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O presente artigo tem como objetivo central investigar o processo de segregação urbana de conjuntos habitacionais do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), de atendimento às famílias de baixa renda na cidade de Montes Claros/MG. Para tanto, o presente trabalho parte do questionamento a respeito de como a localização sociogeográfica destes conjuntos pode ocasionar a segregação urbana na cidade. O trabalho utiliza uma abordagem descritiva, com pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tendo como fonte de dados a base elaborada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Montes Claros e as imagens disponibilizadas pelo Google Street View. Para a atualização e cruzamento dos dados, foi usado o Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), através do software ArcGIS - Versão 10.5. Nesse sentido, os resultados obtidos indicam que as políticas públicas habitacionais, quando não observam estudos de localização intraurbana, repercutem no cotidiano pela periferização urbana, o que amplia as desigualdades sociais e ocasiona segregação socioespacial., El objetivo principal de este artículo es investigar el proceso de segregación urbana de los proyectos de vivienda del Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), que atiende a familias de bajos ingresos en la ciudad de Montes Claros/MG. Por tanto, el presente trabajo parte del cuestionamiento acerca de cómo la ubicación sociogeográfica de estos conjuntos puede provocar la segregación urbana en la ciudad. El trabajo utiliza un enfoque descriptivo, con investigación bibliográfica y documental, teniendo como fuente de datos la base elaborada por la Municipalidad de Montes Claros y las imágenes puestas a disposición por Google Street View. Para la actualización y cruce de los datos cruzando la información se utilizó el Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), a través del software ArcGIS - Versión 10.5. En este sentido, los resultados obtenidos indican que las políticas públicas de vivienda, cuando no observan estudios de localización intraurbana, repercuten en la vida cotidiana de la periferia urbana, lo que aumenta las desigualdades sociales y provoca la segregación socioespacial., The main objective of this article is to investigate the process of urban segregation of housing projects of the Minha Casa Minha Vida Program (PMCMV), which serves low-income families in the city of Montes Claros/MG. Therefore, the present work starts from the questioning about how the socio-geographic location of these sets can cause urban segregation in the city. The work uses a descriptive approach, with bibliographic and documentary research, having as a data source the base prepared by the Municipality of Montes Claros and the images made available by Google Street View. For the updating and crossing of the data crossing the information, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was used, through the ArcGIS software - Version 10.5. In this sense, the results obtained indicate that public housing policies, when they do not observe intra-urban location studies, have repercussions on everyday life due to urban periphery, which increases social inequalities and causes socio-spatial segregation.

[Resumo] Toda transformación na arquitectura leva consigo uns axentes transformadores. No caso da arquitectura popular, un deles é a vaca, posteriormente o tractor e a continuación o coche. Estes van estar presentes no programa de modificación da aldea. Por tanto, o obxectivo principal deste traballo é o análise da aldea de Roo de Abaixo, a través de tres escalas, o lugar (M), a aldea (L) e a parroquia (XL). A súa vez aplicando en cada unha destas escalas os transformadores arquitectónicos, a vaca, o tractor e o coche. E tanto a escala, como os transformadores, se aplicarán ás formas estruturais de crecemento, que son a urbanización, a parcelación e a edificación., [Resumen] Toda transformación en la arquitectura lleva consigo unos agentes transformadores. En el caso de la arquitectura popular, uno de ellos es la vaca, posteriormente el tractor y a continuación el coche. Estos van estar presentes en el programa de modificación de la aldea. Por tanto, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es el analisis de la aldea de Roo de Abaixo, a través de tres escalas, el lugar (M), la aldea (L) y la parroquia (XL). A su vez aplicando en cada una de estas escalas los transformadores arquitectónicos, la vaca, el tractor y el coche. Y tanto la escala, como los transformadores, se aplicarán a las formas estructurales de crecimiento, que son la urbanización, la parcelación y la edificación., [Abstract] Every transformation in architecture carries out some transformers. In the case of popular architecture, one of them is the cow, then the tractor and then the car. These are going to be present in the village modification program. Therefore, the main objective of this work is the analysis of the village of Roo de Abaixo, through three scales: the place (M), the village (L) and the parish (XL). In turn applying in each of these scales the architectural transformers, the cow, the tractor and the car. And both the and the transformers will be applied to the structural forms of growth, which are urbanization, subdivision and building.

In geometric, algebraic, and topological combinatorics, the unimodality of combinatorial generating polynomials is frequently studied. Unimodality follows when the polynomial is (real) stable, a property often deduced via the theory of interlacing polynomials. Many of the open questions on stability and unimodality of polynomials pertain to the enumeration of faces of cell complexes. In this paper, we relate the theory of interlacing polynomials to the shellability of cell complexes. We first derive a sufficient condition for stability of the h-polynomial of a subdivision of a shellable complex. To apply it, we generalize the notion of reciprocal domains for convex embeddings of polytopes to abstract polytopes and use this generalization to define the family of stable shellings of a polytopal complex. We characterize the stable shellings of cubical and simplicial complexes, and apply this theory to answer a question of Brenti and Welker on barycentric subdivisions for the well-known cubical polytopes. We also give a positive solution to a problem of Mohammadi and Welker on edgewise subdivisions of cell complexes. We end by relating the family of stable line shellings to the combinatorics of hyperplane arrangements. We pose related questions, answers to which would resolve some long-standing problems while strengthening ties between the theory of interlacing polynomials and the combinatorics of hyperplane arrangements., QC 20211110

Olive growing is one of the most important activities in the province of Men­doza, both from an economic and social perspective, as is the case in other parts of the world where olive trees are grown. For this reason, the genera­tion of value with respect to the olive chain is necessary for both the private and public sectors. Research work has been carried out, in which the mesoeconomic cost analy­sis of the Mendoza olive chain was sought. These actions aim to support the sector, deepening policies that facilitate its growth throughout the entire chain. The scope covered all links: agricultural, industrial and commercial. It is necessary to expand the databases created in previous research, incor­porating the commercial link to the industrial and agricultural ones, allowing for greater representation of the actors that make up the sector. In this work, a bottling model based on information obtained from joint work with a company in the province is shared. This allows having more informa­tion through direct contact with the actors of the different links of the olive chain, and so, in this way, to collect information, develop and transmit valu­able tools that will help them manage their companies., L'oléiculture est une des activités les plus importantes de la province de Mendoza du point de vue économique et social, semblablement c'est le cas dans d'autres parties du monde où l'olivier est aussi cultivé. Pour cette raison, la génération de valeur par rapport à la filière oléicole est nécessaire pour le secteur privé et le public. Des travaux de recherche ont été fait avec du focus dans l'analyse des coûts mésoéconomiques de la filière oléicole de Mendoza. Ces actions visent à soutenir le secteur, en approfondissant les politiques qui facilitent sa croissance tout au long de la chaîne. La recherche a été fait atteindre tous les maillons : agricole, industriel et commercial. Il est nécessaire d'élargir les bases de données réalisées dans les recherches précédentes, en intégrant le lien commercial au lien industriel et agricole, permettant une plus grande représentativité des acteurs qui composent la filière. Dans cette recherche, on partage un modèle de fractionnement basé sur les informations obtenues à partir d'un travail conjoint avec une entreprise de la province. Cela permet d'avoir plus d'informations, par un contact direct avec les acteurs des différents maillons de la filière oléicole., Neste trabalho é compartilhado um modelo de fracionamento baseado em informação obtida a partir de um trabalho conjunto com uma empresa da província. Isto permite ter mais informação, através do contato direto com os atores dos diferentes fases da cadeia da azeitona. E assim, desta forma recolher informação, desenvolver e transmitir ferramentas valiosas que os ajudarão a gerir as suas empresas. A olivicultura é uma das atividades mais importantes na província de Men­doza, tanto do ponto de vista econômico quanto social, como é o caso de outras partes do mundo onde se cultivam oliveiras. Por esta razão, a geração de valor em relação à cadeia de olivicultura é necessária tanto para o setor privado quanto para o público. Foi realizado um trabalho de pesquisa, no qual se buscou a análise de custos mesoeconômicos da cadeia da azeitona de Mendoza. Essas ações procuram apoiar o setor, aprofundando políticas que facilitem seu crescimento em toda a cadeia. O escopo abrangeu todos as fases: agrícola, industrial e comercial., La olivicultura constituye una de las actividades más importantes de la pro­vincia de Mendoza, tanto desde una perspectiva económica como social, al igual que sucede en otros lugares del mundo donde se cultivan olivos. Por esta razón la generación de valor con respecto a la cadena olivícola es nece­saria tanto para el sector privado como público. Se han realizado trabajos de investigación, en los que se buscó realizar el aná­lisis de costos de carácter mesoeconómico de la cadena olivícola de Mendo­za. Estas acciones pretenden apoyar al sector, profundizando políticas que faciliten su crecimiento a lo largo de toda la cadena. El alcance abarcó todos los eslabones: agrícola, industrial y comercial. Se requiere ampliar las bases de datos logradas en investigaciones anteriores, incorporando el eslabón comercial al eslabón industrial y agrícola, permitien­do obtener una mayor representatividad de los actores que integran el sector. Este trabajo, comparte un modelo de fraccionamiento basado en infor­mación obtenida del trabajo conjunto con una empresa de la provincia. Permitiendo contar con mayor información, a través del contacto directo con los actores de los distintos eslabones de la cadena. Y así, relevar información, elaborar y transmitir herramientas valiosas que les ser­virán para gestionar sus empresas.

