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This work refers to a very specific part of the liturgical corpus of the cathedral of Toledo. It is a small set of books and notebooks, which, under the name of consuetas, customs or ceremonies, collected the uses of each place: calendar of festivities, rank of each celebration, memories and anniversaries. All of them were the perfect complement to the Missals, Breviaries and Manuals or Ordinaries used, respectively, for the celebration of mass, the office and the administration of the sacraments or other rites. Together with them, I will add the information offered by chapter statutes and constitutions, which regulated many details of the cathedral ceremonial and the role played by the different groups that made up the chapter and even its lay servants., En este trabajo se alude a una parte muy concreta del corpus litúrgico de la catedral de Toledo. Se trata de un pequeño conjunto de libros y cuadernos, que, bajo el nombre de consuetas, costumbres o ceremonieros recogían los usos propios de cada lugar: calendario de festividades, rango de cada celebración, memorias y aniversarios. Todos ellos eran el perfecto complemento de los Misales, Breviarios y Manuales u Ordinarios utilizados, respectivamente, para la celebración de la misa, el oficio y la administración de los sacramentos u otros ritos. A ellos sumaré la información que ofrecen estatutos y constituciones capitulares, en los que se regulaban muchos detalles del ceremonial catedralicio y del papel que desarrollaban los diferentes colectivos que conformaban el cabildo e incluso sus servidores laicos.

Editore: FedOA Press - Federico II Open Access University Press Series: Studies in Neo-Kantianism Pages: 425 Language: Italiano; Inglese; Tedesco NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/resolver.pl?nbn=urn:nbn:it:unina-28837 Abstract: This volume aims to investigate, from both a historiographical and theoretical point of view, the peculiar relationship that was established between the various neo-Kantian schools of thought and other disciplines which in the late 19th and early 20th century were grouped under the name of cultural sciences or Geisteswissenschaften. In fact, Neo-Kantianism played a leading role in the formation of the German philosophical and cultural scenario of the 20th century, becoming on the one hand an inexhaustible source of ideas and methods for the so-called Kulturwissenschaften, and on the other hand embracing within its multifaceted development several crucial issues brought forward by these sciences. This volume attempts to circumscribe the vast issues by conducting historical-problematic incursions into and around certain scholars and central problems of the Neo-Kantian constellation. The themes addressed in the essays concern the systematic frameworks of neo-Kantian methodology and their reflections in multiple disciplinary applications, from jurisprudence to linguistics, from aesthetics to philosophical historiography, from sociology to psychology. Finally, there are also contributions that attempt to isolate the ultimate philosophical grounds of Neo-Kantian thinking on Kultur, Editore: FedOA Press - Federico II Open Access University Press Collana: Studies in Neo-Kantianism Pagine: 425 Lingua: Italiano; Inglese; Tedesco NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/resolver.pl?nbn=urn:nbn:it:unina-28837 Abstract: Il volume si propone di indagare, dal punto di vista sia storiografico che teoretico, la peculiare relazione che si instaurò tra le diverse scuole di pensiero neokantiane e quelle discipline che tra fine Ottocento e inizio Novecento furono rubricate sotto il titolo di scienze della cultura o scienze dello spirito. Il neokantismo svolse, difatti, un ruolo di primissimo piano nella formazione dello scenario filosofico e culturale tedesco del secolo scorso, divenendo, da un lato, una fonte inesauribile di idee e metodi per le cosiddette Kulturwissenschaften, e accogliendo, dall’altro lato, entro il suo poliedrico sviluppo, alcune decisive istanze veicolate da tali scienze. Il volume prova a circoscrivere questa vasta problematica mediante incursioni storico-problematiche intorno ad alcune figure e problemi centrali della vasta costellazione neokantiana. I temi affrontati nei saggi concernono gli assetti sistematici della metodologia di impronta neokantiana e il loro riflettersi nelle molteplici applicazioni disciplinari, dalla giurisprudenza alla linguistica, dall’estetica alla storiografia filosofica, dalla sociologia alla psicologia. Non mancano infine contributi che provano ad isolare i motivi filosofici ultimi della riflessione neokantiana sulla Kultur.

