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[EN] We review the knowledge obtained during two decades on the evolution, impact and ecology of invasive marine macroalgae in the Balearic Islands. From the year 2000 we have participated in a large number of cartographic and bionomic studies in several marine reserves and Natura 2000 sites, in research projects based on different natural areas of the Balearic Islands and in long-term monitoring of invasive species in the archipelago of Cabrera and the island of Menorca. This has allowed us to collect information on the evolution of invasive macroalgae in the Balearic Islands, to identify the main impacts on native communities, and to discern which biotic and/or abiotic conditions affect the dispersion and distribution, both present and future, of these species. This research carried out in the Balearic Islands is unique and will be a reference for many Mediterranean areas., [CAT] Repassem el coneixement obtingut durant dues dècades sobre l’evolució, impacte i ecologia de les macroalgues marines invasores a Balears. A partir de l’any 2000 hem participat en un gran nombre d’estudis cartogràfics i bionòmics de diverses reserves i LICs marins, projectes de recerca en diferents espais naturals marins de Balears i monitoratges llarg termini de les espècies invasores a l'arxipèlag de Cabrera i a l’illa de Menorca. Tot això ens ha permès recopilar informació sobre l’evolució de les macroalgues invasores a Balears, identificar quins són els principals impactes sobre les comunitats autòctones, i discernir quines condicions biòtiques i/o abiòtiques afecten la dispersió i distribució, present i futura, d'aquestes espècies. Aquesta investigació duta a terme a Balears és única i serà de referència per a moltes zones de la Mediterrània.

En la escala local, el ordenamiento territorial es un ámbito que, a pesar de ampararse en la autonomía, está sujeto a determinantes jurídicos de categoría superior. Entre ellos, la gestión del riesgo de desastres, que recientemente amplía su reconocimiento en disposiciones sobre cambio climático. Entre ambos se gestan dos fuentes alternas sin las cuales la aplicación de los otros determinantes puede generar ineficacia: los enfoques diferenciales de género y de infancia. Este escrito se propone analizar el tratamiento que reciben ambos enfoques para su formalización en el ordenamiento territorial local, iniciativa que justamente es motivada por la gestión del riesgo de desastres y por el cambio climático. Inicialmente, se describe el panorama jurídico del ordenamiento territorial y de los determinantes para, posteriormente, triangular con los enfoques de género y de infancia (también promovidos por diferentes normas jurídicas) para finalmente concluir sobre sus posibilidades de aplicación en el ordenamiento territorial local.

Abiotic environmental conditions can significantly influence the way species interact. In particular, plant–herbivore interactions can be substantially dependent on temperature and nutrients. The overall product of these relationships is critical for the fate and stability of vegetated ecosystems like marine forests. The last few decades have seen a rapid spread of barrens on temperate rocky reefs mainly as a result of overgrazing. The ecological feedbacks that characterize the barren state involve a different set of interactions than those occurring in vegetated habitats. Reversing these trends requires a proper understanding of the novel feedbacks and the conditions under which they operate. Here, we explored the role of a secondary herbivore in reinforcing the stability of barrens formed by sea urchin overgrazing under different nutrient conditions. Combining comparative and experimental studies in two Mediterranean regions characterized by contrasting nutrient conditions, we assessed: (i) if the creation of barren areas enhances limpet abundance, (ii) the size-specific grazing impact by limpets, and (iii) the ability of limpets alone to maintain barrens. Our results show that urchin overgrazing enhanced limpet abundance. The effects of limpet grazing varied with nutrient conditions, being up to five times more intense under oligotrophic conditions. Limpets were able to maintain barrens in the absence of sea urchins only under low-nutrient conditions, enhancing the stability of the depauperate state. Overall, our study suggests a greater vulnerability of subtidal forests in oligotrophic regions of the Mediterranean and demonstrates the importance of environment conditions in regulating feedbacks mediated by plant–herbivore interactions

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

In this article we explore the notion of Space in José Luis Pardo’s aesthetics. With this purpose we depart from two of his main books where he explains this concept: Sobre los espacios. Pintar, escribir, pensar and Las formas de la exterioridad. In his work we understand the rethinking of aesthetics’ subject from beauty to sensibility. He answers of how we become sensitive beings by means of habit. His approach is non-subjective or pre-subjective, in terms of his attention to the world itself before subjectivity. The world becomes and expresses itself (even aesthetically). After this, we articulate the notion of space with Pardo’s conception of the city. The main thesis we propose is that the notion of space is crucial to think the redefinition of aesthetics’ subject, to no longer study beauty but to study sensitivity, departing from a non-anthropocentric perspective in order to explain how individuals become through habits, and afterwards they shape their own environment into an inhabitable territory., En el presente artículo desarrollamos la noción de espacio en la propuesta estética de José Luis Pardo. Para ello nos basamos en dos de sus textos principales en donde plantea dicho concepto: Sobre los espacios. Pintar, escribir, pensar y Las formas de la exterioridad. Allí encontramos que Pardo propone una redefinición del objeto de la estética desde lo bello hacia lo sensible, preguntándose cómo devenimos sensibles por me­dio del hábito. Su propuesta es asubjetiva o presubjetiva, es decir, tiende a poner la atención sobre el mundo antes que sobre el sujeto, puesto que el mundo mismo se individúa, posee formas de expresión (estética). La tesis principal que proponemos consiste en que el espacio es una noción fundamental para pensar una redefinición del objeto de la estética. Ya no se estudia lo bello sino lo sensible, y se parte de una perspectiva no antropocéntrica para explicar cómo los individuos surgen a partir de la sensibilidad y del hábito, y posteriormente conforman su propio territorio haciéndolo a su vez habitable.

The public function of urban planning involves disaster risk management as one of its determinants of superior hierarchy, an administrative function that is governed by legal provisions based on universal subjects, legal neutrality, and formal equality. Local territorial entities serve as a platform for reviewing this public function of urban planning, as it is subject to international instruments that promote the incorporation of a gender perspective in disaster risk management. In this dilemma, the administrative autonomy of local territorial entities leads to the issuance of regulations that include the gender perspective, which, without directly referring to disaster risk management, can ultimately integrate it into territorial planning. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the configurations of the gender perspective in disaster risk management that seek to guarantee the rights of women and girls, based on the regulatory exercise undertaken by local territorial entities regarding planning and territorial organization instruments. The study adopted a comprehensive hermeneutic paradigm and qualitative methodology, focusing on the legal dogma in territorial regulation, with a documentary study that triangulated its regulation in Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali to determine the configuration of the differential gender perspective through regulatory practice. The results show that while provisions referring to the gender perspective are included, acknowledging the discrimination and inequities affecting women and girls, they fail to address the realm of risk management. It is concluded that planning and territorial organization do not provide elements for disaster risk management to break the thesis of universality in addressing the needs of individuals who may be affected by a disaster., La fonction publique de l'urbanisme engage la gestion du risque de catastrophes comme l'un de ses déterminants de hiérarchie supérieure. Il s'agit d'une fonction administrative intégrant des dispositions juridiques qui se fondent sur des sujets universels, la neutralité du droit et l'égalité formelle. Les entités territoriales locales constituent un cadre propice à son examen, dans la mesure où la fonction publique de l'urbanisme est soumise à des instruments internationaux promouvant l'intégration de la perspective de genre dans la gestion du risque de catastrophes. Dans cette perspective, l'autonomie administrative des entités territoriales locales permet l'émission de réglementations intégrant la perspective de genre, qui, sans faire référence à la gestion durisque de catastrophes, peuvent finir par l'intégrer dans l'aménagement territorial. Ainsi, nous avons cherché à analyser les configurations de la perspective de genre dans la gestion du risque de catastrophes visant à garantir les droits des femmes et des filles, à partir de l'exercice réglementaire entrepris par les entités territoriales locales sur les instruments de planification et d'aménagement territorial. Nous avons adopté le paradigme herméneutique compréhensif et une méthodologie qualitative, enayant comme objet la dogmatique du droit dans la réglementation du territoire, sur la base d'une étude documentaire qui a triangulé sa réglementation à Bogotá, Medellín et Cali, afin de déterminer la configuration de la perspective différentielle de genrepar le biais de l'exercice réglementaire. Les résultats montrent que, bien que des dispositions faisant référence à la perspective de genre soient incluses, reconnaissant la discrimination et les inégalités affectant les femmes et les filles, elles ne parviennent pas à aborder le domaine de la gestion du risque. En conclusion, la planification et l'aménagement territorial ne fournissent pas les éléments permettant à la gestion du risque de catastrophes de rem, A função pública do urbanismo compromete a gestão do risco de desastres como um de seus determinantes de hierarquia superior, uma função administrativa que é integrada por disposições jurídicas que partem de sujeitos universais, daneutralidade do direito e da igualdade formal, e encontra nas entidades territoriais locais um cenário para sua revisão, uma vez que a função pública do urbanismo está sujeita a instrumentos internacionais que promovem a incorporação da perspectiva de gênero na gestão do risco de desastres. Nessa encruzilhada, a autonomia administrativa das entidades territoriais locais permite a emissão de regulamentações que incluem a perspectiva de gênero, que, sem fazer referência à gestão do risco de desastres, podem acabar integrando-a no ordenamento territorial. Portanto, buscou-se analisar as configurações da perspectiva de gênero na gestão do risco de desastres que visam garantir os direitos de mulheres e meninas, a partir do exercício regulamentar empreendido porentidades territoriais locais sobre instrumentos de planejamento e ordenamento territorial. Partiu-se do paradigma hermenêutico compreensivo e da metodologia qualitativa, tendo como objeto a dogmática do direito na regulamentação do território, com base em um estudo documental que triangulou sua regulamentação em Bogotá, Medellín e Cali, para determinar a configuração da perspectiva diferencial de gênero por meio do exercício regulamentar. Os resultados mostram que, embora sejam incluídas disposições que fazem alusão à perspectiva de gênero, reconhecendo a discriminação e as desigualdades que afetam mulheres e meninas, elas não conseguem abordar o âmbito da gestão do risco. Conclui-se que o planejamento e o ordenamento territorial não oferecem elementos para que a gestão do risco de desastres quebre a tese da universalidade no que diz respeito ao atendimento das necessidades das pessoas que eventualmente sejam afetadas por um sinistro., La función pública del urbanismo compromete a la gestión del riesgo de desastres como uno de sus determinantes de superior jerarquía, una función administrativa que está integrada por disposiciones jurídicas que parten de sujetos universales, de la neutralidad del derecho y de la igualdad formal, y que encuentra en las entidades territoriales locales un escenario para su revisión, toda vez que la función pública del urbanismo está sujeta a instrumentos internacionales que promueven la incorporación del enfoque de género en la gestión del riesgo de desastres. En esa disyuntiva, la autonomía administrativa de las entidades territoriales locales da lugar a que se expidan reglamentaciones que incluyen el enfoque de género, que, sin hacer referencia a la gestión del riesgo de desastres, pueden terminar integrándolo en el ordenamiento territorial. Por lo anterior, se buscó analizar las configuraciones del enfoque de género en la gestión del riesgo de desastres que buscan garantizar los derechos de mujeres y niñas, a partir del ejercicio reglamentario emprendido por entidades territoriales locales sobre instrumentos de planeación y ordenamiento territorial. Se partió del paradigma hermenéutico comprensivo y la metodología cualitativa, teniendo como objeto la dogmática del derecho en la reglamentación del territorio, con base en un estudio documental que trianguló su regulación en Bogotá, Medellín y Cali, para determinar la configuración del enfoque diferencial de género a través del ejercicio reglamentario. Los resultados muestran que, si bien se incluyen disposiciones que hacen alusión al enfoque de género, reconociendo la discriminación e inequidades que afectan a mujeres y niñas, no logran dirigirse al ámbito de gestión del riesgo. Se concluye que la planeación y el ordenamiento territorial no ofrecen elementos para que la gestión del riesgo de desastres rompa la tesis de la universalidad frente a la atención de necesidades de las personas que eventualmente se vean afec

