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Microbiome-based solutions are regarded key for sustainable agroecosystems. However, it is unclear how agricultural practices affect the rhizosphere microbiome, plant–microorganism interactions and crop performance under field conditions. Therefore, we installed root observation windows in a winter wheat field cultivated either under long-term mouldboard plough (MP) or cultivator tillage (CT). Each tillage practice was also compared at two nitrogen (N) fertilization intensities, intensive (recommended N-supply with pesticides/growth regulators) or extensive (reduced N-supply, no fungicides/growth regulators). Shoot biomass, root exudates and rhizosphere metabolites, physiological stress indicators, and gene expression were analyzed together with the rhizosphere microbiome (bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNA gene, fungal ITS amplicon, and shotgun metagenome sequencing) shortly before flowering. Compared to MP, the rhizosphere of CT winter wheat contained more primary and secondary metabolites, especially benzoxazinoid derivatives. Potential copiotrophic and plant-beneficial taxa (e.g. Bacillus, Devosia, and Trichoderma) as well as functional genes (e.g. siderophore production, trehalose synthase, and ACC deaminase) were enriched in the CT rhizosphere, suggesting that tillage affected belowground plant–microorganism interactions. In addition, physiological stress markers were suppressed in CT winter wheat compared to MP. In summary, tillage practice was a major driver of crop performance, root deposits, and rhizosphere microbiome interactions, while the N-fertilization intensity was also relevant, but less important., Microbiome-based solutions are regarded key for sustainable agroecosystems. However, it is unclear how agricultural practices affect the rhizosphere microbiome, plant–microorganism interactions and crop performance under field conditions. Therefore, we installed root observation windows in a winter wheat field cultivated either under long-term mouldboard plough (MP) or cultivator tillage (CT). Each tillage practice was also compared at two nitrogen (N) fertilization intensities, intensive (recommended N-supply with pesticides/growth regulators) or extensive (reduced N-supply, no fungicides/growth regulators). Shoot biomass, root exudates and rhizosphere metabolites, physiological stress indicators, and gene expression were analyzed together with the rhizosphere microbiome (bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNA gene, fungal ITS amplicon, and shotgun metagenome sequencing) shortly before flowering. Compared to MP, the rhizosphere of CT winter wheat contained more primary and secondary metabolites, especially benzoxazinoid derivatives. Potential copiotrophic and plant-beneficial taxa (e.g. Bacillus, Devosia, and Trichoderma) as well as functional genes (e.g. siderophore production, trehalose synthase, and ACC deaminase) were enriched in the CT rhizosphere, suggesting that tillage affected belowground plant–microorganism interactions. In addition, physiological stress markers were suppressed in CT winter wheat compared to MP. In summary, tillage practice was a major driver of crop performance, root deposits, and rhizosphere microbiome interactions, while the N-fertilization intensity was also relevant, but less important.

Microbiome-based solutions are regarded key for sustainable agroecosystems. However, it is unclear how agricultural practices affect the rhizosphere microbiome, plant–microorganism interactions and crop performance under field conditions. Therefore, we installed root observation windows in a winter wheat field cultivated either under long-term mouldboard plough (MP) or cultivator tillage (CT). Each tillage practice was also compared at two nitrogen (N) fertilization intensities, intensive (recommended N-supply with pesticides/growth regulators) or extensive (reduced N-supply, no fungicides/growth regulators). Shoot biomass, root exudates and rhizosphere metabolites, physiological stress indicators, and gene expression were analyzed together with the rhizosphere microbiome (bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNA gene, fungal ITS amplicon, and shotgun metagenome sequencing) shortly before flowering. Compared to MP, the rhizosphere of CT winter wheat contained more primary and secondary metabolites, especially benzoxazinoid derivatives. Potential copiotrophic and plant-beneficial taxa (e.g. Bacillus, Devosia, and Trichoderma) as well as functional genes (e.g. siderophore production, trehalose synthase, and ACC deaminase) were enriched in the CT rhizosphere, suggesting that tillage affected belowground plant–microorganism interactions. In addition, physiological stress markers were suppressed in CT winter wheat compared to MP. In summary, tillage practice was a major driver of crop performance, root deposits, and rhizosphere microbiome interactions, while the N-fertilization intensity was also relevant, but less important., Microbiome-based solutions are regarded key for sustainable agroecosystems. However, it is unclear how agricultural practices affect the rhizosphere microbiome, plant–microorganism interactions and crop performance under field conditions. Therefore, we installed root observation windows in a winter wheat field cultivated either under long-term mouldboard plough (MP) or cultivator tillage (CT). Each tillage practice was also compared at two nitrogen (N) fertilization intensities, intensive (recommended N-supply with pesticides/growth regulators) or extensive (reduced N-supply, no fungicides/growth regulators). Shoot biomass, root exudates and rhizosphere metabolites, physiological stress indicators, and gene expression were analyzed together with the rhizosphere microbiome (bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNA gene, fungal ITS amplicon, and shotgun metagenome sequencing) shortly before flowering. Compared to MP, the rhizosphere of CT winter wheat contained more primary and secondary metabolites, especially benzoxazinoid derivatives. Potential copiotrophic and plant-beneficial taxa (e.g. Bacillus, Devosia, and Trichoderma) as well as functional genes (e.g. siderophore production, trehalose synthase, and ACC deaminase) were enriched in the CT rhizosphere, suggesting that tillage affected belowground plant–microorganism interactions. In addition, physiological stress markers were suppressed in CT winter wheat compared to MP. In summary, tillage practice was a major driver of crop performance, root deposits, and rhizosphere microbiome interactions, while the N-fertilization intensity was also relevant, but less important.

