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Background The treatment of Herpes-simplex-virus-encephalitis (HSVE) remains a major unsolved problem in Neurology. Current gold standard for therapy is acyclovir, a drug that inhibits viral replication. Despite antiviral treatment, mortality remains up to 15%, less than 20% of patients are able to go back to work, and the majority of patients suffer from severe disability. This is a discouraging, unsatisfactory situation for treating physicians, the disabled patients and their families, and constitutes an enormous burden to the public health services. The information obtained from experimental animal research and from recent retrospective clinical observations, indicates that a substantial benefit in outcome can be expected in patients with HSVE who are treated with adjuvant dexamethasone. But currently there is no available evidence to support the routine use of adjuvant corticosteroid treatment in HSVE. A randomized multicenter trial is the only useful instrument to address this question. Design GACHE is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial of treatment with acyclovir and adjuvant dexamethasone, as compared with acyclovir and placebo in adults with HSVE. The statistical design will be that of a 3-stage-group sequential trial with potential sample size adaptation in the last stage. Conclusion 372 patients with proven HSVE (positive HSV-DNA-PCR), aged 18 up to 85 years; with focal neurological signs no longer than 5 days prior to admission, and who give informed consent will be recruited from Departments of Neurology of academic medical centers in Germany, Austria and The Netherlands. Sample size will potentially be extended after the second interim analysis up to a maximum of 450 patients. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN45122933

Background The treatment of Herpes-simplex-virus-encephalitis (HSVE) remains a major unsolved problem in Neurology. Current gold standard for therapy is acyclovir, a drug that inhibits viral replication. Despite antiviral treatment, mortality remains up to 15%, less than 20% of patients are able to go back to work, and the majority of patients suffer from severe disability. This is a discouraging, unsatisfactory situation for treating physicians, the disabled patients and their families, and constitutes an enormous burden to the public health services. The information obtained from experimental animal research and from recent retrospective clinical observations, indicates that a substantial benefit in outcome can be expected in patients with HSVE who are treated with adjuvant dexamethasone. But currently there is no available evidence to support the routine use of adjuvant corticosteroid treatment in HSVE. A randomized multicenter trial is the only useful instrument to address this question. Design GACHE is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trial of treatment with acyclovir and adjuvant dexamethasone, as compared with acyclovir and placebo in adults with HSVE. The statistical design will be that of a 3-stage-group sequential trial with potential sample size adaptation in the last stage. Conclusion 372 patients with proven HSVE (positive HSV-DNA-PCR), aged 18 up to 85 years; with focal neurological signs no longer than 5 days prior to admission, and who give informed consent will be recruited from Departments of Neurology of academic medical centers in Germany, Austria and The Netherlands. Sample size will potentially be extended after the second interim analysis up to a maximum of 450 patients. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN45122933

Akute Enzephalitiden treten überwiegend sporadisch mit klinisch heterogener Manifestation auf und können durch Viren, andere Erreger oder Autoimmunprozesse verursacht sein, häufig bleibt die Ätiologie unklar. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Ursache und klinisches Erscheinungsbild einer konsekutiven Gruppe immunkompetenter erwachsener Enzephalitispatienten, deren funktionelles, neuropsychologisches und soziales Outcome im Langzeitverlauf sowie einen möglichen Hirnsubstanzverlust mittels Planimetrie von Magnetresonanztomogrammen zu untersuchen. Die retrospektive Analyse von 111 Patienten erbrachte eine eindeutige ätiologische Zuordnung in nur 28 % der Fälle; am häufigsten waren Varizella-zoster-Virus und Herpes-simplex-Virus-I. An nicht-viralen Erregern sind Mycoplasmen hervorzuheben. Mit der cranialen Magnetresonanztomographie waren bei ca. 50 % parenchymatöse Veränderungen nachweisbar. Die Sensitivität der Elektroenzephalographie betrug über 80 %. Ein Drittel der Patienten mußte intensivmedizinisch behandelt werden. Die Letalität war mit knapp 2 % gering. Die follow-up-Untersuchung von 73 Patienten mit durchschnittlich drei Jahre zurückliegender akuter Enzephalitis ergab bei 86 % der Patienten einen günstigen bis befriedigenden Verlauf mit erhaltener Selbständigkeit. Bei den ungünstig verlaufenden Fällen dominierten kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und pharmakoresistente Epilepsien, hochgradige körperliche Behinderungen persistierten nur bei 4 %. Neuropsychologisch meßbare Defizite persistierten nur bei einer geringen Zahl von Patienten. Im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe ergaben sich Defizite insbesondere für diejenigen Patienten, die während der akuten Enzephalitis viele epileptische Anfälle erlitten hatten. Diese Gruppe von Patienten hatte auch eine signifikant deutlichere Zunahme der planimetrisch bestimmten ventricle-brain-ratio, also einen stärkeren Verlust an Hirnparenchym, als die anderen Patienten. Auch die subjektive Lebensqualität war bei dieser Gruppe von Patie, Acute encephalitis occurs mainly sporadically with heterogenous clinical manifestations and can be caused by viruses, other infectious agents or autoimmune disease; often the etiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze causes and clinical features in a consecutive study population of immunocompetent adults with acute encephalitis and to evaluate their functional, neuropsychological and social long-term outcome as well as a possible loss of brain parenchyma by means of magnetic resonance imaging planimetry. Retrospective analysis of 111 patients demonstrated a definite pathogen in only 28 % of cases, most common were Varicella-zoster virus and Herpes-simplex virus type I. The most important non-viral agent was Mycoplasma. Parenchymal lesions could be identified by cranial magnetic resonance imaging in about 50 %. Electroencephalography had a sensitivity of about 80 %. One third of the patients required intensive care therapy. Mortality was low with less than 2 %. Follow-up examination of 73 patients who had suffered from encephalitis on the average three years before demonstrated a good or satisfiable outcome with preserved independence in 86 %. In cases with unfavourable outcome, cognitive impairment and pharmaco-resistent epilepsy dominated; high-grade physical impairment persisted in only 4 %. Neuropsychologically measurable deficits persisted only in a small number of patients. Compared to a control group, impairment was predominantly found in those patients who had suffered from serial epileptic fits or status epilepticus. This group of patients also had a distinct increase of planimetrically measured ventricle-brain-ratio, i.e. a marked loss of brain parenchyma. Furthermore, self-estimated quality of life was most strongly impaired in those patients. Thus, the occurence of serial epileptic fits or status epilepticus during acute encephalitis seems to predict an unfavourable outcome, independently of the pathogenic agent.