The historical archives of religious organizations are important primary sources for the History of Accounting (Baños and López-Manjón, 2021, and others). The Irmandade de Santa Cruz (ISC), from Braga, is one of these organizations, already multi-centennial, and was chosen for this study. The rules of its Statutes are the sources analysed to question the accounting processes in the period 1581-1762. It is intended to know the information produced, its users, administrative positions and personal profile of the brothers elected for them. This analysis followed the qualitative research methodology. The main characteristics were highlighted: detailed rules and reduced accounting expressions; records and control of accounts by activities/resources; information for the brothers in the administration; for their election, an adequate personal profile was required, omitting accounting knowledge; positions held free of charge, of the “pro-bono volunteer” type., Os arquivos históricos das organizações religiosas são fontes primárias importantes para a História da Contabilidade (Baños e López-Manjón, 2021, e outros). A Irmandade de Santa Cruz (ISC), de Braga, é uma dessas organizações, já multicentenária e foi escolhida para este estudo. As regras dos seus Estatutos são as fontes analisadas para questionar os processos de contabilidade, no período de 1581-1762. Pretende-se conhecer a informação produzida, seus utilizadores, cargos de administração e perfil pessoal dos irmãos eleitos para os mesmos. Esta análise seguiu a metodologia de investigação qualitativa. Foram evidenciadas como características principais: regras minuciosas e reduzidas expressões contabilísticas; registos e controlo de contas por atividades/recursos; informação destinada aos irmãos da administração. Para eleição destes, era exigido perfil pessoal adequado, omitindo conhecimentos de contabilidade. Os cargos eram exercidos graciosamente, do tipo de “voluntariado pro-bono”., Los archivos históricos de las organizaciones religiosas son importantes fuentes primarias para la Historia de la Contabilidad (Baños y López-Manjón, 2021, y otros). La Irmandade de Santa Cruz (ISC), de Braga, es una de esas organizaciones, ya multicentenaria, y fue elegida para este estudio. Las normas de sus Estatutos son las fuentes analizadas para cuestionar los procesos contables en el período 1581-1762. Se pretende conocer la información producida, sus usuarios, cargos administrativos y perfil personal de los hermanos elegidos para ellos. Este análisis siguió la metodología de investigación cualitativa. Se destacaron las principales características: reglas detalladas y expresiones contables reducidas; registros y control de cuentas por actividades/recursos; información para los hermanos en la administración; para su elección se requería un perfil personal adecuado, omitiendo conocimientos contables; cargos de carácter gratuito, del tipo “voluntario pro-bono”.

[cat] En aquest article es planteja una anàlisi de l’evolució dels principals indicadors de l’evolució del Sistema per a l’Autonomia i Atenció a la Dependència a les Illes Balears. Les dades analitzades mostren una tendència a l’alça tant en les persones en situació de dependència com en el nombre de sol·licituds i de prestacions i serveis. L’increment dels recursos que fan falta per afrontar les tendències actuals i les previsions de creixement de les persones que necessiten suport per acomplir les activitats bàsiques de la vida diària, ens indiquen que s’han de fer canvis en els plantejaments del sistema d’atenció a la dependència, per garantir tant la sostenibilitat com la cobertura d’aquest dret subjectiu, reflectit a la Llei 39/2006, de 14 de desembre, de promoció de l’autonomia personal i atenció a les persones en situació de dependència., [spa] En este artículo se plantea un análisis de la evolución de los principales indicadores de la evolución del Sistema para la Autonomía y Atención a la Dependencia en las Islas Baleares. Los datos analizados muestran una tendencia al alza tanto en las personas en situación de dependencia como en el número de solicitudes y de prestaciones y servicios. El incremento de los recursos que se requieren para afrontar las tendencias actuales y las previsiones de crecimiento de las personas que necesitan apoyo para realizar las actividades básicas de la vida diaria, nos indican que se tienen que hacer cambios en los planteamientos del sistema de atención a la dependencia, para garantizar tanto la sostenibilidad del mismo como la cobertura de este derecho subjetivo, reflejado en la Ley 39/2006, de 14 de diciembre, de promoción de la autonomía personal y atención a las personas en situación de dependencia.