Based on the question "How has the right of access to environmental information been exercised in Colombia since the Political Constitution of 1991? the article's general objective is to understand the conditions under which the right of access to environmental information has been exercised since the Political Charter, but it first assumes the commitment to propose a legal conceptualization of environmental information that contributes to define security paths that facilitate the exercise of the right of access. For this purpose, a qualitative methodology was used, including hermeneutic and phenomenological methods, and the semi-structured in-depth interview as a technique of information gathering, which followed a deductive line that started by investigating the valuation of the exercise of the right of access to information in general, then on the exercise of that right of access in environmental matters, and finally, on the exercise of the right of access to environmental information when it is necessary to access justice. This made it possible to reveal the material interdependence between the rights of access in environmental matters, as well as the imperative need to exhaust the judicial process in order to obtain access and see the information guaranteed, which is then necessary to be able to take further legal action., A partir da pergunta: Como tem sido o exercício do direito de acesso à informação ambiental na Colômbia desde a Constituição Política de 1991? O artigo tem como objetivo geral compreender as condições em que se exerce o direito de acesso à informação ambiental a partir daquela Carta Política, mas assume primeiro o compromisso de propor uma conceituação jurídica da informação ambiental que contribua para definir caminhos que facilitem o exercício da o direito de acesso. Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa, incluindo métodos hermenêuticos e fenomenológicos, e a entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade como técnica de coleta de dados, que seguiu uma linha dedutiva que começou por investigar a avaliação do exercício do direito de acesso à informação em geral, depois sobre o exercício desse direito de acesso em matéria ambiental e, finalmente, sobre o exercício do direito de acesso à informação ambiental quando for necessário aceder à justiça. O exposto possibilitou revelar a interdependência material entre os direitos de acesso em matéria ambiental, bem como a necessidade urgente de esgotar o processo judicial para obter acesso e garantir as informações que posteriormente são necessárias para poder empreender novas ações judiciais., Con base en la pregunta ¿Cómo ha sido el ejercicio del derecho de acceso a la información ambiental en Colombia a partir de la Constitución Política de 1991? el artículo fijó como objetivo general comprender las condiciones en las cuales se da el ejercicio del derecho de acceso a la información ambiental a partir de esa Carta Política, pero asume antes el compromiso de propone una conceptualización jurídica sobre la información ambiental que contribuya a definir senderos de seguridad que faciliten el ejercicio del derecho de acceso. Para ello se empleó una metodología cualitativa, incluyendo los métodos hermenéutico y fenomenológico, y la entrevista semiestructurada a profundidad como técnica de recolección de información, la cual siguió una línea de corte deductivo que partió por indagar la valoración del ejercicio del derecho de acceso a la información en general, luego sobre el ejercicio de ese derecho de acceso en asuntos ambientales, y finalmente, sobre el ejercicio del derecho de acceso a la información ambiental cuando resulta necesario para acceder a la justicia. Lo anterior permitió develar la interdependencia material entre los derechos de acceso en asuntos ambientales, así como la imperiosa necesidad de agotar la judicialización para realizar el acceso y ver garantizada la información que luego es necesaria para poder emprender nuevas acciones judiciales.

In this article we explore the notion of Space in José Luis Pardo’s aesthetics. With this purpose we depart from two of his main books where he explains this concept: Sobre los espacios. Pintar, escribir, pensar and Las formas de la exterioridad. In his work we understand the rethinking of aesthetics’ subject from beauty to sensibility. He answers of how we become sensitive beings by means of habit. His approach is non-subjective or pre-subjective, in terms of his attention to the world itself before subjectivity. The world becomes and expresses itself (even aesthetically). After this, we articulate the notion of space with Pardo’s conception of the city. The main thesis we propose is that the notion of space is crucial to think the redefinition of aesthetics’ subject, to no longer study beauty but to study sensitivity, departing from a non-anthropocentric perspective in order to explain how individuals become through habits, and afterwards they shape their own environment into an inhabitable territory., En el presente artículo desarrollamos la noción de espacio en la propuesta estética de José Luis Pardo. Para ello nos basamos en dos de sus textos principales en donde plantea dicho concepto: Sobre los espacios. Pintar, escribir, pensar y Las formas de la exterioridad. Allí encontramos que Pardo propone una redefinición del objeto de la estética desde lo bello hacia lo sensible, preguntándose cómo devenimos sensibles por me­dio del hábito. Su propuesta es asubjetiva o presubjetiva, es decir, tiende a poner la atención sobre el mundo antes que sobre el sujeto, puesto que el mundo mismo se individúa, posee formas de expresión (estética). La tesis principal que proponemos consiste en que el espacio es una noción fundamental para pensar una redefinición del objeto de la estética. Ya no se estudia lo bello sino lo sensible, y se parte de una perspectiva no antropocéntrica para explicar cómo los individuos surgen a partir de la sensibilidad y del hábito, y posteriormente conforman su propio territorio haciéndolo a su vez habitable.

In this article we explore the notion of Space in José Luis Pardo’s aesthetics. With this purpose we depart from two of his main books where he explains this concept: Sobre los espacios. Pintar, escribir, pensar and Las formas de la exterioridad. In his work we understand the rethinking of aesthetics’ subject from beauty to sensibility. He answers of how we become sensitive beings by means of habit. His approach is non-subjective or pre-subjective, in terms of his attention to the world itself before subjectivity. The world becomes and expresses itself (even aesthetically). After this, we articulate the notion of space with Pardo’s conception of the city. The main thesis we propose is that the notion of space is crucial to think the redefinition of aesthetics’ subject, to no longer study beauty but to study sensitivity, departing from a non-anthropocentric perspective in order to explain how individuals become through habits, and afterwards they shape their own environment into an inhabitable territory., En el presente artículo desarrollamos la noción de espacio en la propuesta estética de José Luis Pardo. Para ello nos basamos en dos de sus textos principales en donde plantea dicho concepto: Sobre los espacios. Pintar, escribir, pensar y Las formas de la exterioridad. Allí encontramos que Pardo propone una redefinición del objeto de la estética desde lo bello hacia lo sensible, preguntándose cómo devenimos sensibles por me­dio del hábito. Su propuesta es asubjetiva o presubjetiva, es decir, tiende a poner la atención sobre el mundo antes que sobre el sujeto, puesto que el mundo mismo se individúa, posee formas de expresión (estética). La tesis principal que proponemos consiste en que el espacio es una noción fundamental para pensar una redefinición del objeto de la estética. Ya no se estudia lo bello sino lo sensible, y se parte de una perspectiva no antropocéntrica para explicar cómo los individuos surgen a partir de la sensibilidad y del hábito, y posteriormente conforman su propio territorio haciéndolo a su vez habitable.