Pastoral livelihoods are presented with new challenges as access to land is altered by climate change and privatization. Pastoralist livelihoods however continue to be reliant on mobility and pastoralists, therefore, continue to negotiate access to land in the privatized and subdivided rangelands. Various dynamics enable and constrain pastoralists’ access under this new form of land tenure, but little work has investigated the underlying power structures of access and the importance of private property for this. Based on field work in the subdivided rangelands of Kajiado county in Kenya, we argue that social structures and formal land ownership both enable and hinder pastoralists’ access to land. Moreover, while social capital is one of the most important factors for accessing pastures in subdivided rangelands, private property rights have an overarching importance for relations of access. As a result, the group ranches’ uneven allocation of land to its members has deepened inequalities in the community.

We present a nodal interpolation method to approximate a subdivision model. The main application is to model and represent curved geometry without gaps and preserving the required simulation intent. Accordingly, we devise the technique to maintain the necessary sharp features and smooth the indicated ones. This sharp-to-smooth modeling capability handles unstructured configurations of the simulation points, curves, and surfaces. The surfaces correspond to initial linear triangulations that determine the sharp point and curve features. The method automatically suggests a subset of sharp features to smooth which the user modifies to obtain a limit model preserving the initial points. This model reconstructs the curvature by subdivision of the initial mesh, with no need of an underlying curved geometry model. Finally, given a polynomial degree and a nodal distribution, the method generates a piece-wise polynomial representation interpolating the limit model. We show numerical evidence that this approximation, naturally aligned to the subdivision features, converges to the model geometrically with the polynomial degree for fair nodal distributions. We also apply the method to prescribe the curved boundary of a high-order volume mesh. We conclude that our sharp-to-smooth modeling capability leads to curved geometry representations with enhanced preservation of the simulation intent., This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) [http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781] under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 715546. This work has also received funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain under grant number 2017 SGR 1731. The work of the third author has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under the personal grant agreement RYC-2015-01633. Special thanks to Eloi Ruiz-Gironés., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

本稿は戦後日本の国立研究大学教育学部等における「教育学」関係講座名称の変遷確認ならびに「教育学関係諸学会」の抽出を行い,その一覧化を試みるものである。そのことにより,多くの研究者が自明の前提とみなしている「教育学」というディシプリンの不確かさを明らかにし,今後の議論に向けた共通理解の基盤を生み出すことを目的としている。, This paper attempts to visualize the changes in the names of chairs for education studies at postwar Japanese national research universities and to identify academic societies relating to education studies. Through this process, we will clarify the uncertainty of the disciplines of “education studies" and “academic societies OF education studies," which many researchers consider to be self-evident premise, and create a common foundation for next discussions.

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed forces or a military branch. As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state or a head of government. An Army commander is a senior officer who has supervisory and decision-making responsibilities. The title of commander refers to duties and does not correspond to any one pay grade. Only the Navy and Coast Guard use "commander" as an official rank. All branches of the military group personnel according to ranks within the categories of enlisted, warrant officers and officers. Each corresponds to a pay grade that is standard across all the services. Enlisted ranks are designated E-1 through E-9, warrant officers are W1 through W-5 and officers are O-1 through O-10

This thesis compares two modeling methods, subdivision and booleans, which are used for the creation of hard surface assets in the gaming industry. The parameters that are assessed are the time taken to create the models with the respective method and the quality of the models. Quality refers to the presence of shading artifacts. In order to compare the methods, models of varying complexity have been created, the time of creation has been measured and experts in 3D modeling have assessed the quality. The results show that the boolean method is better suited for complex models, while both methods work well for simpler models., Den här avhandlingen jämför två modelleringsmetoder, subdivision och booleans, som används för skapandet av hardsurface assets inom spelbranschen. Parametrarna som bedöms är den tid det tar att skapa modellerna med respektive metod och kvalitén på modellerna. Med kvalité avses förekomsten av shading artefakter. För att jämföra metoderna har modeller av varierande komplexitet skapats, skapandets tid har mätts och experter inom 3D-modellering har bedömt kvalitén. Resultatet visar att booleansmetoden är bättre lämpad för komplexa modeller medan båda metoder fungerar bra för simplare modeller.

This thesis compares two modeling methods, subdivision and booleans, which are used for the creation of hard surface assets in the gaming industry. The parameters that are assessed are the time taken to create the models with the respective method and the quality of the models. Quality refers to the presence of shading artifacts. In order to compare the methods, models of varying complexity have been created, the time of creation has been measured and experts in 3D modeling have assessed the quality. The results show that the boolean method is better suited for complex models, while both methods work well for simpler models., Den här avhandlingen jämför två modelleringsmetoder, subdivision och booleans, som används för skapandet av hardsurface assets inom spelbranschen. Parametrarna som bedöms är den tid det tar att skapa modellerna med respektive metod och kvalitén på modellerna. Med kvalité avses förekomsten av shading artefakter. För att jämföra metoderna har modeller av varierande komplexitet skapats, skapandets tid har mätts och experter inom 3D-modellering har bedömt kvalitén. Resultatet visar att booleansmetoden är bättre lämpad för komplexa modeller medan båda metoder fungerar bra för simplare modeller.

The Topological Subgraph Containment (TSC) Problem is to decide, for two given graphs G and H, whether H is a topological subgraph of G. It is known that the TSC Problem is NP-complete when H is part of the input, that it can be solved in polynomial time when H is fixed, and that it is fixed-parameter tractable by the order of H. Motivated by the great significance of grids in graph theory and algorithms due to the Grid-Minor Theorem by Robertson and Seymour, we investigate the computational complexity of the Grid TSC Problem in planar graphs. More precisely, we study the following decision problem: given a positive integer k and a planar graph G, is the k × k grid a topological subgraph of G? We prove that this problem is NP-complete, even when restricted to planar graphs of maximum degree six, via a novel reduction from the Planar Monotone 3-SAT Problem.