The long-term effects of agricultural management such as different fertilization strategies on soil microbiota and soil suppressiveness against plant pathogens are crucial. Therefore, the suppressiveness of soils differing in fertilization history was assessed using two Rhizoctonia solani isolates and their respective host plants (lettuce, sugar beet) in pot experiments. Further, the effects of fertilization history and the pathogen R. solani AG1-IB on the bulk soil, root-associated soil and rhizosphere microbiota of lettuce were analyzed based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 region. Organic fertilization history supported the spread of the soil-borne pathogens compared to long-term mineral fertilization. The fertilization strategy affected bacterial and fungal community composition in the root-associated soil and rhizosphere, respectively, but only the fungal community shifted in response to the inoculated pathogen. The potential plant-beneficial genus Talaromyces was enriched in the rhizosphere by organic fertilization and presence of the pathogen. Moreover, increased expression levels of defense-related genes in shoots of lettuce were observed in the soil with organic fertilization history, both in the absence and presence of the pathogen. This may reflect the enrichment of potential plant-beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere, but also pathogen infestation. However, enhanced defense responses resulted in retarded plant growth in the presence of R. solani (plant growth/defense tradeoff).

The long-term effects of agricultural management such as different fertilization strategies on soil microbiota and soil suppressiveness against plant pathogens are crucial. Therefore, the suppressiveness of soils differing in fertilization history was assessed using two Rhizoctonia solani isolates and their respective host plants (lettuce, sugar beet) in pot experiments. Further, the effects of fertilization history and the pathogen R. solani AG1-IB on the bulk soil, root-associated soil and rhizosphere microbiota of lettuce were analyzed based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 region. Organic fertilization history supported the spread of the soil-borne pathogens compared to long-term mineral fertilization. The fertilization strategy affected bacterial and fungal community composition in the root-associated soil and rhizosphere, respectively, but only the fungal community shifted in response to the inoculated pathogen. The potential plant-beneficial genus Talaromyces was enriched in the rhizosphere by organic fertilization and presence of the pathogen. Moreover, increased expression levels of defense-related genes in shoots of lettuce were observed in the soil with organic fertilization history, both in the absence and presence of the pathogen. This may reflect the enrichment of potential plant-beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere, but also pathogen infestation. However, enhanced defense responses resulted in retarded plant growth in the presence of R. solani (plant growth/defense tradeoff).

A better understanding of factors shaping the rhizosphere microbiota is important for sustainable crop production. We hypothesized that the effect of agricultural management on the soil microbiota is reflected in the assemblage of the rhizosphere microbiota with implications for plant performance. We designed a growth chamber experiment growing the model plant lettuce under controlled conditions in soils of a long-term field experiment with contrasting histories of tillage (mouldboard plough vs cultivator tillage), fertilization intensity (intensive standard nitrogen (N) + pesticides/growth regulators vs extensive reduced N without fungicides/growth regulators), and last standing field crop (rapeseed vs winter wheat). High-throughput sequencing of bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS2 regions amplified from total community DNA showed that these factors shaped the soil and rhizosphere microbiota of lettuce, however, to different extents among the microbial groups. Pseudomonas and Olpidium were identified as major indicators for agricultural management in the rhizosphere of lettuce. Long-term extensive fertilization history of soils resulted in higher lettuce growth and increased expression of genes involved in plant stress responses compared to intensive fertilization. Our work adds to the increasing knowledge on how soil microbiota can be manipulated by agricultural management practices which could be harnessed for sustainable crop production.

