega)\times C^1[0,T]$, while exhibiting order of convergence slightly less than $O(k^{1+\alpha})$ in time. This allows for a much wider class of functions to be analyzed which was previously not possible under the L1-method. We present numerical examples demonstrating these results and discuss future improvements and implications by using these techniques., Comment: 22 pages, 3 tables, 1 appendix

The DNA repair enzyme TDP2 resolves 5'-phosphotyrosyl-DNA adducts, and is responsible for resistance to anti-cancer drugs that target covalent topoisomerase-DNA complexes. TDP2 also participates in key signaling pathways during development and tumorigenesis, and cleaves a protein-RNA linkage during picornavirus replication. The crystal structure of zebrafish TDP2 bound to DNA reveals a deep and narrow basic groove that selectively accommodates the 5'-end of single-stranded DNA in a stretched conformation. The crystal structure of the full-length C. elegans TDP2 shows that this groove can also accommodate an acidic peptide stretch in vitro, with Glu and Asp sidechains occupying the DNA backbone phosphate binding sites. This extensive molecular mimicry suggests a potential mechanism for auto-regulation and how TDP2 may interact with phosphorylated proteins in signaling. Our study provides a framework to interrogate functions of TDP2 and develop inhibitors for chemotherapeutic and antiviral applications.

The DNA repair enzyme TDP2 resolves 5'-phosphotyrosyl-DNA adducts, and is responsible for resistance to anti-cancer drugs that target covalent topoisomerase-DNA complexes. TDP2 also participates in key signaling pathways during development and tumorigenesis, and cleaves a protein-RNA linkage during picornavirus replication. The crystal structure of zebrafish TDP2 bound to DNA reveals a deep and narrow basic groove that selectively accommodates the 5'-end of single-stranded DNA in a stretched conformation. The crystal structure of the full-length C. elegans TDP2 shows that this groove can also accommodate an acidic peptide stretch in vitro, with Glu and Asp sidechains occupying the DNA backbone phosphate binding sites. This extensive molecular mimicry suggests a potential mechanism for auto-regulation and how TDP2 may interact with phosphorylated proteins in signaling. Our study provides a framework to interrogate functions of TDP2 and develop inhibitors for chemotherapeutic and antiviral applications.

With the advance to one scientific name for each fungal species, the generic names in the class Sordariomycetes typified by sexual and asexual morphs are evaluated based on their type species to determine if they compete with each other for use or protection. Recommendations are made for which of the competing generic names should be used based on criteria such as priority, number of potential names changes, and frequency of use. Some recommendations for wellknown genera include Arthrinium over Apiospora, Colletotrichum over Glomerella, Menispora over Zignoëlla, Microdochium over Monographella, Nigrospora over Khuskia, and Plectosphaerella over Plectosporium. All competing generic names are listed in a table of recommended names along with the required action. If priority is not accorded to sexually typified generic names after 2017, only four names would require formal protection: Chaetosphaerella over Oedemium, Diatrype over Libertella, Microdochium over Monographella, and Phaeoacremonium over Romellia and Togninia. Concerning species in the recommended genera, one replacement name (Xylaria benjaminii nom. nov.) is introduced, and the following new combinations are made: Arthrinium sinense, Chloridium caesium, C. chloroconium, C. gonytrichii, Corollospora marina, C. parvula, C. ramulosa, Juncigena fruticosae, Melanospora simplex, Seimatosporium massarina, Sporoschisma daemonoropis, S. taitense, Torpedospora mangrovei, Xylaria penicilliopsis, and X. termiticola combs. nov.

With the advance to one scientific name for each fungal species, the generic names in the class Sordariomycetes typified by sexual and asexual morphs are evaluated based on their type species to determine if they compete with each other for use or protection. Recommendations are made for which of the competing generic names should be used based on criteria such as priority, number of potential names changes, and frequency of use. Some recommendations for wellknown genera include Arthrinium over Apiospora, Colletotrichum over Glomerella, Menispora over Zignoëlla, Microdochium over Monographella, Nigrospora over Khuskia, and Plectosphaerella over Plectosporium. All competing generic names are listed in a table of recommended names along with the required action. If priority is not accorded to sexually typified generic names after 2017, only four names would require formal protection: Chaetosphaerella over Oedemium, Diatrype over Libertella, Microdochium over Monographella, and Phaeoacremonium over Romellia and Togninia. Concerning species in the recommended genera, one replacement name (Xylaria benjaminii nom. nov.) is introduced, and the following new combinations are made: Arthrinium sinense, Chloridium caesium, C. chloroconium, C. gonytrichii, Corollospora marina, C. parvula, C. ramulosa, Juncigena fruticosae, Melanospora simplex, Seimatosporium massarina, Sporoschisma daemonoropis, S. taitense, Torpedospora mangrovei, Xylaria penicilliopsis, and X. termiticola combs. nov.

On-surface Pd- and Cu-catalyzed CC coupling reactions between phenyl bromide functionalized porphyrin derivatives on an Au(111) surface have been investigated under ultra-high vacuum conditions by using scanning tunneling microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We monitored the isothermal reaction kinetics by allowing the reaction to proceed at different temperatures. We discovered that the reactions catalyzed by Pd or Cu can be described as a two-phase process that involves an initial activation followed by CC bond formation. However, the distinctive reaction kinetics and the CC bond-formation yield associated with the two catalysts account for the different reaction mechanisms: the initial activation phase is the rate-limiting step for the Cu-catalyzed reaction at all temperatures tested, whereas the later phase of CC formation is the rate-limiting step for the Pd-catalyzed reaction at high temperature. Analysis of rate constants of the Pd-catalyzed reactions allowed us to determine its activation energy as (0.41 +/- 0.03)eV.

On-surface Pd- and Cu-catalyzed CC coupling reactions between phenyl bromide functionalized porphyrin derivatives on an Au(111) surface have been investigated under ultra-high vacuum conditions by using scanning tunneling microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We monitored the isothermal reaction kinetics by allowing the reaction to proceed at different temperatures. We discovered that the reactions catalyzed by Pd or Cu can be described as a two-phase process that involves an initial activation followed by CC bond formation. However, the distinctive reaction kinetics and the CC bond-formation yield associated with the two catalysts account for the different reaction mechanisms: the initial activation phase is the rate-limiting step for the Cu-catalyzed reaction at all temperatures tested, whereas the later phase of CC formation is the rate-limiting step for the Pd-catalyzed reaction at high temperature. Analysis of rate constants of the Pd-catalyzed reactions allowed us to determine its activation energy as (0.41 +/- 0.03)eV.