QCR 20190826

The concave polyhedral surface of CC II can be used as a structural template for architectural design of domes, roofs or other covering or stand-alone structures. Subdivision of CC II faces in geometrically defined way can be observed as a part of the design process, if done with the intention to contribute to the aesthetic quality of the building itself. In this paper we discuss certain interventions on the tiled triangular faces of the CC II by regular triangles and hexagons, in order to get patterns applicable in architecture. By using different colors and / or materials of the tiles, we can get solutions that add the decorative layer to the structural one. Examining various solutions, this research focused on the D subdivision of the lateral polyhedral triangle (LPT) and in the resulting uniform tilings, searching for the ways to overcome monotony of highly symmetrical patterns. As opposed to exploring the ways of assembling the tiled LPTs with assigned layouts of tiles into shape of the CC II in order to get desired patterns on its surface, this paper explores the creation of various patterns within the existing, formerly obtained uniform tilings (2-uniform, trihexagonal tiling). A couple of conceptual solutions are given, as an illustration of the idea.

En este artículo el lector descubrirá las novedades principales de la reforma a fondo que ha realizado el legislador valenciano sobre el modelo urbanístico valenciano, incidiéndose en especial en aspectos de gestión urbanística y en la posición que actualmente ostentan propietarios, empresarios y Administraciones., In this paper, the reader will discover the main highlights of the in-depth amendment carried out by the Valencian legislator on the Valencian urban system, with special emphasis on aspects of urban management and the position currently held by landowners, developers and Administrations.

16S rRNA gene sequence surveys and environmental shotgun metagenomic analyses have revealed that Acidobacteria are a highly diverse phylum residing in a wide range of habitats around the globe. Despite this high abundance and diversity, information on their physiology and ecological function remains scarce, mainly due to the low number of cultured Acidobacteria representatives and their slow growth in vitro under standard laboratory conditions. Here, we summarize the characteristics of the Acidobacteria subdivisions that have been described, methods of Acidobacteria isolation, and genomic and metagenomic features of Acidobacteria, including the presence of phage and mobile elements, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolism, exopolysaccharide production, and the roles of Acidobacteria in soil ecosystems.

16S rRNA gene sequence surveys and environmental shotgun metagenomic analyses have revealed that Acidobacteria are a highly diverse phylum residing in a wide range of habitats around the globe. Despite this high abundance and diversity, information on their physiology and ecological function remains scarce, mainly due to the low number of cultured Acidobacteria representatives and their slow growth in vitro under standard laboratory conditions. Here, we summarize the characteristics of the Acidobacteria subdivisions that have been described, methods of Acidobacteria isolation, and genomic and metagenomic features of Acidobacteria, including the presence of phage and mobile elements, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolism, exopolysaccharide production, and the roles of Acidobacteria in soil ecosystems.

En este artículo el lector descubrirá las novedades principales de la reforma a fondo que ha realizado el legislador valenciano sobre el modelo urbanístico valenciano, incidiéndose en especial en aspectos de gestión urbanística y en la posición que actualmente ostentan propietarios, empresarios y Administraciones., In this paper, the reader will discover the main highlights of the in-depth amendment carried out by the Valencian legislator on the Valencian urban system, with special emphasis on aspects of urban management and the position currently held by landowners, developers and Administrations.

The concave polyhedral surface of CC II can be used as a structural template for architectural design of domes, roofs or other covering or stand-alone structures. Subdivision of CC II faces in geometrically defined way can be observed as a part of the design process, if done with the intention to contribute to the aesthetic quality of the building itself. In this paper we discuss certain interventions on the tiled triangular faces of the CC II by regular triangles and hexagons, in order to get patterns applicable in architecture. By using different colors and / or materials of the tiles, we can get solutions that add the decorative layer to the structural one. Examining various solutions, this research focused on the D subdivision of the lateral polyhedral triangle (LPT) and in the resulting uniform tilings, searching for the ways to overcome monotony of highly symmetrical patterns. As opposed to exploring the ways of assembling the tiled LPTs with assigned layouts of tiles into shape of the CC II in order to get desired patterns on its surface, this paper explores the creation of various patterns within the existing, formerly obtained uniform tilings (2-uniform, trihexagonal tiling). A couple of conceptual solutions are given, as an illustration of the idea.

The ongoing digitalization of public administration and increasedautomation of legal decision-making bears promise to benefit citizens,businesses and other stakeholders through simpler and more efficient civilprocesses, and thus has great impact on the urban planning and buildingprocess. However, automation of decision-making that is directed orconstrained by normative systems such as laws, regulations and policies,requires a detailed and accurate representation of these concepts andtheir constituent parts, and the domain to which they are applied. Thispaper combines two perspectives on formalisation and classification oflegal relations within the urban planning and building domain. In a crossdisciplinaryfashion, the paper analyses and describes a small part of thisdomain at a higher level of abstraction and formalization using two differentanalysis instruments. Using these tools, we perform structural and conceptualas well as logical analyses of two specific snapshots of a fictitious propertysubdivision case in Sweden, focusing on the legal relations between differententities and parties involved in the specific situations. The structural analysisuses the Land Administration Domain Model ISO 19152:2012 standardformalism, and the logical analysis is based on the notion of atomic types oflegal relations. The paper discusses some of the strengths and weaknesses ofthe two tools regarding the formal representation of rights, restrictions andresponsibilities of different parties in the land administration domain, as wellas how the tools relate to each other and how they can be aligned. This papertakes one step towards a deeper understanding of the domain, and identifyareas for future research that may provide better conditions for efficient andtransparent use of geospatial information, and automation of the propertysubdivision process and other related civil processes., Efficient and transparent decision making in urban planning

To provide straight-edged and curved piece-wise polynomial meshes that target a unique smooth geometry while preserving the sharp features and smooth regions of the model, we propose a new fast curving method based on hierarchical subdivision and blending. There is no need for underlying target geometry, it is only needed a straight-edged mesh with boundary entities marked to characterize the geometry features, and a list of features to recast. The method features a unique sharp-to-smooth modeling capability not fully available in standard CAD packages. The goal is to obtain a volume mesh that under successive refinement leads to smooth regions bounded by the corresponding sharp features. The examples show that it is possible to refine and obtain smooth curves and surfaces while preserving sharp features determined by vertices and polylines. We conclude that the method is well-suited to curve large quadratic and quartic meshes in low-memory configurations., This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 715546. This work has also received funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya under grant number 2017 SGR 1731. The work of the third author has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under the personal grant agreement RYC-2015-01633., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