Fertilization management can affect plant performance and soil microbiota, involving still poorly understood rhizosphere interactions. We hypothesized that fertilization practice exerts specific effects on rhizodeposition with consequences for recruitment of rhizosphere microbiota and plant performance. To address this hypothesis, we conducted a minirhizotron experiment using lettuce as model plant and field soils with contrasting properties from two long-term field experiments (HUB-LTE: loamy sand, DOK-LTE: silty loam) with organic and mineral fertilization history. Increased relative abundance of plant-beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal pathotrophs were characteristic of the rhizospheres in the organically managed soils (HU-org; BIODYN2). Accordingly, defense-related genes were systemically expressed in shoot tissues of the respective plants. As a site-specific effect, high relative occurrence of the fungal lettuce pathogen Olpidium sp. (76–90%) was recorded in the rhizosphere, both under long-term organic and mineral fertilization at the DOK-LTE site, likely supporting Olpidium infection due to a lower water drainage potential compared to the sandy HUB-LTE soils. However, plant growth depressions and Olpidium infection were exclusively recorded in the BIODYN2 soil with organic fertilization history. This was associated with a drastic (87–97%) reduction in rhizosphere abundance of potentially plant-beneficial microbiota (Pseudomonadaceae, Mortierella elongata) and reduced concentrations of the antifungal root exudate benzoate, known to be increased in presence of Pseudomonas spp. In contrast, high relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soils with long-term mineral fertilization (61–74%) coincided with high rhizosphere concentrations of chemotactic dicarboxylates (succinate, malate) and a high C (sugar)/N (amino acid) ratio, known to support the growth of Gammaproteobacteria. This was re

Fertilization management can affect plant performance and soil microbiota, involving still poorly understood rhizosphere interactions. We hypothesized that fertilization practice exerts specific effects on rhizodeposition with consequences for recruitment of rhizosphere microbiota and plant performance. To address this hypothesis, we conducted a minirhizotron experiment using lettuce as model plant and field soils with contrasting properties from two long-term field experiments (HUB-LTE: loamy sand, DOK-LTE: silty loam) with organic and mineral fertilization history. Increased relative abundance of plant-beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal pathotrophs were characteristic of the rhizospheres in the organically managed soils (HU-org; BIODYN2). Accordingly, defense-related genes were systemically expressed in shoot tissues of the respective plants. As a site-specific effect, high relative occurrence of the fungal lettuce pathogen Olpidium sp. (76–90%) was recorded in the rhizosphere, both under long-term organic and mineral fertilization at the DOK-LTE site, likely supporting Olpidium infection due to a lower water drainage potential compared to the sandy HUB-LTE soils. However, plant growth depressions and Olpidium infection were exclusively recorded in the BIODYN2 soil with organic fertilization history. This was associated with a drastic (87–97%) reduction in rhizosphere abundance of potentially plant-beneficial microbiota (Pseudomonadaceae, Mortierella elongata) and reduced concentrations of the antifungal root exudate benzoate, known to be increased in presence of Pseudomonas spp. In contrast, high relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soils with long-term mineral fertilization (61–74%) coincided with high rhizosphere concentrations of chemotactic dicarboxylates (succinate, malate) and a high C (sugar)/N (amino acid) ratio, known to support the growth of Gammaproteobacteria. This was re

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the development and status quo of the quality of high throughput in vitro diagnostic testing for tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin antibody (ATX) concentrations based on external quality assessment (EQA) data. Methods: We analyzed manufacturer-specific data of 22 EQA surveys—each for the detection of tetanus and diphtheria ATX—to check the diagnostic strength of the corresponding in vitro diagnostic systems. Results: While the results were mostly well aligned, individual surveys showed widely dispersed ATX concentrations. The medians of manufacturer collectives deviated from the overall median by up to 8.9-fold in the case of diphtheria ATX and by up to 3.5-fold in the case of tetanus ATX. Such a distribution in the results is particularly critical in the cut-off range for immunity and may lead to an incorrect assessment of vaccination status. Conclusion: These results were surprising as there are International Standards for both ATX; however, the results may be linked to the high ATX concentration of the reference material, which deviates considerably from clinically significant concentrations. To increase the accuracy and diagnostic strength of both assays, we recommend a recalibration of the test systems and verification of their traceability to the International Standards.

Background: The purpose of this paper was to analyze the general diagnostic strength and performance of in vitro diagnostics for C-reactive protein and procalcitonin based on the results of external quality assessment schemes (EQAs). Methods: We analyzed qualitative and quantitative data on both markers collected by the Society for Promotion Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories (INSTAND e.V.) from 20 EQAs. The C-reactive protein evaluation was method-specific and the procalcitonin evaluation manufacturer-specific (pseudonymized). Coefficients of variation were determined in order to evaluate interlaboratory comparability and the performance of individual laboratories during the analyzed period was examined. Results: Overall most of our participants were able to correctly distinguish the positive from the negative samples, but we occasionally observed also false-positive results for the immunological detection of C-reactive protein. For the semi-quantitative results of C-reactive protein we observed an overall median difference below 5% except for dry chemistry methods (≤ 21%). For procalcitonin two manufacturer collectives showed a good comparability, while one manufacturer detected up to 42% higher results. The coefficients of variation are promising for both analytes even though they surpass the manufacturer’s indication for some collectives. The performance of individual laboratories during the analyzed period was more stable for C-reactive protein than for procalcitonin. Conclusion: In-vitro diagnostic testing for C-reactive protein and procalcitonin showed promising results in our EQAs but still further improvements are needed. We recommend stepping up research on reference measurement methods for both parameters to possibly enhancing the accuracy and diagnostic strength of such assays.