Law 5/2021, of June 29, on the Organization and Legal Regime of the Autonomous Public Sector of Aragon, incorporates, for the first time in Aragonese public law, a unitary, complete and exhaustive regulation of the autonomous consortiums and of the foundations of the autonomous public sector following the model established in the basic legislation of the state, but with certain specialties., La Ley 5/2021, de 29 de junio, de Organización y Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público Autonómico de Aragón, incorpora, por primera vez en el derecho público aragonés, una regulación unitaria, completa y exhaustiva de los consorcios autonómicos y de las fundaciones del sector público autonómico siguiendo el modelo establecido en la legislación básica del estatal, pero con ciertas especialidades.

[cat] La Llei orgànica 3/2020, de 29 de desembre, per la qual es modifica la Llei orgànica 2/2006, de 3 de maig, d’educació (LOMLOE) es configura com a segona correcció de la Llei orgànica d’educació (LOE), després de l’establerta per la LOMCE (2013) i que ara queda derogada. Tot i tractar-se d’una llei d’article únic, es plantegen canvis molt rellevants, tant d’enfocament com d’estructura i continguts. Així mateix, s’estableix, per primera vegada, el repte d’arribar al 5 % del PIB en finançament del sistema educatiu no universitari., [spa] La Ley Orgánica 3/2020, de 29 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación (LOMLOE) se configura como segunda corrección de la Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE), después de la establecida por la LOMCE (2013) y que ahora queda derogada. Sin tratarse de una ley de artículo único, se plantean cambios muy relevantes, tanto de enfoque como de estructura y contenidos. Asimismo, se establece, por primera vez, el reto de alcanzar el 5 % del PIB en financiación del sistema educativo no universitario.

[cat] La Llei orgànica 3/2020, de 29 de desembre, per la qual es modifica la Llei orgànica 2/2006, de 3 de maig, d’educació (LOMLOE) es configura com a segona correcció de la Llei orgànica d’educació (LOE), després de l’establerta per la LOMCE (2013) i que ara queda derogada. Tot i tractar-se d’una llei d’article únic, es plantegen canvis molt rellevants, tant d’enfocament com d’estructura i continguts. Així mateix, s’estableix, per primera vegada, el repte d’arribar al 5 % del PIB en finançament del sistema educatiu no universitari., [spa] La Ley Orgánica 3/2020, de 29 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación (LOMLOE) se configura como segunda corrección de la Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE), después de la establecida por la LOMCE (2013) y que ahora queda derogada. Sin tratarse de una ley de artículo único, se plantean cambios muy relevantes, tanto de enfoque como de estructura y contenidos. Asimismo, se establece, por primera vez, el reto de alcanzar el 5 % del PIB en financiación del sistema educativo no universitario.

[cat] La Llei orgànica 3/2020, de 29 de desembre, per la qual es modifica la Llei orgànica 2/2006, de 3 de maig, d’educació (LOMLOE) es configura com a segona correcció de la Llei orgànica d’educació (LOE), després de l’establerta per la LOMCE (2013) i que ara queda derogada. Tot i tractar-se d’una llei d’article únic, es plantegen canvis molt rellevants, tant d’enfocament com d’estructura i continguts. Així mateix, s’estableix, per primera vegada, el repte d’arribar al 5 % del PIB en finançament del sistema educatiu no universitari., [spa] La Ley Orgánica 3/2020, de 29 de diciembre, por la que se modifica la Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación (LOMLOE) se configura como segunda corrección de la Ley Orgánica de Educación (LOE), después de la establecida por la LOMCE (2013) y que ahora queda derogada. Sin tratarse de una ley de artículo único, se plantean cambios muy relevantes, tanto de enfoque como de estructura y contenidos. Asimismo, se establece, por primera vez, el reto de alcanzar el 5 % del PIB en financiación del sistema educativo no universitario.