open, Subdivision schemes are able to produce functions, which are smooth up to pixel accuracy, in few steps of an iterative process. Therefore, they are a powerful tool for displaying functions in computer graphics and signal analysis. My thesis focuses on two of these applications: one by studying the regularity of the limit curve, and one by analysing anisotropic phenomena in image processing. Being an iterative process, the first inquiry about a subdivision scheme is if it converges. For this reason a lot of research on subdivision schemes concerns the smoothness of the limit curve. Linear schemes are well investigated in this sense, because the new points are a linear combination of points from the previous iteration. Instead in non-linear schemes, the new points depend in a non-linear way on the points from the previous step. This type of schemes are not generally exploited but they are an interesting tool to guarantee some geometric properties of the limit curve. For non-linear schemes, only ad hoc proof or a numerical evidence of the regularity are provided. The first paper that covers this lack of studies is by Dyn and Hormann, where they give sufficient conditions on the convergence and tangent continuity of an interpolatory scheme. The peculiarity of their approach is to consider entities like tangents and curvatures. The summability of the sequences of maxima edge lengths and angles ensure that the limit curve is tangent continuous. The aim of my work is to find a geometric condition for the curvature continuity of the limit curve. The curvature is the reciprocal of the radius of the osculating circle which is the limit of the circles passing through three point q, p, r when q and r converge to p. So, we consider the curvatures of the circles passing through three consecutive points and the difference of neighbouring discrete curvatures. The core of my work is to prove that the summability of this sequence is sufficient to generate a curvature continuous limit, Uno schema di suddivisione è un processo iterativo che a partire da alcuni punti produce in poche iterazioni una funzione continua. È un potente mezzo per rappresentare funzioni in campi come la grafica computerizzata e l'analisi di immagini. Il mio lavoro di tesi si è concentrato su due aspetti: lo studio della regolarità della curva limite e l'utilizzo degli schemi di suddivisione per l'analisi di segnali anisotropici. Essendo un processo iterativo è naturale chiedersi quando uno schema converga. Per questo motivo la ricerca si è concentrata nel trovare condizioni affinché la curva limite abbia una certa regolarità. Uno schema si dice lineare se i nuovi punti sono una combinazione lineare dei punti al passo precedente. Per questo tipo di schemi si conoscono molti metodi per studiarne la regolarità; diverso è per schemi non lineari, cioè schemi in cui i nuovi punti dipendono non linearmente dai punti del passo precedente. Tali schemi non sono molto utilizzati, ma sono interessanti perché permettono che la curva limite abbia certe caratteristiche geometriche. In letteratura la regolarità degli schemi non lineari è stata dimostrata con prove ad hoc o si è data solo una evidenza numerica. Il primo lavoro che ha cercato di colmare questa lacuna è di Dyn e Hormann; hanno presentato delle condizioni sufficienti perché uno schema interpolatorio sia convergente e generi una curva limite con tangente continua. L'idea è di studiare la regolarità considerando quantità geometriche come tangenti e curvature. Dyn e Hormann dimostrano che se le serie delle massime lunghezze dei segmenti e dei massimi degli angoli convergono, allora la curva limite ha tangente continua. Lo scopo del mio lavoro è di trovare una condizione per cui la curva limite abbia curvatura continua. La curvatura è il reciproco del raggio del cerchio osculatore, dove quest'ultimo è la posizione limite dei cerchi passanti per tre punti q, p e r quando q e r convergono a p. Abbiamo così considerato le curvature d, No, open, Volontè, E

2000 nya hus i Tallkrogen Tallkrogen i söderort, Stockholm är ett egnahemsområde byggt på 30-talet. Via små förändringar i många steg har området och husens egenskaper förändrats och husen har gått från en generell utgångspunkt till en strävan mot individualitet. Genom dessa stegvisa förändringar har en långsam töjning av vad platsen tillåter utvecklat området om än dolt under en form av bevarande av egna hem rörelsen. Hur kan den gradvisa utveckling som skett i Tallkrogen agera generator för expansion? Hur skulle rum, hus och översiktsplan gestalta sig i en nytolkning av området sprunget ur den utveckling som skett sedan området byggdes? Genom att knyta an till Tallkrogens DNA föreslår projektet två nya hus på en tomt i Tallkrogen. Storasyster och Lillebror. En mutation som med tiden skulle kunna komma att påverka hela området och senare bli 2000 nya hus., 2000 new houses in Tallkrogen Tallkrogen, just south of Stockholm, is an Egnahemsrörelsen (own home movement) area built in the 1930’s. Through small changes in many steps, the area and the characteristics of the houses have gradually changed; from a general point of view to a movement towards individuality. Through this evolution, a slow stretching of what the area allows has developed Tallkrogen, though hidden under a form of conservation of the own home movement. How can the gradual development that occurred in Tallkrogen act as a generator for expansion? How would rooms, houses and the master plan take shape in a new interpretation of the area, originated from the development that has taken place since the area was built? By connecting to the DNA of Tallkrogen and furhter elaborate on the existing evolution, the project proposes two new houses on a plot in Tallkrogen. Big Sister and Little Brother. A mutation that could affect the entire area and eventually become 2000 new houses in the future.

2000 nya hus i Tallkrogen Tallkrogen i söderort, Stockholm är ett egnahemsområde byggt på 30-talet. Via små förändringar i många steg har området och husens egenskaper förändrats och husen har gått från en generell utgångspunkt till en strävan mot individualitet. Genom dessa stegvisa förändringar har en långsam töjning av vad platsen tillåter utvecklat området om än dolt under en form av bevarande av egna hem rörelsen. Hur kan den gradvisa utveckling som skett i Tallkrogen agera generator för expansion? Hur skulle rum, hus och översiktsplan gestalta sig i en nytolkning av området sprunget ur den utveckling som skett sedan området byggdes? Genom att knyta an till Tallkrogens DNA föreslår projektet två nya hus på en tomt i Tallkrogen. Storasyster och Lillebror. En mutation som med tiden skulle kunna komma att påverka hela området och senare bli 2000 nya hus., 2000 new houses in Tallkrogen Tallkrogen, just south of Stockholm, is an Egnahemsrörelsen (own home movement) area built in the 1930’s. Through small changes in many steps, the area and the characteristics of the houses have gradually changed; from a general point of view to a movement towards individuality. Through this evolution, a slow stretching of what the area allows has developed Tallkrogen, though hidden under a form of conservation of the own home movement. How can the gradual development that occurred in Tallkrogen act as a generator for expansion? How would rooms, houses and the master plan take shape in a new interpretation of the area, originated from the development that has taken place since the area was built? By connecting to the DNA of Tallkrogen and furhter elaborate on the existing evolution, the project proposes two new houses on a plot in Tallkrogen. Big Sister and Little Brother. A mutation that could affect the entire area and eventually become 2000 new houses in the future.