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

The last few decades have seen a rapid spread of barrens on temperate rocky reefs as sea urchin overgrazing of marine forests causes habitats to shift to more depauperate stable states. Reversing these trends requires a proper understanding of the novel ecological feedbacks that maintain rocky barrens and the conditions under which they operate. In this study, we explored the role of a secondary herbivore (a grazing limpet) in reinforcing the stability of barrens formed under different nutrient conditions. Combining comparative and field experimental studies in two Mediterranean regions characterized by contrasting nutrient regimes, we assessed: (i) if the creation of barren areas by sea urchins enhances limpet abundance, (ii) the grazing impact by limpets through foraging marks (halos), and (iii) the ability of limpets to maintain barrens in the absence of sea urchins. Our results show that sea urchin overgrazing of erect macroalgae enhanced limpet abundance in both nutrient regimes. The effects of limpet grazing on macroalgal assemblages varied with nutrient regimes being up to six times more intense under oligotrophic conditions. Finally, we found that limpets were able to maintain barrens in the absence of the sea urchins only under low nutrient regimes. Our results suggest greater vulnerability of subtidal forests to overgrazing in oligotrophic regions and demonstrate the importance of environmental settings in regulating ecosystem feedbacks mediated by plant-herbivore interactions

In this work, the optimization results are presented in the formulation of an energy bar of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), applying the statistical design of mixtures for the analysis of composition and caloric power in the bar. Energy bars consisting of amaranth, quinoa, dehydrated pineapple, oats, honey and sacha inchi were developed. In each composition, the amounts of honey and sacha inchi were modified, selecting three bars with the greatest difference between their compositions and caloric power. When conducting an acceptability analysis based on the application of a survey, the potential consumers turned out to be people between 19 and 24 years old. In addition to performing an evaluation of the caloric intake to all the bars produced, a compositional or proximal analysis was carried out on the bar with the greatest acceptance, on the basis of which new formulations were developed, maintaining the caloric intake value and validating the acceptance by the consumer in each new formulation. Concluding that there are significant differences regarding the acceptance of the optimized and non-optimized bar, since the non-optimized bar has a higher content of sacha inchi than the non-optimized one (35 % wt and 30 % wt, respectively) and in terms of honey content, the non-optimized bar has a higher content than the optimized one (30 % wt and 20 % wt, respectively). An alternative energy bar was obtained that promotes the consumption of native cereals and lipids that also have a great nutritional contribution., En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de optimización en la formulación de una barra energética de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis), aplicando el diseño estadístico de mezclas para el análisis de composición y poder calórico en la barra. Se desarrollaron barras energéticas constituidas por amaranto, quinua, piña deshidratada, avena, miel de abeja y sacha inchi. En cada composición se modificaron las cantidades de: miel de abeja y sacha inchi, seleccionando tres barras con mayor diferencia entre sus composiciones y poder calórico. Al realizar un análisis de aceptabilidad en base a la aplicación de una encuesta, los potenciales consumidores resultaron ser personas entre 19 y 24 años. Además de realizar una evaluación del aporte calórico a todas las barras elaboradas, a la barra con mayor aceptación se efectuó un análisis de composición o proximal sobre el cual se desarrollaron nuevas formulaciones manteniendo el valor de aporte calórico y validando la aceptación por el consumidor en cada nueva formulación. Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas respecto a la aceptación de la barra optimizada y no optimizada, pues la barra no optimizada tiene mayor contenido de sacha inchi que la no optimizada (35 % wt y 30 % wt, respectivamente) y, en cuanto al contenido de miel, la barra no optimizada tiene un contenido superior a la optimizada (30 % wt y 20 % wt, respectivamente). Se obtuvo una alternativa de barra energética que promueve el consumo de cereales y lípidos autóctonos que, además, tienen gran aporte nutricional.

As invasive species spread, the ability of local communities to resist invasion depends on the strength of biotic interactions. Evolutionarily unused to the invader, native predators or herbivores may be initially wary of consuming newcomers, allowing them to proliferate. However, these relationships may be highly dynamic, and novel consumer–resource interactions could form as familiarity grows. Here, we explore the development of effective biotic resistance towards a highly invasive alga using multiple space-for- time approaches. We show that the principal native Mediterranean herbivore learns to consume the invader within less than a decade. At recently invaded sites, the herbivore actively avoided the alga, shifting to distinct preference and high consumptions at older sites. This rapid strengthening of the interaction contributed to the eventual collapse of the alga after an initial dominance. Therefore, our results stress the importance of conserving key native populations to allow communities to develop effective resistance mechanisms against invaders.

This series of standard protocols provides practical guidance to track climate-related impacts in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and beyond. The guiding principles and architecture of these tools respond to the requirements of the Ecosystem Approach undertaken under the auspices of UNEP/MAP Barcelona Convention and the EU MSFD, with the ultimate objective of achieving the Good Environmental Status (GES) of the Mediterranean Sea and Coasts. Technically these tools are inspired by the concept of Essential Climate and Ecosystem Variables and focus on a restricted set of simple measurements to capture greater dimensions of environmental change. Indicators have been chosen on the basis of their scientific relevance, feasibility and cost effectiveness. The engagement of local stakeholders is another key ingredient in some of these methodologies. Adopting these protocols, allow participants to join to a common and consolidated strategy to track climate change effects. This will improve, complement or extend the ongoing monitoring initiatives in the different Mediterranean countries.

Early detection of invasive species is critical to their successful management because control methods can be enacted before the invaders become established. But what happens when an invasive species escapes early discovery because it closely resembles a native species? Marine algae in the genus Caulerpa are prolific invaders of tropical, subtropical, and temperate coasts, where they substantially disrupt ecosystem functioning. Caulerpa species including Caulerpa cylindracea are easily discernable by their characteristic rhizoids, stolon, and fronds (Figure 1a). However, a previously undescribed form of C cylindracea (Figure 1b) displays features that are atypical of the species: namely, an unbranched habit and the presence of long, vertical filaments, 10 times as thin as those typically seen in this taxon. These filaments are nearly impossible to identify visually in the field and, when detected, can be easily misidentified as native species in genera such as Derbesia or Chlorodesmis. Genetic analyses confirm that these filaments are C cylindracea, which is likely the most rapidly proliferating invasive macroalga in the Mediterranean Sea. What promotes such morphological divergence within a species? Preliminary lab-based experiments suggest that it may be a response to stressful conditions. It is unclear if other invasive Caulerpa species exhibit the same degree of morphological flexibility and whether individuals displaying the uncharacteristic filamentous morphology could revert to the regular branching morphology; although both morphological forms have been simultaneously observed at the same location in the field, the reversion process has yet to be observed under controlled laboratory settings. What is clear, however, is that this novel form can disperse widely, as its filaments break easily and can float over long distances to colonize new areas. Managing invasive flora is already challenging, and is only further complicated when they may hide in plain sight

This article focuses on the question: Why does the Clinical Teaching-Learning of Law (CTLL) that went from a model to a pedagogical approach respond to the competency-based training used at Universidad Católica Luis Amigó? To answer this question, the recovery of the traditions and constructs on which learning to be, to know, to do and to coexist within the Law program at Universidad Católica Luis Amigó have been welcomed. Methodologically, the research was carried out on the basis of the qualitative design, the case study and the documentary review technique with analysis from the triangulation with the institutional documents that record the experience of the LC at the university. There is evidence of a distance between the declared model and the model executed in the Law program, to finish with the reflection of the elements to understand the CTLL as a pedagogical approach that responds to competency-based training., Este artículo se concentra en la pregunta: ¿por qué la Enseñanza-Aprendizaje Clínico del Derecho (EACD) que transitó de modelo a enfoque pedagógico responde a la formación basada en competencias empleada en la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó? Para esto, acoge la recuperación de las tradiciones y constructos sobre las cuales se han trabajado el aprender a ser, a conocer, a hacer y a convivir dentro del Programa de Derecho de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó. Metodológicamente se parte del diseño cualitativo, el estudio de caso y la técnica de revisión documental con análisis desde la triangulación con los documentos institucionales que registran la experiencia de la CJ en la universidad. Se evidencia una distancia entre el modelo declarado con el modelo ejecutado en el programa de derecho, para finalizar con la reflexión de los elementos para la comprensión de la EACD como enfoque pedagógico que responde a la formación basada en competencias

Invasive species pose a major threat to global diversity, and once they are wellestablished their eradication typically becomes unfeasible. However, certain natural mecha-nisms can increase the resistance of native communities to invaders and can be used to guideeffective management policies. Both competition and herbivory have been identified as poten-tial biotic resistance mechanisms that can limit plant invasiveness, but it is still under debate towhat extent they might be effective against well-established invaders. Surprisingly, whereas bio-tic mechanisms are known to interact strongly, most studies to date have examined single bioticmechanisms separately, which likely influences our understanding of the strength and effective-ness of biotic resistance against invaders. Here we use long-term field data, benthic assemblagesampling, and exclusion experiments to assess the effect of native assemblage complexity andherbivory on the invasion dynamics of a successful invasive species, the alga Caulerpa cylin-dracea. A higher complexity of the native algal assemblage limited C. cylindracea invasion,probably through competition by canopy-forming and erect algae. Additionally, high her-bivory pressure by the fish Sarpa salpa reduced C. cylindracea abundance by more than fourtimes. However, long-term data of the invasion reflects that biotic resistance strength can varyacross the invasion process and it is only where high assemblage complexity is concomitantwith high herbivory pressure, that the most significant limitation is observed (synergisticeffect). Overall, the findings reported in this study highlight that neglecting the interactionsbetween biotic mechanisms during invasive processes and restricting the studied time scalesmay lead to underestimations of the true capacity of native assemblages to develop resistanceto invaders.