Akute Enzephalitiden treten überwiegend sporadisch mit klinisch heterogener Manifestation auf und können durch Viren, andere Erreger oder Autoimmunprozesse verursacht sein, häufig bleibt die Ätiologie unklar. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Ursache und klinisches Erscheinungsbild einer konsekutiven Gruppe immunkompetenter erwachsener Enzephalitispatienten, deren funktionelles, neuropsychologisches und soziales Outcome im Langzeitverlauf sowie einen möglichen Hirnsubstanzverlust mittels Planimetrie von Magnetresonanztomogrammen zu untersuchen. Die retrospektive Analyse von 111 Patienten erbrachte eine eindeutige ätiologische Zuordnung in nur 28 % der Fälle; am häufigsten waren Varizella-zoster-Virus und Herpes-simplex-Virus-I. An nicht-viralen Erregern sind Mycoplasmen hervorzuheben. Mit der cranialen Magnetresonanztomographie waren bei ca. 50 % parenchymatöse Veränderungen nachweisbar. Die Sensitivität der Elektroenzephalographie betrug über 80 %. Ein Drittel der Patienten mußte intensivmedizinisch behandelt werden. Die Letalität war mit knapp 2 % gering. Die follow-up-Untersuchung von 73 Patienten mit durchschnittlich drei Jahre zurückliegender akuter Enzephalitis ergab bei 86 % der Patienten einen günstigen bis befriedigenden Verlauf mit erhaltener Selbständigkeit. Bei den ungünstig verlaufenden Fällen dominierten kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und pharmakoresistente Epilepsien, hochgradige körperliche Behinderungen persistierten nur bei 4 %. Neuropsychologisch meßbare Defizite persistierten nur bei einer geringen Zahl von Patienten. Im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe ergaben sich Defizite insbesondere für diejenigen Patienten, die während der akuten Enzephalitis viele epileptische Anfälle erlitten hatten. Diese Gruppe von Patienten hatte auch eine signifikant deutlichere Zunahme der planimetrisch bestimmten ventricle-brain-ratio, also einen stärkeren Verlust an Hirnparenchym, als die anderen Patienten. Auch die subjektive Lebensqualität war bei dieser Gruppe von Patie, Acute encephalitis occurs mainly sporadically with heterogenous clinical manifestations and can be caused by viruses, other infectious agents or autoimmune disease; often the etiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze causes and clinical features in a consecutive study population of immunocompetent adults with acute encephalitis and to evaluate their functional, neuropsychological and social long-term outcome as well as a possible loss of brain parenchyma by means of magnetic resonance imaging planimetry. Retrospective analysis of 111 patients demonstrated a definite pathogen in only 28 % of cases, most common were Varicella-zoster virus and Herpes-simplex virus type I. The most important non-viral agent was Mycoplasma. Parenchymal lesions could be identified by cranial magnetic resonance imaging in about 50 %. Electroencephalography had a sensitivity of about 80 %. One third of the patients required intensive care therapy. Mortality was low with less than 2 %. Follow-up examination of 73 patients who had suffered from encephalitis on the average three years before demonstrated a good or satisfiable outcome with preserved independence in 86 %. In cases with unfavourable outcome, cognitive impairment and pharmaco-resistent epilepsy dominated; high-grade physical impairment persisted in only 4 %. Neuropsychologically measurable deficits persisted only in a small number of patients. Compared to a control group, impairment was predominantly found in those patients who had suffered from serial epileptic fits or status epilepticus. This group of patients also had a distinct increase of planimetrically measured ventricle-brain-ratio, i.e. a marked loss of brain parenchyma. Furthermore, self-estimated quality of life was most strongly impaired in those patients. Thus, the occurence of serial epileptic fits or status epilepticus during acute encephalitis seems to predict an unfavourable outcome, independently of the pathogenic agent.