Uno schema di suddivisione è un processo iterativo che a partire da alcuni punti produce in poche iterazioni una funzione continua. È un potente mezzo per rappresentare funzioni in campi come la grafica computerizzata e l'analisi di immagini. Il mio lavoro di tesi si è concentrato su due aspetti: lo studio della regolarità della curva limite e l'utilizzo degli schemi di suddivisione per l'analisi di segnali anisotropici. Essendo un processo iterativo è naturale chiedersi quando uno schema converga. Per questo motivo la ricerca si è concentrata nel trovare condizioni affinché la curva limite abbia una certa regolarità. Uno schema si dice lineare se i nuovi punti sono una combinazione lineare dei punti al passo precedente. Per questo tipo di schemi si conoscono molti metodi per studiarne la regolarità; diverso è per schemi non lineari, cioè schemi in cui i nuovi punti dipendono non linearmente dai punti del passo precedente. Tali schemi non sono molto utilizzati, ma sono interessanti perché permettono che la curva limite abbia certe caratteristiche geometriche. In letteratura la regolarità degli schemi non lineari è stata dimostrata con prove ad hoc o si è data solo una evidenza numerica. Il primo lavoro che ha cercato di colmare questa lacuna è di Dyn e Hormann; hanno presentato delle condizioni sufficienti perché uno schema interpolatorio sia convergente e generi una curva limite con tangente continua. L'idea è di studiare la regolarità considerando quantità geometriche come tangenti e curvature. Dyn e Hormann dimostrano che se le serie delle massime lunghezze dei segmenti e dei massimi degli angoli convergono, allora la curva limite ha tangente continua. Lo scopo del mio lavoro è di trovare una condizione per cui la curva limite abbia curvatura continua. La curvatura è il reciproco del raggio del cerchio osculatore, dove quest'ultimo è la posizione limite dei cerchi passanti per tre punti q, p e r quando q e r convergono a p. Abbiamo così co, Subdivision schemes are able to produce functions, which are smooth up to pixel accuracy, in few steps of an iterative process. Therefore, they are a powerful tool for displaying functions in computer graphics and signal analysis. My thesis focuses on two of these applications: one by studying the regularity of the limit curve, and one by analysing anisotropic phenomena in image processing. Being an iterative process, the first inquiry about a subdivision scheme is if it converges. For this reason a lot of research on subdivision schemes concerns the smoothness of the limit curve. Linear schemes are well investigated in this sense, because the new points are a linear combination of points from the previous iteration. Instead in non-linear schemes, the new points depend in a non-linear way on the points from the previous step. This type of schemes are not generally exploited but they are an interesting tool to guarantee some geometric properties of the limit curve. For non-linear schemes, only ad hoc proof or a numerical evidence of the regularity are provided. The first paper that covers this lack of studies is by Dyn and Hormann, where they give sufficient conditions on the convergence and tangent continuity of an interpolatory scheme. The peculiarity of their approach is to consider entities like tangents and curvatures. The summability of the sequences of maxima edge lengths and angles ensure that the limit curve is tangent continuous. The aim of my work is to find a geometric condition for the curvature continuity of the limit curve. The curvature is the reciprocal of the radius of the osculating circle which is the limit of the circles passing through three point q, p, r when q and r converge to p. So, we consider the curvatures of the circles passing through three consecutive points and the difference of neighbouring discrete curvatures. The core of my work is to prove that the summability of this sequence is sufficient to generate a curvature continuous limit

Boosted by the dynamic urbanization of cities, indoor environments are getting more and more complex in order to be able to host people properly. While most of our time is spent inside buildings, the need of GIS tools to assist our daily activities that can become tedious, such as indoor navigation or facility management, became more and more urgent. In that perspective, the IndoorGML standard is aiming to address the gaps left by other standards regarding the spatial modelling for indoor navigation. It includes several concepts such as the organization of the spaces into cells along with their network representation and the possibility to represent multiple connected layers. However, being at its first stage, several concepts of the standard could be improved. One of these is the cell subspacing that is not enough discussed in the current version of the standard. In this paper, we explore all the aspects involved in the subdivision process, from the identification of the navigable and non-navigable space cells to the generation of a navigation graph. We propose several criteria on which the indoor sub-spacing can rely to be automatically performed and and illustrate them on a 3D indoor model., Urban Data Science

Boosted by the dynamic urbanization of cities, indoor environments are getting more and more complex in order to be able to host people properly. While most of our time is spent inside buildings, the need of GIS tools to assist our daily activities that can become tedious, such as indoor navigation or facility management, became more and more urgent. In that perspective, the IndoorGML standard is aiming to address the gaps left by other standards regarding the spatial modelling for indoor navigation. It includes several concepts such as the organization of the spaces into cells along with their network representation and the possibility to represent multiple connected layers. However, being at its first stage, several concepts of the standard could be improved. One of these is the cell subspacing that is not enough discussed in the current version of the standard. In this paper, we explore all the aspects involved in the subdivision process, from the identification of the navigable and non-navigable space cells to the generation of a navigation graph. We propose several criteria on which the indoor sub-spacing can rely to be automatically performed and and illustrate them on a 3D indoor model., Urban Data Science

In 2004 a new law that allowed the formation of 3D - real estate, ie properties that are limited in both the vertical and horizontal direction and consists of a closed volume. The introduction of 3D buildings were met good by both construction companies and individuals, but in the early years after the introduction the extent of land holdings became lower than expected. In several of the metropolitan municipalities, including Stockholm and Malmö, they plan for 3D - properties already in the plan phase, while the private sphere of the property owners have not been as active. The reason is believed to be that 3D subdivisions are considered cumbersome and complex. It is therefore relevant to examine 3D subdivisions closer since it is not used to the extent that is possible while it at the same time is forecast to become an increasingly common phenomenon. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to find common dominators for completed 3D subdivisions which separates commercial and residential premises with a focus on Stockholm. A study has been conducted on eight properties through interviews with the responsible land surveyor, property owners and exploration of each objects subdivision act. The study will answer four questions: How suitability conditions in the 3rd chapter of Real property law have been met, what factors influenced whether the residential or premises was parceled off, what requirements the property owner had about the subdivision and finally the problems that arose during the subdivision. In the information that emerged during the interviews could be observed that the consideration of the appropriateness of the terms of Real Property Law is always a judgment according to law, but that depends on the specific property and its conditions. The surveyor must make a personal assessment of whether the property meets the reasoning behind the bill about the introduction of 3D properties and assessment can therefore be different depending on the property. It is also, År 2004 infördes en ny lagstiftning som möjliggjorde bildande av 3D-fastigheter, det vill säga fastigheter som är begränsade i både vertikalt och horisontellt led och utgörs av en sluten volym. Införandet av 3D-fastigheter bemöttes bra hos både företag och privatpersoner men under de första åren efter införandet blev omfattningen av fastighetsbildningen lägre än den förväntade. Hos flera av storstadskommunerna, bland annat Stockholm och Malmö, planeras det för 3Dfastigheter redan vid framtagandet av nya översikts- och detaljplaner medan den privata sfären av fastighetsägare inte varit lika aktiva. Anledningen tros vara att 3D-avstyckningar anses vara krångliga och komplexa. Det är därför relevant att undersöka 3D-avstyckningar närmare då det inte används i den grad som är möjlig samtidigt som det förutspås bli ett allt vanligare fenomen. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därför att finna gemensamma nämnare för genomförda 3D-avstyckningar som separerar lokaler och bostäder med fokus på Stockholm. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts på åtta stycken fastigheter genom intervjuer med ansvarig lantmätare, fastighetsägare samt undersökning av varje objekts förrättningsakter. Studien besvarar fyra frågeställningar: Hur lämplighetsvillkoren i 3:e kapitlet Fastighetsbildningslagen har blivit uppfyllda, Vilka faktorer som har påverkat huruvida lokalen eller bostäderna styckades av, Vilka önskemål hade fastighetsägaren i förrättningen samt vilka problem som uppstod under förrättningen. I den information som framkom under intervjuerna kunde det observeras att vid hänsynstagande till lämplighetsvillkoren i FBL är det alltid en bedömning enligt lag men som beror av den specifika fastigheten och dess förutsättningar. Lantmätaren måste göra en personlig bedömning huruvida fastigheten uppfyller de resonemang som propositionen bakom införandet av 3D-fastigheter för och bedömningen kan således vara olika beroende på fastighet. Det är även svårt att veta huruvida lantmätarens bedömnin