This is the result of the research for the project The narratives of Forgiveness from Literary Genres in Colombia, ascribed to the research line on Law, Conflict and Internationalization, by the research group Orbis Iuris, of the Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, which focuses its research problem on the configuration of forgiveness based on literary genres within the internal armed conflict in Colombia (1948-2016). This research was slated two one-year phases. For the first one, the specific objective was to recreate the configuration of forgiveness based on the chronicles of the armed conflict in Colombia (1948-2016). This is where the current outcome arises as a chapter of in-depth theoretical research on chronicles and material on the internal armed conflict in the country. In order to carry it out, the qualitative model of historical-hermeneutic studies of legal science was used ––an approach that made it possible to conduct a process of interrelation and interpretation of the internal armed conflict, narrative, and chronicle categories, thereby perceiving its significance as a space for building forgiveness, as the account of the experience of evil is designed to make the experiences suffered endure, thereby becoming consolidated as a testimony that enables ethical-political learning, recognition and memory., El presente es resultado de investigación del proyecto Las narrativas del perdón desde los géneros literarios en Colombia, adscrito a la línea de investigación en Derecho, Conflicto e Internacionalización, del grupo de investigación Orbis Iuris, de la Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, el cual centra su problema de investigación en la configuración el perdón a partir de los géneros literarios dentro del conflicto interno armado en Colombia (1948-2016). Dicha investigación fue proyectada para dos fases de duración anual. Para la primera de ellas se tuvo como objetivo específico recrear la configuración del perdón a partir de la crónica del conflicto armado en Colombia (1948-2016). Es en este sentido que surge el actual resultado como capítulo de profundización teórica en material de crónica y conflicto interno armado en el país. Para llevarlo a cabo, se acudió al modelo cualitativo propio de los estudios histórico-hermenéuticos de las ciencias jurídicas, enfoque que permitió hacer el proceso de interrelación e interpretación de las categorías conflicto armado interno, narrativa y crónica, logrando dar cuenta con ello de su importancia como espacio de construcción del perdón, toda vez que la narración de la experiencia del mal tiene como motivación hacer permanecer las vivencias sufridas, consolidándose de esta manera en testimonio que posibilita el aprendizaje ético-político, el reconocimiento y la memoria.

Invasive species pose a major threat to global diversity, and once they are well established their eradication typically becomes unfeasible. However, certain natural mechanisms can increase the resistance of native communities to invaders and can be used to guide effective management policies. Both competition and herbivory have been identified as potential biotic resistance mechanisms that can limit plant invasiveness, but it is still under debate to what extent they might be effective against well-established invaders. Surprisingly, whereas biotic mechanisms are known to interact strongly, most studies to date have examined single biotic mechanisms separately, which likely influences our understanding of the strength and effectiveness of biotic resistance against invaders. Here we use long-term field data, benthic assemblage sampling, and exclusion experiments to assess the effect of native assemblage complexity and herbivory on the invasion dynamics of a successful invasive species, the alga Caulerpa cylindracea. A higher complexity of the native algal assemblage limited C. cylindracea invasion, probably through competition by canopy-forming and erect algae. Additionally, high herbivory pressure by the fish Sarpa salpa reduced C. cylindracea abundance by more than four times. However, long-term data of the invasion reflects that biotic resistance strength can vary across the invasion process and it is only where high assemblage complexity is concomitant with high herbivory pressure, that the most significant limitation is observed (synergistic effect). Overall, the findings reported in this study highlight that neglecting the interactions between biotic mechanisms during invasive processes and restricting the studied time scales may lead to underestimations of the true capacity of native assemblages to develop resistance to invaders.

This is the result of the research for the project The narratives of Forgiveness from Literary Genres in Colombia, ascribed to the research line on Law, Conflict and Internationalization, by the research group Orbis Iuris, of the Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, which focuses its research problem on the configuration of forgiveness based on literary genres within the internal armed conflict in Colombia (1948-2016). This research was slated two one-year phases. For the first one, the specific objective was to recreate the configuration of forgiveness based on the chronicles of the armed conflict in Colombia (1948-2016). This is where the current outcome arises as a chapter of in-depth theoretical research on chronicles and material on the internal armed conflict in the country. In order to carry it out, the qualitative model of historical-hermeneutic studies of legal science was used ––an approach that made it possible to conduct a process of interrelation and interpretation of the internal armed conflict, narrative, and chronicle categories, thereby perceiving its significance as a space for building forgiveness, as the account of the experience of evil is designed to make the experiences suffered endure, thereby becoming consolidated as a testimony that enables ethical-political learning, recognition and memory., El presente es resultado de investigación del proyecto Las narrativas del perdón desde los géneros literarios en Colombia, adscrito a la línea de investigación en Derecho, Conflicto e Internacionalización, del grupo de investigación Orbis Iuris, de la Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, el cual centra su problema de investigación en la configuración el perdón a partir de los géneros literarios dentro del conflicto interno armado en Colombia (1948-2016). Dicha investigación fue proyectada para dos fases de duración anual. Para la primera de ellas se tuvo como objetivo específico recrear la configuración del perdón a partir de la crónica del conflicto armado en Colombia (1948-2016). Es en este sentido que surge el actual resultado como capítulo de profundización teórica en material de crónica y conflicto interno armado en el país. Para llevarlo a cabo, se acudió al modelo cualitativo propio de los estudios histórico-hermenéuticos de las ciencias jurídicas, enfoque que permitió hacer el proceso de interrelación e interpretación de las categorías conflicto armado interno, narrativa y crónica, logrando dar cuenta con ello de su importancia como espacio de construcción del perdón, toda vez que la narración de la experiencia del mal tiene como motivación hacer permanecer las vivencias sufridas, consolidándose de esta manera en testimonio que posibilita el aprendizaje ético-político, el reconocimiento y la memoria.

The Universidad Católica Luis Amigó has followed the clinical teaching of law as a component of the process of training lawyers. In this scenario, the question arose: Why should clinical teaching of law be no longer understood as a pedagogical model but rather as an approach to Clinical Teaching and Learning of Law (CLL)? Based on a qualitative, hermeneutic and case study research, the origins of the Legal Clinics are taken up again as thefigures that make the CDL visible, the emphasis is placed on clinical teaching of law as the initial modality that today serves to rethink the typology of the model, and a proposal for a foundation as a pedagogical approach is presented. Among the conclusions, it is emphasized that the pedagogical support in which the clinical groups take place should not necessarily be a model of clinical teaching of law but rather of DSME, and that the application of the clinical method can be supported by research as a process for apprehension and knowledge generation, but it is not an element on which the pedagogical approach of DSME depends., La Universidad Católica Luis Amigóha seguido la enseñanzaclínicadel derecho como un componente del proceso de formaciónde los abogados. En ese escenarioemergió la pregunta¿Por qué se debe dejar de comprender la enseñanzaclínica del derecho como un modelo pedagógico para asumir en la tipologíade enfoque deEnseñanza y Aprendizaje Clínico del Derecho (EACD)? Con base enuna investigacióncualitativa, hermenéuticay conestudio de caso, se retomanlos orígenes de las Clínicas Jurídicas(CJ) como las figuras que visibilizan la EACD,se enfatiza enla enseñanzaclínica del derecho como la modalidad inicial que hoy sirve para repensar la tipología de modelo, y se presenta una propuesta de fundamentación como enfoque pedagógico. Entre las conclusiones sobresalenque el soporte pedagógico en el que tienen lugar los colectivos clínicos no debe ser necesariamente un modelo de enseñanzaclínica del derecho sino un enfoque de EACD, y que la aplicación del método clínico puede estar respaldado en la investigación como proceso para la aprehensión y generación de conocimiento, pero no es unelementodelque dependael enfoque pedagógico de EACD.

Morphological plasticity can enable algae to adapt to environmental change and increase their invasibility when introduced into new habitats. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge on how such plasticity can affect the invasion process of an invasive species. In this context, the high plasticity in the genus Caulerpa is well documented. However, after an extremely hot summer, a previously unreported filamentous morphology of Caulerpa cylindracea was detected; indeed, this morphology could only be confirmed taxonomically after in-depth morphological characterization and molecular analysis with the genetic marker tufA. We describe an ex situ culture experiment which showed that stressful conditions, such as high temperatures, can trigger this morphological change. Almost all of the thalli maintained at a constant extreme temperature of 29°C died, but after being returned to optimum temperature conditions, the filamentous morphology began to develop from the surviving microscopic tissue. In contrast, thalli at a control temperature of 21°C maintained the regular morphology throughout the experiment. When C. cylindracea develops this filamentous morphology, it may act as a cryptic invader because it is difficult to detect in the field. Furthermore, the filaments likely improve C. cylindracea’s invasive capabilities with regard to resistance, persistence and dispersion and may have an important role in the re-colonization process, after a population disappears following a period of stressful conditions. Possibly, C. cylindracea’s ability to respond plastically to stressful conditions might explain its remarkable success as an invasive species.

