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Currents of Change A History of the Portland District, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1980-2000 CURRENTS OF CHANGE A HISTORY OF THE PORTLAND DISTRICT, U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 1980 .. 2000 TODD JENNINGS LISA MIGHETTO JILL SCHNAIBERG PORTLAND DISTRICT U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 2003 THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THE EMPLOYEES OF THE PORTLAND DISTRICT Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jennings, Todd, 1969- Currents of change: a history of the Portland District, U.S. Anny Corps of Engineers, 1980-2000 I Todd Jennings, Lisa Mighetto, Jill Schnaiberg. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Portland District--History--20th century. 1. Mighetto, Lisa, 1955- II. Schnaiberg, Jill, 1973- III. United States. fumy. Corps of Engineers. Portland District. IV Title. UG24.07J45 2003 363' .09795--dc21 2003045190 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to numerous current and retired employees of the Portland District, who provided their memories as well as photographs and documents. We also thank former District Commanders for sharing their perspective on the history of the district, including Colonel Randall J. Butler, Colonel Terence J. Connell, and Colonel Robert L. Friedenwald. We especially thank the members of the History Committee, which was led by Vickie Tomberlin. Members included Vickie L. Ashenbrenner, Diana C. Brimhall, Somphone P. Chanthabouasy, Howard B. Jones, Davis G. Moriuchi, and Thomas E. Savidge. We also thank William Baldwin and Martin Reuss of the Office in History in Washington, D.C. for their reviews and advice. Carol E. Hastings of the Portland District Visual Information Branch provided invaluable assistance in the production and design of this publication. We also appreciate the work of Carol A. Job, Administrative Officer, and Matt J. Rabe, Assistant Chief of Public Affairs, on this history. Outside of the Corps, we would like to thank historian William F. Willingham, for shar