The Swedish legislation for land use planning and building development has been central in several amendments the last few decades. By different changes in approach, legislators have tried tightened rules as well as eras with more liberal regulations to adjust problems with housing shortages and urban planning. In 2014, a new amendment made it possible to construct a 25 square meter building in addition to an already existing house without a building permit. The house is commonly known as “attefall house” and is allowed to transgress the regulations in local plans. During the preparations of the attefall law a question was raised among the consultative bodies. Would it be possible to separate the attefall house from the main building by subdivision of real property? If so, what would happen to the attefall house? Would it hereon be recognised as the main building in the new real property? The Swedish Planning and Building Act and the Property Formation Act seemed not to be uniformed in this matter so a broadened investigation was required. It was fundamental to investigate if subdivision of attefall houses had already taken place in Sweden. Among the questions asked to all municipal land surveying offices, only three applications of attefall subdivision had been administrated and in all cases the party concerned had in the end chosen a different arrangement. A supplementary study showed that there had been no attefall subdivision in selected municipals in big cities of Sweden. Since the attefall-law was relatively new at the time for the study it was also necessary to investigate what would happen in the case of a potential application of subdivision. Three fictitious scenarios where used to investigate the attitudes and possible obstacles in the case of an attefall subdivision, both within areas regulated with local plans and in more rural areas. The study showed that there are no immediate reasons to prevent such a development and that the attefall-house should be, Är det möjligt att avstycka ett bostadshus som är uppfört utan bygglov och i strid med detaljplan, som kallas komplement och som omfattar en area om endast 25 kvm? År 2014 gjordes en lagändring som gav en fastighetsägare möjlighet att i nära anslutning till ett befintligt bostadshus uppföra just en sådan byggnad som komplement till det förstnämnda. Byggnaden har fått populärnamnet attefallshus efter den dåvarande bostadsministern. Attefallshusen får, i likhet med de undantagsregler som redan fanns för friggebodarna, byggas i strid mot detaljplaner och områdesbestämmelser. En av de frågor som nämndes som ett potentiellt problem i förarbetena var frågan om det skulle gå att avstycka ett attefallshus. Under framtagandet av lagändringen gjordes ingen riktig kontroll över hur FBL och PBL samverkar i frågan utan den enda kommentaren som lämnades var att avstyckning av attefallshus inte bör vara möjligt utöver vad detaljplanen medger. Det första steget för att undersöka hypotesen var om det redan skett avstyckning av attefallshus. För att svara på frågan gjordes en undersökning om någon av fastigheterna där attefallshus uppförts, begränsat till storstadsregionerna, varit föremål för en avstyckning. Frågan skickades även ut till samtliga kommunala lantmäterimyndigheter. Det framgick att det i tre fall inkommit ansökningar eller förfrågningar om avstyckning av attefallshus men att det slutat med att sakägaren valt en alternativ utväg. Eftersom lagändringen vid tiden för examensarbetet fortfarande var relativt ny var det nödvändigt att även studera den potentiella avstyckningen genom fiktiva scenarier. Bland de tillfrågande kommunala lantmäterimyndigheterna genomfördes därför en studie där deltagarna fick ta ställning till om avstyckning av attefallshus skulle vara möjlig om huset var beläget i ett område med detaljerad detaljplan, ett område med mindre detaljerad detaljplan eller om det var beläget utanför detaljplanelagt område. Undersökningen visade på att det i teorin int

The Kapiti Coast is changing. The long awaited expansion of the state highway will see rapid growth along the coast and with it, the rural landscape will face a new set of challenges. As the demand for rural land increases, so does land-use tension. Productive land, which was once converted from an extensive wetland network, is slowly being redeveloped into residential subdivisions in order to fulfil an increasing demand for the country lifestyle. However, lifestyle blocks usually have little productive value and subdivisions fragment natural habitats and ecological systems. The typical method of dealing with land-use is the district plan, which designates the most appropriate land-use to the most appropriate area. However, despite good intentions, it has become increasingly apparent that this planning process is no longer reaching its desired outcome. This thesis will explore new strategies for designing rural-residential subdivision, aiming to address land-use issues through increasing diversity. Set in the beach hamlet of Peka Peka, the design investigates one of the last undeveloped areas of private coastal land in the district. This area is prime real estate, but also holds a high capacity for production. It is situated on the remnants of the Great Swamp, a large network of interconnecting wetlands that used to span the length of the coast, providing the potential to significantly increase the ecological value of this land. The design embraces the opportunity to use the residential development as an economic driver to help this degraded landscape and turn these investments into something that is not only beneficial to its residents, but beneficial to the larger region.

The Kapiti Coast is changing. The long awaited expansion of the state highway will see rapid growth along the coast and with it, the rural landscape will face a new set of challenges. As the demand for rural land increases, so does land-use tension. Productive land, which was once converted from an extensive wetland network, is slowly being redeveloped into residential subdivisions in order to fulfil an increasing demand for the country lifestyle. However, lifestyle blocks usually have little productive value and subdivisions fragment natural habitats and ecological systems. The typical method of dealing with land-use is the district plan, which designates the most appropriate land-use to the most appropriate area. However, despite good intentions, it has become increasingly apparent that this planning process is no longer reaching its desired outcome. This thesis will explore new strategies for designing rural-residential subdivision, aiming to address land-use issues through increasing diversity. Set in the beach hamlet of Peka Peka, the design investigates one of the last undeveloped areas of private coastal land in the district. This area is prime real estate, but also holds a high capacity for production. It is situated on the remnants of the Great Swamp, a large network of interconnecting wetlands that used to span the length of the coast, providing the potential to significantly increase the ecological value of this land. The design embraces the opportunity to use the residential development as an economic driver to help this degraded landscape and turn these investments into something that is not only beneficial to its residents, but beneficial to the larger region.

The Kapiti Coast is changing. The long awaited expansion of the state highway will see rapid growth along the coast and with it, the rural landscape will face a new set of challenges. As the demand for rural land increases, so does land-use tension. Productive land, which was once converted from an extensive wetland network, is slowly being redeveloped into residential subdivisions in order to fulfil an increasing demand for the country lifestyle. However, lifestyle blocks usually have little productive value and subdivisions fragment natural habitats and ecological systems. The typical method of dealing with land-use is the district plan, which designates the most appropriate land-use to the most appropriate area. However, despite good intentions, it has become increasingly apparent that this planning process is no longer reaching its desired outcome. This thesis will explore new strategies for designing rural-residential subdivision, aiming to address land-use issues through increasing diversity. Set in the beach hamlet of Peka Peka, the design investigates one of the last undeveloped areas of private coastal land in the district. This area is prime real estate, but also holds a high capacity for production. It is situated on the remnants of the Great Swamp, a large network of interconnecting wetlands that used to span the length of the coast, providing the potential to significantly increase the ecological value of this land. The design embraces the opportunity to use the residential development as an economic driver to help this degraded landscape and turn these investments into something that is not only beneficial to its residents, but beneficial to the larger region.

The Kapiti Coast is changing. The long awaited expansion of the state highway will see rapid growth along the coast and with it, the rural landscape will face a new set of challenges. As the demand for rural land increases, so does land-use tension. Productive land, which was once converted from an extensive wetland network, is slowly being redeveloped into residential subdivisions in order to fulfil an increasing demand for the country lifestyle. However, lifestyle blocks usually have little productive value and subdivisions fragment natural habitats and ecological systems. The typical method of dealing with land-use is the district plan, which designates the most appropriate land-use to the most appropriate area. However, despite good intentions, it has become increasingly apparent that this planning process is no longer reaching its desired outcome. This thesis will explore new strategies for designing rural-residential subdivision, aiming to address land-use issues through increasing diversity. Set in the beach hamlet of Peka Peka, the design investigates one of the last undeveloped areas of private coastal land in the district. This area is prime real estate, but also holds a high capacity for production. It is situated on the remnants of the Great Swamp, a large network of interconnecting wetlands that used to span the length of the coast, providing the potential to significantly increase the ecological value of this land. The design embraces the opportunity to use the residential development as an economic driver to help this degraded landscape and turn these investments into something that is not only beneficial to its residents, but beneficial to the larger region.