1. Gradual climate change and discrete extreme climatic events have driven shifts in the structure of populations and the distribution of species in many marine ecosystems. The most profound impacts of recent warming trends have been generally observed at species' warm edges and on large conspicuous species. However, given that different species and populations exhibit different responses to warming, and that responses are highly variable at regional scales, there is a need to broaden the evidence to include less conspicuous species and to focus on both local-and regional-scale processes. 2. We examined the population dynamics of canopy-forming seaweed populations situated at the core range of their distribution during a regional marine heatwave (MHW) event that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea in 2015, to determine between-site variability in relation to the intensity of the MHW. We combined field observations with a thermo-tolerance experiment to elucidate mechanisms underlying observed responses. 3. Despite our study populations are located in the species core range, the MHW was concomitant with a high mortality and structural shifts in only one of the two surveyed populations, most likely due to differences in habitat characteristics between sites (e.g. degree of shelter and seawater transfer). The experiment showed high mortalities at temperatures of 28°C, having the most severe implications for early life stages and fertility, which is consistent with warming being the cause of population changes in the field. Crucially, the regional-scale quantification of the MHW (as described by satellite-derived SSTs) did not capture local-scale variation in MHW conditions at the study sites, which likely explained variation in population-level responses to warming. 4. Synthesis. Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, often highly impacted by human perturbations, are also global hotspots for ocean warming and are highly susceptible to future MHWs.

Invasive species pose a major threat to global diversity, and once they are well established their eradication typically becomes unfeasible. However, certain natural mechanisms can increase the resistance of native communities to invaders and can be used to guide effective management policies. Both competition and herbivory have been identified as potential biotic resistance mechanisms that can limit plant invasiveness, but it is still under debate to what extent they might be effective against well-established invaders. Surprisingly, whereas biotic mechanisms are known to interact strongly, most studies to date have examined single biotic mechanisms separately, which likely influences our understanding of the strength and effectiveness of biotic resistance against invaders. Here we use long-term field data, benthic assemblage sampling, and exclusion experiments to assess the effect of native assemblage complexity and herbivory on the invasion dynamics of a successful invasive species, the alga Caulerpa cylindracea. A higher complexity of the native algal assemblage limited C. cylindracea invasion, probably through competition by canopy-forming and erect algae. Additionally, high herbivory pressure by the fish Sarpa salpa reduced C. cylindracea abundance by more than four times. However, long-term data of the invasion reflects that biotic resistance strength can vary across the invasion process and it is only where high assemblage complexity is concomitant with high herbivory pressure, that the most significant limitation is observed (synergistic effect). Overall, the findings reported in this study highlight that neglecting the interactions between biotic mechanisms during invasive processes and restricting the studied time scales may lead to underestimations of the true capacity of native assemblages to develop resistance to invaders.

Biological invasions are currently considered one of the main drivers of anthropogenic change and have become one of the most pervasive threats to native ecosystems worldwide, causing species extinctions, disrupting the functioning of ecosystems, altering the provision of critical ecosystem services and causing great economic costs. In the future, due to the intensification in trade and transport and to climate change, the number of invasions is expected to continue increasing, something that inevitably will go associated with greater impacts to native ecosystems. Therefore, finding effective ways for the management of invasive species has become a global priority. Unfortunately, once invasive species establish in the new habitat, their control and eradication becomes really difficult, especially in marine systems, where most management interventions have proven to be unsuccessful due to the open nature of these systems. However, during the invasive process, several mechanisms and characteristics from the receiving habitat can influence the success of non-native species, causing many invasions to fail and limiting the abundance and the negative impacts of already established invaders. Thus, there is an increasing interest in understanding how these mechanisms influence the success of invaders in order to find successful management interventions that could foster the resilience of native habitats towards invaders. Surprisingly, this knowledge is still quite limited, particularly in marine systems, where invasions have been largely understudied. Therefore, given this lack of knowledge and considering that invasions will further increase in number and impacts in the coming future, there is an urgent need for studies that shed light on the mechanisms influencing the success and dynamics of well established invaders to find the ways of hampering, or at least lessening the impacts of present and future invasions. In this thesis, given that marine algae are one of the most

Herbivory has long been considered an important component of biotic resistance against macroalgae invasions in marine habitats. However, most of the studies on herbivory of invasive algae refer only to consumption by strictly herbivorous organisms, whereas consumption by omnivorous species has been largely ignored and rarely quantified. In this study, we assess whether the commonest omnivorous sparid species in the Mediterranean Sea are consuming the highly invasive alga, Caulerpa cylindracea, and determine both, its importance in their diet and their electivity toward it as a source of food. Our results confirm that three of the four fish species studied regularly consume C. cylindracea, but in most cases, the importance of C. cylindracea in the diet is low. Indeed, the low electivity values indicate that all species avoid feeding on the invasive alga and that it is probably consumed accidentally. However, despite animals and detritus being the main food for these sparid species, several individual specimens were found to have consumed high amounts of C. cylindracea. This suggests a potential role that these fish species, being really abundant in shallow rocky bottoms, may play in controlling, to some extent, the abundance of the invader.

Good datasets of geo-referenced records of alien species are a prerequisite for assessing the spatio-temporal dynamics of biological invasions, their invasive potential, and the magnitude of their impacts. However, with the exception of first records on a country level or wider regions, observations of species presence tend to remain unpublished, buried in scattered repositories or in the personal databases of experts. Through an initiative to collect, harmonize and make such unpublished data for marine alien and cryptogenic species in the Mediterranean Sea available, a large dataset comprising 5376 records was created. It includes records of 239 alien or cryptogenic taxa (192 Animalia, 24 Plantae, 23 Chromista) from 19 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. In terms of records, the most reported Phyla in descending order were Chordata, Mollusca, Chlorophyta, Arthropoda, and Rhodophyta. The most recorded species was Caulerpa cylindracea, followed by Siganus luridus, Magallana sp. (cf. gigas or angulata) and Pterois miles. The dataset includes records from 1972 to 2020, with the highest number of records observed in 2018. Among the records of the dataset, Dictyota acutiloba is a first record for the Mediterranean Sea. Nine first country records are also included: the alga Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla, the cube boxfish Ostracion cubicus, and the cleaner shrimp Urocaridella pulchella from Israel; the sponge Paraleucilla magna from Libya and Slovenia; the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus from Cyprus; the bryozoan Celleporaria vermiformis and the polychaetes Prionospio depauperata and Notomastus aberans from Malta.

Good datasets of geo-referenced records of alien species are a prerequisite for assessing the spatio-temporal dynamics of biological invasions, their invasive potential, and the magnitude of their impacts. However, with the exception of first records on a country level or wider regions, observations of species presence tend to remain unpublished, buried in scattered repositories or in the personal databases of experts. Through an initiative to collect, harmonize and make such unpublished data for marine alien and cryptogenic species in the Mediterranean Sea available, a large dataset comprising 5376 records was created. It includes records of 239 alien or cryptogenic taxa (192 Animalia, 24 Plantae, 23 Chromista) from 19 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. In terms of records, the most reported Phyla in descending order were Chordata, Mollusca, Chlorophyta, Arthropoda, and Rhodophyta. The most recorded species was Caulerpa cylindracea, followed by Siganus luridus, Magallana sp. (cf. gigas or angulata) and Pterois miles. The dataset includes records from 1972 to 2020, with the highest number of records observed in 2018. Among the records of the dataset, Dictyota acutiloba is a first record for the Mediterranean Sea. Nine first country records are also included: the alga Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla, the cube boxfish Ostracion cubicus, and the cleaner shrimp Urocaridella pulchella from Israel; the sponge Paraleucilla magna from Libya and Slovenia; the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus from Cyprus; the bryozoan Celleporaria vermiformis and the polychaetes Prionospio depauperata and Notomastus aberans from Malta.

The key principle of disaster risk management is the protection of rights, as supported by various national and international, legal and political models. International models dispersedly gather gender perspective elements to manage the risk of disasters by reviving the role of women. However, this is not reflected in Colombian legal or regulatory development despite the highly determining nature of disaster risk management for land use plans (POTs). The article chronologically reviews the international provisions that integrate disaster risk management into the internal system, recovers and assesses those that motivate the incorporation of a gender perspective into disaster risk management, and analyzes them from a gender perspective-based method to encourage its incorporation into municipal POTs and clarify its scope within land-use planning., A gestão do risco de desastres tem como máxima a proteção de direitos, finalidade que ganha apoio em diversas figuras jurídicas e políticas, nacionais e internacionais. Nas internacionais, são reunidos, de maneira dispersa, elementos de uma perspectiva de gênero a fim de administrar o risco de desastres ao resgatar o papel da mulher, conteúdo que não se reflete no desenvolvimento legal nem regulatório colombiano, apesar da natureza de determinante de superior hierarquia que a gestão do risco de desastres tem para os planejamentos de ordenamento territorial (POT). Este artigo transita cronologicamente pelas disposições internacionais que integram a gestão do risco de desastres à ordem interna, resgata e valoriza as que motivam a incorporação da perspectiva de gênero na gestão do risco de desastres, e as analisa com base em uma metodologia com perspectiva de gênero à busca de motivar sua incorporação nos POT municipais e esclarecer os alcances que essa perspectiva deve ter no ordenamento territorial., La gestión del riesgo de desastres tiene como máxima la protección de derechos, finalidad que adquiere respaldo en diversas figuras jurídicas y políticas, nacionales e internacionales. En las internacionales se reúnen de manera dispersa elementos de una perspectiva de género con el fin de gestionar el riesgo de desastres al rescatar el rol de la mujer, contenido que no se refleja en el desarrollo legal ni reglamentario colombiano a pesar de la naturaleza de determinante de superior jerarquía que tiene la gestión del riesgo de desastres para los planes de ordenamiento territorial (POT). El artículo transita cronológicamente por las disposiciones internacionales que integran la gestión del riesgo de desastres al orden interno, rescata y valora aquellas que motivan la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la gestión del riesgo de desastres, y las analiza desde una metodología con perspectiva de género en procura de motivar su incorporación en los POT municipales y aclarar los alcances que dicha perspectiva debe tener en el ordenamiento territorial.

[EN]Shallow Mediterranean rocky environments are usually dominated by macroalgae, but the stony colonial zooxanthellate coral Cladocora caespitosa is able to build extensive banks in some particular areas. Although zooxanthellate corals and benthic macroalgae are expected to compete for light and space when overlapping in the same habitat, there is previous evidence that C. caespitosa and Mediterranean macroalgae do not suffer from competitive exclusion when living together. Here we characterize a new and unique Mediterranean habitat where the reef-building coral C. caespitosa and erect seaweeds of the order Fucales (Cystoseira s.l.) coexist. In this new habitat C. caespitosa reaches 34% cover and densities of Cystoseira s.l. (mainly Treptacantha ballesterosii) are much higher than values reported from other sites. Interestingly, abundances of T. ballesterosii and C. caespitosa show a positive relationship, suggesting that some kind of facilitation mechanism is taking place. These findings challenge the theory of competitive exclusion between corals and macroalgae and launch a wide array of possible open discussions on coral-macroalgae interactions.[ES]Los ambientes rocosos someros del Mediterráneo están habitualmente dominados por macroalgas, no obstante, el coral colonial zooxantelado Cladocora caespitosa es capaz de formar bancos extensos en algunos lugares. Aunque es predecible que los corales con zooxantelas y las algas bentónicas compitan por la luz y el espacio cuando coinciden en el mismo hábitat, hay evidencias previas de que C. caespitosa y las algas mediterráneas no se excluyen competitivamente cuando viven juntas. En este trabajo se caracteriza un nuevo y único hábitat mediterráneo donde el coral formador de arrecifes C. caespitosa y algas erectas del orden Fucales (Cystoseira s.l.) coexisten. En este hábitat nuevo C. caespitosa alcanza coberturas del 34% y las densidades de Cystoseira s.l. (principalmente de Treptacantha ballesterosii) son mucho mayores

Good datasets of geo-referenced records of alien species are a prerequisite for assessing the spatio-temporal dynamics of biological invasions, their invasive potential, and the magnitude of their impacts. However, with the exception of first records on a country level or wider regions, observations of species presence tend to remain unpublished, buried in scattered repositories or in the personal databases of experts. Through an initiative to collect, harmonize and make such unpublished data for marine alien and cryptogenic species in the Mediterranean Sea available, a large dataset comprising 5376 records was created. It includes records of 239 alien or cryptogenic taxa (192 Animalia, 24 Plantae, 23 Chromista) from 19 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. In terms of records, the most reported Phyla in descending order were Chordata, Mollusca, Chlorophyta, Arthropoda, and Rhodophyta. The most recorded species was Caulerpa cylindracea, followed by Siganus luridus, Magallana sp. (cf. gigas or angulata) and Pterois miles. The dataset includes records from 1972 to 2020, with the highest number of records observed in 2018. Among the records of the dataset, Dictyota acutiloba is a first record for the Mediterranean Sea. Nine first country records are also included: the alga Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla, the cube boxfish Ostracion cubicus, and the cleaner shrimp Urocaridella pulchella from Israel; the sponge Paraleucilla magna from Libya and Slovenia; the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus from Cyprus; the bryozoan Celleporaria vermiformis and the polychaetes Prionospio depauperata and Notomastus aberans from Malta.

The LMPs of the municipalities must accept determinants that constitute rules of higher hierarchy within their own spheres of competence. The materialization of normative contents of higher hierarchy requires hiring, an activity beset by problems that hinder and divert the realization of those contents that are inserted in the LMPs. From the question: Which problems make possible a public policy for the planning of state contracting in a way that contributes with the proper realization of the legal determinants of higher hierarchy from which policies planned on the Colombian LMPs are underpinned? The initial components were determined for the formulation and design of a public policy for the planning of Government contracting that ensures the accomplishment of the purposes of the State regulated from the determinants of higher hierarchy. The research employed a design based on the qualitative methodology supported by the historical hermeneutical approach and focused on documentary research. As public problems the indeterminate status of the principle of planning, the neglect of Law 80 of 1993 to economic theory, the incompleteness of the state contract and their obligatory renegotiation; the risks, the theory of unpredictability, the contractual equation and the economic equilibrium in contracts, and the exclusion of state entities, Los POT de los municipios deben acoger determinantes que se constituyen en normas de superior jerarquía en sus propios ámbitos de competencia. La materialización de los contenidos normativos de superior jerarquía requiere de la contratación, actividad acechada por problemas que obstaculizan y desvían la realización de aquellos contenidos que se insertan en los POT. Desde la pregunta ¿Qué problemas hacen posible una política pública para la planeación de la contratación estatal, de manera que contribuya con la debida realización de los determinantes jurídicos de superior jerarquía desde los que se sustentan políticas previstas en los POT de Colombia?, se determinaron los componentes iniciales de una política pública para la planeación de la contratación estatal que asegure la realización de los fines del Estado, reglados desde los determinantes de superior jerarquía. Para ello se empleó una metodología cualitativa apoyada en el enfoque histórico hermenéutico y centrada en la investigación documental Como problemas públicos se identificaron la indeterminada situación del principio de planeación, la desatención de la Ley 80 de 1993 a la teoría económica, la incompletud del contrato estatal y su obligada renegociación, los riesgos, la teoría de la imprevisión, la ecuación contractual y el equilibrio económico en los contratos, y la exclusión de entidades estatales.

Fenton, photo-Fenton, and photo-induced oxidation, were investigated and compared for the treatment of 0.26 mmol L-1 of paracetamol (PCT) in a deionised water matrix, during a reaction span of 120.0 min. Low and high Fenton reagent loads were studied. Particularly, the initial concentration of Fe2+ was varied between 0.09 and 0.18 mmol L-1 while the initial concentration of H2O2 was varied between 2.78 and 11.12 mmol L-1. The quantitative performance of these treatments was evaluated by: (i) measuring PCT concentration; (ii) measuring and modelling TOC conversion, as a means characterizing sample mineralization; and (iii) measuring cytotoxicity to assess the safe application of each treatment. In all cases, organic matter mineralization was always partial, but PCT concentration fell below the detection limit within 2.5 and 20.0 min. The adopted semi-empirical model revealed that photo induced oxidation is the only treatment attaining total organic matter mineralization (¿MAX= 100% in 200.0 min) at the expense of the lowest kinetic constant (k = 0.007 min-1). Conversely, photo-Fenton treatment using high Fenton reagent loads gave a compromise solution (¿MAX= 73% and k = 0.032 min-1). Finally, cytotoxicity assays proved the safe application of photo-induced oxidation and of photo-Fenton treatments using high concentrations of Fenton reagents., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The LMPs of the municipalities must accept determinants that constitute rules of higher hierarchy within their own spheres of competence. The materialization of normative contents of higher hierarchy requires hiring, an activity beset by problems that hinder and divert the realization of those contents that are inserted in the LMPs. From the question: Which problems make possible a public policy for the planning of state contracting in a way that contributes with the proper realization of the legal determinants of higher hierarchy from which policies planned on the Colombian LMPs are underpinned? The initial components were determined for the formulation and design of a public policy for the planning of Government contracting that ensures the accomplishment of the purposes of the State regulated from the determinants of higher hierarchy. The research employed a design based on the qualitative methodology supported by the historical hermeneutical approach and focused on documentary research. As public problems the indeterminate status of the principle of planning, the neglect of Law 80 of 1993 to economic theory, the incompleteness of the state contract and their obligatory renegotiation; the risks, the theory of unpredictability, the contractual equation and the economic equilibrium in contracts, and the exclusion of state entities, Los POT de los municipios deben acoger determinantes que se constituyen en normas de superior jerarquía en sus propios ámbitos de competencia. La materialización de los contenidos normativos de superior jerarquía requiere de la contratación, actividad acechada por problemas que obstaculizan y desvían la realización de aquellos contenidos que se insertan en los POT. Desde la pregunta ¿Qué problemas hacen posible una política pública para la planeación de la contratación estatal, de manera que contribuya con la debida realización de los determinantes jurídicos de superior jerarquía desde los que se sustentan políticas previstas en los POT de Colombia?, se determinaron los componentes iniciales de una política pública para la planeación de la contratación estatal que asegure la realización de los fines del Estado, reglados desde los determinantes de superior jerarquía. Para ello se empleó una metodología cualitativa apoyada en el enfoque histórico hermenéutico y centrada en la investigación documental Como problemas públicos se identificaron la indeterminada situación del principio de planeación, la desatención de la Ley 80 de 1993 a la teoría económica, la incompletud del contrato estatal y su obligada renegociación, los riesgos, la teoría de la imprevisión, la ecuación contractual y el equilibrio económico en los contratos, y la exclusión de entidades estatales.