In 2004 a new law that allowed the formation of 3D - real estate, ie properties that are limited in both the vertical and horizontal direction and consists of a closed volume. The introduction of 3D buildings were met good by both construction companies and individuals, but in the early years after the introduction the extent of land holdings became lower than expected. In several of the metropolitan municipalities, including Stockholm and Malmö, they plan for 3D - properties already in the plan phase, while the private sphere of the property owners have not been as active. The reason is believed to be that 3D subdivisions are considered cumbersome and complex. It is therefore relevant to examine 3D subdivisions closer since it is not used to the extent that is possible while it at the same time is forecast to become an increasingly common phenomenon. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to find common dominators for completed 3D subdivisions which separates commercial and residential premises with a focus on Stockholm. A study has been conducted on eight properties through interviews with the responsible land surveyor, property owners and exploration of each objects subdivision act. The study will answer four questions: How suitability conditions in the 3rd chapter of Real property law have been met, what factors influenced whether the residential or premises was parceled off, what requirements the property owner had about the subdivision and finally the problems that arose during the subdivision. In the information that emerged during the interviews could be observed that the consideration of the appropriateness of the terms of Real Property Law is always a judgment according to law, but that depends on the specific property and its conditions. The surveyor must make a personal assessment of whether the property meets the reasoning behind the bill about the introduction of 3D properties and assessment can therefore be different depending on the property. It is also, År 2004 infördes en ny lagstiftning som möjliggjorde bildande av 3D-fastigheter, det vill säga fastigheter som är begränsade i både vertikalt och horisontellt led och utgörs av en sluten volym. Införandet av 3D-fastigheter bemöttes bra hos både företag och privatpersoner men under de första åren efter införandet blev omfattningen av fastighetsbildningen lägre än den förväntade. Hos flera av storstadskommunerna, bland annat Stockholm och Malmö, planeras det för 3Dfastigheter redan vid framtagandet av nya översikts- och detaljplaner medan den privata sfären av fastighetsägare inte varit lika aktiva. Anledningen tros vara att 3D-avstyckningar anses vara krångliga och komplexa. Det är därför relevant att undersöka 3D-avstyckningar närmare då det inte används i den grad som är möjlig samtidigt som det förutspås bli ett allt vanligare fenomen. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därför att finna gemensamma nämnare för genomförda 3D-avstyckningar som separerar lokaler och bostäder med fokus på Stockholm. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts på åtta stycken fastigheter genom intervjuer med ansvarig lantmätare, fastighetsägare samt undersökning av varje objekts förrättningsakter. Studien besvarar fyra frågeställningar: Hur lämplighetsvillkoren i 3:e kapitlet Fastighetsbildningslagen har blivit uppfyllda, Vilka faktorer som har påverkat huruvida lokalen eller bostäderna styckades av, Vilka önskemål hade fastighetsägaren i förrättningen samt vilka problem som uppstod under förrättningen. I den information som framkom under intervjuerna kunde det observeras att vid hänsynstagande till lämplighetsvillkoren i FBL är det alltid en bedömning enligt lag men som beror av den specifika fastigheten och dess förutsättningar. Lantmätaren måste göra en personlig bedömning huruvida fastigheten uppfyller de resonemang som propositionen bakom införandet av 3D-fastigheter för och bedömningen kan således vara olika beroende på fastighet. Det är även svårt att veta huruvida lantmätarens bedömnin

The Swedish legislation for land use planning and building development has been central in several amendments the last few decades. By different changes in approach, legislators have tried tightened rules as well as eras with more liberal regulations to adjust problems with housing shortages and urban planning. In 2014, a new amendment made it possible to construct a 25 square meter building in addition to an already existing house without a building permit. The house is commonly known as “attefall house” and is allowed to transgress the regulations in local plans. During the preparations of the attefall law a question was raised among the consultative bodies. Would it be possible to separate the attefall house from the main building by subdivision of real property? If so, what would happen to the attefall house? Would it hereon be recognised as the main building in the new real property? The Swedish Planning and Building Act and the Property Formation Act seemed not to be uniformed in this matter so a broadened investigation was required. It was fundamental to investigate if subdivision of attefall houses had already taken place in Sweden. Among the questions asked to all municipal land surveying offices, only three applications of attefall subdivision had been administrated and in all cases the party concerned had in the end chosen a different arrangement. A supplementary study showed that there had been no attefall subdivision in selected municipals in big cities of Sweden. Since the attefall-law was relatively new at the time for the study it was also necessary to investigate what would happen in the case of a potential application of subdivision. Three fictitious scenarios where used to investigate the attitudes and possible obstacles in the case of an attefall subdivision, both within areas regulated with local plans and in more rural areas. The study showed that there are no immediate reasons to prevent such a development and that the attefall-house should be, Är det möjligt att avstycka ett bostadshus som är uppfört utan bygglov och i strid med detaljplan, som kallas komplement och som omfattar en area om endast 25 kvm? År 2014 gjordes en lagändring som gav en fastighetsägare möjlighet att i nära anslutning till ett befintligt bostadshus uppföra just en sådan byggnad som komplement till det förstnämnda. Byggnaden har fått populärnamnet attefallshus efter den dåvarande bostadsministern. Attefallshusen får, i likhet med de undantagsregler som redan fanns för friggebodarna, byggas i strid mot detaljplaner och områdesbestämmelser. En av de frågor som nämndes som ett potentiellt problem i förarbetena var frågan om det skulle gå att avstycka ett attefallshus. Under framtagandet av lagändringen gjordes ingen riktig kontroll över hur FBL och PBL samverkar i frågan utan den enda kommentaren som lämnades var att avstyckning av attefallshus inte bör vara möjligt utöver vad detaljplanen medger. Det första steget för att undersöka hypotesen var om det redan skett avstyckning av attefallshus. För att svara på frågan gjordes en undersökning om någon av fastigheterna där attefallshus uppförts, begränsat till storstadsregionerna, varit föremål för en avstyckning. Frågan skickades även ut till samtliga kommunala lantmäterimyndigheter. Det framgick att det i tre fall inkommit ansökningar eller förfrågningar om avstyckning av attefallshus men att det slutat med att sakägaren valt en alternativ utväg. Eftersom lagändringen vid tiden för examensarbetet fortfarande var relativt ny var det nödvändigt att även studera den potentiella avstyckningen genom fiktiva scenarier. Bland de tillfrågande kommunala lantmäterimyndigheterna genomfördes därför en studie där deltagarna fick ta ställning till om avstyckning av attefallshus skulle vara möjlig om huset var beläget i ett område med detaljerad detaljplan, ett område med mindre detaljerad detaljplan eller om det var beläget utanför detaljplanelagt område. Undersökningen visade på att det i teorin int

The Kapiti Coast is changing. The long awaited expansion of the state highway will see rapid growth along the coast and with it, the rural landscape will face a new set of challenges. As the demand for rural land increases, so does land-use tension. Productive land, which was once converted from an extensive wetland network, is slowly being redeveloped into residential subdivisions in order to fulfil an increasing demand for the country lifestyle. However, lifestyle blocks usually have little productive value and subdivisions fragment natural habitats and ecological systems. The typical method of dealing with land-use is the district plan, which designates the most appropriate land-use to the most appropriate area. However, despite good intentions, it has become increasingly apparent that this planning process is no longer reaching its desired outcome. This thesis will explore new strategies for designing rural-residential subdivision, aiming to address land-use issues through increasing diversity. Set in the beach hamlet of Peka Peka, the design investigates one of the last undeveloped areas of private coastal land in the district. This area is prime real estate, but also holds a high capacity for production. It is situated on the remnants of the Great Swamp, a large network of interconnecting wetlands that used to span the length of the coast, providing the potential to significantly increase the ecological value of this land. The design embraces the opportunity to use the residential development as an economic driver to help this degraded landscape and turn these investments into something that is not only beneficial to its residents, but beneficial to the larger region.

The Swedish legislation for land use planning and building development has been central in several amendments the last few decades. By different changes in approach, legislators have tried tightened rules as well as eras with more liberal regulations to adjust problems with housing shortages and urban planning. In 2014, a new amendment made it possible to construct a 25 square meter building in addition to an already existing house without a building permit. The house is commonly known as “attefall house” and is allowed to transgress the regulations in local plans. During the preparations of the attefall law a question was raised among the consultative bodies. Would it be possible to separate the attefall house from the main building by subdivision of real property? If so, what would happen to the attefall house? Would it hereon be recognised as the main building in the new real property? The Swedish Planning and Building Act and the Property Formation Act seemed not to be uniformed in this matter so a broadened investigation was required. It was fundamental to investigate if subdivision of attefall houses had already taken place in Sweden. Among the questions asked to all municipal land surveying offices, only three applications of attefall subdivision had been administrated and in all cases the party concerned had in the end chosen a different arrangement. A supplementary study showed that there had been no attefall subdivision in selected municipals in big cities of Sweden. Since the attefall-law was relatively new at the time for the study it was also necessary to investigate what would happen in the case of a potential application of subdivision. Three fictitious scenarios where used to investigate the attitudes and possible obstacles in the case of an attefall subdivision, both within areas regulated with local plans and in more rural areas. The study showed that there are no immediate reasons to prevent such a development and that the attefall-house should be, Är det möjligt att avstycka ett bostadshus som är uppfört utan bygglov och i strid med detaljplan, som kallas komplement och som omfattar en area om endast 25 kvm? År 2014 gjordes en lagändring som gav en fastighetsägare möjlighet att i nära anslutning till ett befintligt bostadshus uppföra just en sådan byggnad som komplement till det förstnämnda. Byggnaden har fått populärnamnet attefallshus efter den dåvarande bostadsministern. Attefallshusen får, i likhet med de undantagsregler som redan fanns för friggebodarna, byggas i strid mot detaljplaner och områdesbestämmelser. En av de frågor som nämndes som ett potentiellt problem i förarbetena var frågan om det skulle gå att avstycka ett attefallshus. Under framtagandet av lagändringen gjordes ingen riktig kontroll över hur FBL och PBL samverkar i frågan utan den enda kommentaren som lämnades var att avstyckning av attefallshus inte bör vara möjligt utöver vad detaljplanen medger. Det första steget för att undersöka hypotesen var om det redan skett avstyckning av attefallshus. För att svara på frågan gjordes en undersökning om någon av fastigheterna där attefallshus uppförts, begränsat till storstadsregionerna, varit föremål för en avstyckning. Frågan skickades även ut till samtliga kommunala lantmäterimyndigheter. Det framgick att det i tre fall inkommit ansökningar eller förfrågningar om avstyckning av attefallshus men att det slutat med att sakägaren valt en alternativ utväg. Eftersom lagändringen vid tiden för examensarbetet fortfarande var relativt ny var det nödvändigt att även studera den potentiella avstyckningen genom fiktiva scenarier. Bland de tillfrågande kommunala lantmäterimyndigheterna genomfördes därför en studie där deltagarna fick ta ställning till om avstyckning av attefallshus skulle vara möjlig om huset var beläget i ett område med detaljerad detaljplan, ett område med mindre detaljerad detaljplan eller om det var beläget utanför detaljplanelagt område. Undersökningen visade på att det i teorin int

In this paper, given a network and a subdivision of it, we show how the Group Inverse of the subdivision network can be related to the Group Inverse of initial given network. Our approach establishes a relationship between solutions of related Poisson problems on both networks and takes advantatge on the definition of the Group Inverse matrix., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

In this work we present a parameter-dependent Refine-and-Smooth (RS) subdivision algorithm where the refine stage R consists in the application of a perturbation of Chaikin's/Doo-Sabin's vertex split, while each smoothing stage S performs averages of adjacent vertices like in the Lane-Riesenfeld algorithm (Lane and Riesenfeld, 1980). This constructive approach provides a unifying framework for univariate/bivariate primal and dual subdivision schemes with tension parameter and allows us to show that several existing subdivision algorithms, proposed in the literature via isolated constructions, can be obtained as specific instances of the proposed strategy. Moreover, this novel approach provides an intuitive theoretical tool for the derivation of new non-tensor product subdivision schemes that in the regular regions satisfy the property of reproducing bivariate cubic polynomials, thus resulting the natural extension of the univariate family presented in Hormann and Sabin (2008).

In this work we present a parameter-dependent Refine-and-Smooth (RS) subdivision algorithm where the refine stage R consists in the application of a perturbation of Chaikin's/Doo-Sabin's vertex split, while each smoothing stage S performs averages of adjacent vertices like in the Lane-Riesenfeld algorithm (Lane and Riesenfeld, 1980). This constructive approach provides a unifying framework for univariate/bivariate primal and dual subdivision schemes with tension parameter and allows us to show that several existing subdivision algorithms, proposed in the literature via isolated constructions, can be obtained as specific instances of the proposed strategy. Moreover, this novel approach provides an intuitive theoretical tool for the derivation of new non-tensor product subdivision schemes that in the regular regions satisfy the property of reproducing bivariate cubic polynomials, thus resulting the natural extension of the univariate family presented in Hormann and Sabin (2008).

We introduce a family of piecewise-exponential functions that have the Hermite interpolation property. Our design is motivated by the search for an effective scheme for the joint interpolation of points and associated tangents on a curve with the ability to perfectly reproduce ellipses. We prove that the proposed Hermite functions form a Riesz basis and that they reproduce prescribed exponential polynomials. We present a method based on Green's functions to unravel their multi-resolution and approximation-theoretic properties. Finally, we derive the corresponding vector and scalar subdivision schemes, which lend themselves to a fast implementation. The proposed vector scheme is interpolatory and level-dependent, but its asymptotic behavior is the same as the classical cubic Hermite spline algorithm. The same convergence properties-i.e., fourth order of approximation-are hence ensured.

In order to handle directional singularities, standard wavelet approaches have been extended to the concept of discrete shearlets in Kutyniok and Sauer (SIAM J. Math. Anal. 41, 1436–1471, 2009). One disadvantage of this extension, however, is the relatively large determinant of the scaling matrices used there which results in a substantial data complexity. This motivates the question whether some of the features of the discrete shearlets can also be obtained by means of different geometries. In this paper, we give a positive answer by presenting a different approach, based on a matrix with small determinant which therefore offers a larger recursion depth for the same amount of data.

This paper concerns the illegal peripheral subdivisions in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. These subdivisions were a cheap solution to the demand for land, thereby housing, for the urban poor. With ascent on the enabling policy, Roy (2009) refers the peripheral subdivisions as ‘privatization of informality’ and wealthy command infrastructure, services and legitimacy that come to be designated as ‘formal’ by the state. Legalisation is selective for the socio-economically and politically powerful land developers. The land price of these legal subdivisions is high. Considering the land price, this paper argues that the urban poor have little to no access to the legal subdivisions in Dhaka. Policy suggestions are made at the end of the paper.