The description of strengths and weaknesses in the evolution of territorial ordering norms in Colombia, the critical analysis of the determinants in the formulation and execution experience of the POT (land management plans), and the explanation of which of them should be priority guidelines to guide a new process of formulation of these instruments, reveal that although the management of natural disaster risk is a guideline to guide the process, it survives a legal and institutional imbalance in the correlation that must have with the territorial ordering, resettlement and relocation. From a documentary research based on the qualitative research model and legal dogmatic approach, this paper develops the reasons for regulating the subject in a country overwhelmed by the overproduction of standards, since the absence of legislation maintains a legal vacuum which facilitates threat and violation of human rights. It is because of this that the need to legislate resettlement and relocation processes generated by natural events is based on the commitments acquired by Colombia through the recognition of international instruments, some jurisprudential precedents that determine the scope of a legislative initiative, the main national provisions that contribute to the legislative development of the resettlement and relocation processes, and some shortcomings of recent national policies about climate change and risk management that account for the urgency of legislatively promoting guarantees and procedures that affect their modification., La descripción de fortalezas y debilidades en la evolución de las normas del ordenamiento territorial en Colombia, el análisis crítico de los determinantes en la experiencia de formulación y ejecución de los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), y la explicación de cuáles de ellos deben ser directrices prioritarias para orientar un nuevo proceso de formulación de esos instrumentos, develan que, si bien la gestión del riesgo de desastres naturales es una directriz para orientar el proceso, en ella pervive un desequilibrio jurídico e institucional en la correlación que debe tener con el ordenamiento territorial, los reasentamientos y la reubicación. Desde una investigación documental sustentada en el modelo de investigación cualitativo y el enfoque dogmático jurídico, este escrito desarrolla las razones para regular la materia en un país abrumado por la sobreproducción de normas, toda vez que la ausencia de legislación mantiene un vacío jurídico del que se desprende la amenaza y la vulneración de derechos humanos. Para ello, la necesidad de legislar los procesos de reasentamiento y reubicación poblacional generados por eventos naturales se sustenta a partir de los compromisos adquiridos por Colombia mediante el reconocimiento de instrumentos internacionales, de algunos precedentes jurisprudenciales que determinan el alcance de una iniciativa legislativa, de las principales disposiciones nacionales que contribuyen a desarrollar legislativamente los procesos de reasentamiento y reubicación, y de algunas falencias de políticas nacionales recientes sobre cambio climático y la gestión del riesgo que dan cuenta de la urgencia de promover legislativamente garantías y procedimientos que incidan en su modificación, al no contemplar el reasentamiento y la reubicación poblacional.

Nowadays, the need to develop materials that promote efficient energy savings has been one of the transcendental topics studied around the world. With this novelty, the present investigation determined that the inclusion of Strontium Aluminate co-doped with Europium and Dysprosium in binders based on Portland cement not only produces the photoluminescence phenomenon but also improves its mechanical properties; through the accomplishment of diverse physical-mechanical laboratory tests like the compressive strength in test pieces, besides chemical analyzes with XRF in different samples of concrete. The research further found that the 0.3:1 ratio of the compound to the cement allow obtaining the most optimal phosphorescent effect. Finally, by means of the economic analysis it is shown that the cost/benefit of applying the photoluminescent cementitious composite as a long-term road sign is much more cost effective than the use of the conventional luminaire., Hoy en día, la necesidad de desarrollar materiales que fomenten el ahorro de energía eléctrica de manera eficiente ha sido uno de los temas trascendentales estudiados alrededor del mundo. Con esta primicia, la presente investigación determinó que la inclusión de Aluminato de Estroncio co-dopado con Europio y Disprosio en mezclas a base de Cemento Portland; noolo produce el fenómeno de fotoluminiscencia, sino que mejora también sus propiedades mecánicas, mediante la realizacióne diversas pruebas de laboratorio físico-mecánicas como la resistencia a compresión en probetas, además de análisisuímicos con XRF en distintas muestras de mortero. La investigación encontró además que la proporciones 0.3:1 del compuesto/beneficio de aplicar el compuesto cementante fotoluminiscente comoseñalética vial a largo plazo es mucho más rentable que el empleo de la luminaria convencional.

Concrete, a mixture of Portland cement, water and aggregates, is commonly used in the construction industry with high percentage of in-situ fabrication. The proportions of each mixture component is very important to ensure its quality (i.e., compressive strength). Nowadays, several empirical mixture design procedures are utilized; however, the majority of them are based on equations, tables and/or correlations, without considering past experiences and/or experimental data. The present study illustrates the application of fuzzy logic theory for developing a model for estimating concrete mixture proportions by weight, without admixtures. The selected independent variables (input data) were those that are commonly used for concrete mixture design. Historical experimental data and concrete technician’s experience were utilized for creating membership functions (FMs) and fuzzy rules. Mamdani fuzzy inference system (SIL) was used for developing the model since this allows to have several outputs (e.g., water – cement ratio and aggregates). The results indicate that the SIL is able to estimate concrete mixture proportions very well (R2=95.1%);however, the model can be improved as long as new knowledge of the system is available. Furthermore, the model is able to use stored data and technical personal experience in order to develop particular models for each project., El hormigón, mezcla de cemento Portland, agua, y agregados, es comúnmente utilizado en la industria de la construcción con un alto porcentaje de fabricación in-situ. Las proporciones de cada uno de los componentes de la mezcla es de mucha importancia para asegurar la calidad producto (esfuerzo de compresión). Actualmente, varios métodos empíricos para el diseño de mezclas de hormigón son utilizados; sin embargo, éstos son basados en su mayoría en ecuaciones, tablas y/o correlaciones, sin considerarse experiencias pasadas y/o datos experimentales. El presente estudio ilustra la aplicación de la teoría de lógica difusa para desarrollar un modelo que permite estimar las proporciones de los componentes del hormigón al peso, sin utilizar aditivo. Las variables independientes (datos de entrada) seleccionadas fueron las que comúnmente se usan para diseño de mezclas. Datos históricos experimentales y la experiencia del técnico de hormigón fue empleada para la construcción de las funciones de membresía (FMs) y las reglas difusas. El sistema de inferencia lógico (SIL) Mamdani fue escogido para construir el modelo en razón de que éste permite trabajar con varias salidas (relación agua – cemento y agregados). Los resultados indican que el SIL es capaz de estimar las proporciones de una mezcla de hormigón de manera aceptable (R2=95.1%); sin embargo, el modelo se lo puede mejorar a medida que se disponga de mayor conocimiento del sistema. Además, el modelo puede hacer uso de la información que reposa en archivos y las experiencias personales de los técnicos para la elaboración de modelos particulares para cada proyecto.

En la realización del objetivo general, dirigido a recrear la configuración del perdón desde delos géneros literarios en el conflicto armado interno colombiano, este artículo se concentra enla descripción de las propiedades, alcances y dimensiones del perdón, a partir de las configura-ciones desde las que ha sido trabajado en la crónica colombiana, la cual aborda el conflictoarmado interno, categoría que se erige como bastión dentro de la investigación, si se tiene encuenta que a través del perdón podrán reconfigurarse las acciones trazadas dentro del procesode justicia, verdad, reparación y no repetición. Desde el modelo cualitativo y del enfoquehistórico – hermenéutico, se emprendió una reconstrucción teórica documental del perdón,como categoría predefinida, la cual devela significados importantes, a partir del pensamientode Hannah Arendt, Jacques Derrida y Vladimir Jankélévitch. Como resultado principal, a lasconstrucciones que aporta el pensamiento filosófico sobre el perdón, se propone incluir sunaturaleza de objeto cultural, dando lugar a una mirada múltiple que lo asuma como escenariodonde converge su dimensión de acción humana, su potencial frente a la intensidad del malgenerado, su condicionamiento, y su relación con la venganza, el olvido y la memoria.DOI: 10.35575/rvucn.n55a3

Based on the question: ¿What are the changes promoted on the right to landscape by the new regulation of the terriotiroal order of Medellín formalized in Agreement 048 of 2014? The article proposes to identify the variations promoted on the mentioned rigth by the quelitative model with application of the case study and categorization, the roadmap that follows this writing begins by developing a conceptual approach on the figure of Territorial Ordening Plan (TOP) as a technical and regulatory instrument by means of wich the regulatory authority of the municipality is deployed on the right to the landscape, defines the scope that landscape had in the TOP 046 of 2006 and diferentiates them from the new provision foressen in the TOP 048 of 2014, for finally in the conclusions propose traditions and transformations that converge in theterritorial ordening of Medellín., De la question, quels sont les changements promus sur le droit au paysage par le nouveau règlement de l’ordre territorial de Medellín formalisé dans l’accord 048 de 2014? L’article propose d’identifier les variations promues sur le droit mentionné par le nouveau règlement de l’ordonnance territoriale de Medellín. En utilisant une méthodologie prise en charge dans le modèle qualitatif avec l’application de l’étude de cas et la catégorisation, la feuille de route qui suit ce document commence par développer une approche conceptuelle de la figure du plan de commande territoriale (POT) comme instrument technique et réglementaire par: les moyens par lesquels l’autorité de régulation de la municipalité est déployée sur le droit au paysage, définissent la portée du paysage dans le POT 046 de 2006 et les différencient des nouvelles dispositions prévues dans le POT 048 de 2014, pour finalement proposer les conclusions traditions et transformations qui convergent dans l’ordre territorial de Medellín, A partir da pergunta, quais são as mudanças promovidas no direito à paisagem pela nova regulamentação da ordem territorial de Medellín formalizada no Acordo 048 de 2014? O artigo propõe identificar as variações promovidas sobre o direito mencionado pela nova regulamentação do ordenamento territorial de Medellín. Usando uma metodologia apoiada no modelo qualitativa com estudo de caso de implementação e categorização, a estrada seguindo este escrito começa a desenvolver uma abordagem conceitual na figura Terra Plano de Gestão (POT) como instrumento técnico e regulamentar a que os poderes regulamentares do município sobre o direito à paisagem se desenrola, define o âmbito que a paisagem estava no TEP 046 2006 e ao contrário das novas disposições do TEP 048 2014, finalmente, as conclusões propor tradições e transformações que convergem na ordenação territorial de Medellín, A partir de la pregunta ¿Cuáles son los cambios promovidos sobre el derecho al paisaje por la nueva reglamentación del ordenamiento territorial de Medellín formalizados en el Acuerdo 048 de 2014? el artículo se propone identificar las variaciones promovidas sobre el mencionado derecho por la nueva reglamentación del ordenamiento territorial de Medellín. Empleando una metodología soportada en el modelo cualitativo con aplicación del estudio de caso y de la categorización, la hoja de ruta que sigue este escrito inicia por desarrollar una aproximación conceptual sobre la figura de Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT) como instrumento técnico y normativo por medio del cual se despliega la potestad reglamentaria del municipio sobre el derecho al paisaje, define los alcances que el paisaje tuvo en el POT 046 de 2006 y los diferencia de las nuevas disposiciones previstas en el POT 048 de 2014, para finalmente en las conclusiones proponer tradiciones y transformaciones que convergen en el ordenamiento territorial de Medellín

The Mocoa tragedy repositions the issue of disaster risk management and population resettlement processes on the national agenda, and with it, the protection of Human Rights of populations vulnerable to these events. The tragedy coincides with the culmination of the First Enlargement Report for the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), carried out by the Law Clinic of Public Interest of the Autonomous Latin American University (CJIP UNAULA), which was derived from a Thematic Hearing on 19 March 2015. The First Report shares the main components through which it seeks to accredit the support required by the IACHR to strengthen the assertions against the State of Colombia. Having a general description of its components, it addresses disaster risk management as a collective right, it leads to the evolution of legislation as a legal platform for expanded information on the reality of Human Rights of resettlement-process-prone populations; and finally it realizes the consolidated statistics on the victims, which reveal the scenario of disaster risk management in the last fifteen years, a retrospective that found in Mocoa a favorable scenario to backslide in terms of violation of Human Rights., Resumen La avenida torrencial del 1.° de abril de 2017 que afectó el municipio de Mocoa, capital del departamento de Putumayo, en la región amazónica del sur de Colombia, reposiciona el tema de la gestión del riesgo de desastres y los procesos de reasentamiento poblacional en la agenda nacional, y con ello la protección de derechos humanos de las poblaciones vulnerables a estos eventos. La tragedia coincide con la culminación del Primer informe de ampliación que para la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) estuvo a cargo de la Clínica Jurídica de Interés Público de la Universidad Autónoma Lati noamericana (CJIP UNAULA), y que se derivó de una audiencia temática celebrada el 19 de marzo de 2015. En calidad de ejemplo reciente, la avenida torrencial que afectó Mocoa se emplea como derrotero orientador para presentar el Primer informe a la CIDH. De este se comparten los componentes principales a través de los cuales se busca acreditar el sustento que requirió la CIDH para fortalecer las aseveraciones contra el Estado de Colombia. Realizada la descripción general de sus componentes, se aborda la prevención de desastres técnicamente previsibles como un derecho colectivo, se da lugar a la evolución de la normativa como plataforma jurídica de la información ampliada sobre la realidad de los derechos humanos de las poblaciones propensas a procesos de reasentamiento, y se da cuenta de los consolidados estadísticos sobre las víctimas, los cuales develan el escenario de la gestión del riesgo de desastres en el periodo 2000-2014, retrospectiva que en Mocoa mostró la reincidencia en la violación de Derechos Humanos.

Rwanda, Bosnia Herzegovina and Colombia since the 1990s are experiencing transitional processes through which they seek to move from social conflicts to reconciliation and peace. Taking as a basis those scenarios that historically coincided as places for the expression of violence and confrontation, the aim is to recreate the configuration of forgiveness based on the chronicle as a literary genre. The exercise, executed from a qualitative model with historical hermeneutic focus focused on documentary research, throws a theoretical reflection of forgiveness that reveals a view where meanings are intermingled that compromise it with its dimension of human action, its potential against the generated evil, with its conditioning, forgetfulness and memory, Ruanda, Bosnia Herzegovina y Colombia desde los años noventa viven procesosde transición a través de los cuales buscan pasar de conflictos socialesa la reconciliación y la paz.Tomando como base esos escenarios que históricamente coincidieron comolugares para la expresión de la violencia y el enfrentamiento se pretende recrearla configuración del perdón a partir de la crónica como género literario.El ejercicio, ejecutado desde un modelo cualitativo con enfoque históricohermenéutico centrado en la investigación documental, arroja una reflexiónteórica del perdón que devela una mirada donde se entremezclansignificados que lo comprometen con su dimensión de acción humana, supotencial frente al mal generado, con su condicionamiento, el olvido y lamemoria. Reflections for the construction of forgiveness in the internal armed conflict of ColombiaAbstractRwanda, Bosnia Herzegovina and Colombia since the 1990s are experiencingtransitional processes through which they seek to move from socialconflicts to reconciliation and peace.Taking as a basis those scenarios that historically coincided as places forthe expression of violence and confrontation, the aim is to recreate theconfiguration of forgiveness based on the chronicle as a literary genre.The exercise, executed from a qualitative model with historical hermeneuticfocus focused on documentary research, throws a theoretical reflectionof forgiveness that reveals a view where meanings are intermingled thatcompromise it with its dimension of human action, its potential against thegenerated evil, with its conditioning, forgetfulness and memory.

From the following question: What public problems, solution alternatives and agreed processes of making decisions since a cycle focus, make possible a public policy to plan the Antioquia Government contracting process? This article works on the public issue as the cycle focus first component which in this case is used to set forth deficiencies in the state contracting planning process and to define which of them are actually public issues to be considered in a public policy. With regard to these goals a methodologic design based on a qualitative model was applied with a descriptive approach oriented by predefined categories. As public issues are presented and defined the planning principle indetermination, the law 80 of 1993 disregard in relation to the economic theory, the incompleteness of the state contract, the auction’s restriction as only viable mechanism to obtain goods and services of uniform characteristics and common usage in the abbreviate contracting process, lastly, the normative exclusion of the state entities by the law 80 of 1993., A partir da pergunta, ¿quais problemas públicos, alternativas de soluções e processos consensuais de tomada de decisões a partir da abordagem do ciclo possibilitam uma política pública para o planejamento da contratação na Governação de Antioquia? O artigo trabalha o problema público como um componente inicial da abordagem do ciclo, que neste caso é usado para expor deficiências no planejamento da contratação do Estado e para definir quais dessas são problemas públicos para uma política pública. Diante desses objetivos, foi aplicado um modelo metodológico baseado no modelo qualitativo, com abordagem descritiva orientada por categorias predefinidas. Como problemas públicos são expostos e definidos a indeterminação do princípio do planejamento, a negligência da lei 80/1993 à teoria econômica, a incompletude do contrato estadual, a restrição do leilão como mecanismo somente aplicável à contratação de bens e serviços de características uniformes e de comum utilização na contratação abreviada e a exclusão normativa de entidades estaduais da lei 80/1993., A partir de la pregunta ¿qué problemas públicos, alternativas de solución y procesos consensuados de toma de decisiones desde el enfoque de ciclo hacen posible una política pública para la planeación de la contratación en la Gobernación de Antioquia? el artículo trabaja el problema público como componente inicial del enfoque de ciclo, que en este caso se emplea para exponer deficiencias en la planeación de la contratación estatal y definir cuáles de ellas son problemas públicos para una política pública. Frente a estos objetivos se aplicó un diseño metodológico basado en el modelo cualitativo, con enfoque descriptivo orientado por categorías predefinidas. Como problemas públicos se exponen y definen la indeterminación del principio de planeación, la desatención de la ley 80/1993 a la teoría económica, la incompletitud del contrato estatal, la restricción de la subasta como mecanismo únicamente aplicable para la contratación de bienes y servicios de características uniformes y de común utilización en la contratación abreviada, y la exclusión normativa de entidades estatales de la ley 80/1993.