Member governance can be characterised as the voice and influence that members have in their cooperative. The voice is related to the tangible control mechanisms available to cooperative members, and the influence ingredient is more often the intangible relational aspect of a member’s connection. There are layers of governance that build on each other to form the foundation of cooperative members rights or voice and influence; these include Cooperative Principles, Cooperative Law, and the Cooperative Constitutional Document. The collective aim is to mitigate many of the known cooperative governance challenges. Notwithstanding all the theoretical layers of governance, the actual members’ perceptions and the reality of their participation in their cooperative can affect the quality of member governance in a cooperative. The cooperative principles are the foundational ingredient for member-organisation governance. In many regions, the principles are applied in the creation of cooperative law. In some regions countries base their legislation fully or partially on the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) set of seven principles; other regions engage with a different set of principles such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) set of three principles, while in other countries the link between cooperative law and cooperative principles is less visible. An examination of which principles are employed in constructing the legislation that governs cooperatives in a particular region is crucial as it provides us with a base for analysis. Cooperative law differs from country to country, with some cooperative law being comprehensive while other countries cooperative laws are not well defined. The answer as to which approach is more effective is examined in this thesis. Similarly, cooperative law usually forms the foundation that mandates provisions in the originating document, the cooperative constitution. The purpose of the constitution is to protect the righ

It reports on the work of the executive board of the German MLA (AGMB) 2019/2020 and gives an outlook on the AGMB Annual Conference 2020. Further tasks of the Executive Board were the organisation of the competition "Pioneer projects at medical libraries 2020", updating of the membership database, the recruitment of new members, the support of the Web 2.0 offers as well as the amendment of the statutes in order to take up the impulses from the member survey and the plenary discussion in Göttingen 2019., Es wird über die Arbeit des Vorstandes der AGMB e.V. 2019/2020 berichtet und ein Ausblick auf die AGMB-Jahrestagung 2020 gegeben. Weitere Aufgaben des Vorstandes waren die Ausrichtung des Wettbewerbes "Leuchtturmprojekte an Medizinbibliotheken 2020", Ausbau und Pflege der Website und der Mitgliederdatenbank, Rekrutierung neuer Mitglieder, die Betreuung der Web 2.0-Angebote sowie die Änderung der Satzung, um die Impulse aus der Mitgliederbefragung und der Plenumsdiskussion in Göttingen 2019 aufzugreifen.

Member governance can be characterised as the voice and influence that members have in their cooperative. The voice is related to the tangible control mechanisms available to cooperative members, and the influence ingredient is more often the intangible relational aspect of a member’s connection. There are layers of governance that build on each other to form the foundation of cooperative members rights or voice and influence; these include Cooperative Principles, Cooperative Law, and the Cooperative Constitutional Document. The collective aim is to mitigate many of the known cooperative governance challenges. Notwithstanding all the theoretical layers of governance, the actual members’ perceptions and the reality of their participation in their cooperative can affect the quality of member governance in a cooperative. The cooperative principles are the foundational ingredient for member-organisation governance. In many regions, the principles are applied in the creation of cooperative law. In some regions countries base their legislation fully or partially on the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) set of seven principles; other regions engage with a different set of principles such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) set of three principles, while in other countries the link between cooperative law and cooperative principles is less visible. An examination of which principles are employed in constructing the legislation that governs cooperatives in a particular region is crucial as it provides us with a base for analysis. Cooperative law differs from country to country, with some cooperative law being comprehensive while other countries cooperative laws are not well defined. The answer as to which approach is more effective is examined in this thesis. Similarly, cooperative law usually forms the foundation that mandates provisions in the originating document, the cooperative constitution. The purpose of the constitution is to protect the righ

The arrival of foreign workers had significant impact on the demography and the economy in Bologna between XIII and XV centuries. Based on a large collection of corporate statutes, the paper intends to analyse how foreigners artisans interacted with guilds: following the path that starts from a policy of initial openness up to progressive closure of matriculas and a tightening of the productive rules against forenses, have been studied the relationship between immigrant and native labor, competition, apprenticeship, rules of production and the role of non-native inside these craft organizations.

At the present the newest Church’s associative forms —new communities, movements and church families— are distinguished by gathering people from the different states of life —lay people and clergy, consecrated persons, married, even non catholics— and embracing some commitments of a collective charism which imply the whole life. It is frequent that some members of these associative forms or even all of them make a right consecration of life embracing the evangelical counsels. But every state of life has its own demands and possibilities of joining to these groups. The level of belonging and the participation forms cannot be uniform. In the present study we focus the analysis on the difficulties and implications of the incorporation of priests, consecrated persons, married and non catholics to the life of these new associative forms. Problems from different nature can be identified and they cannot be solved with the present legislation because we are facing a new and charismatic event. Experience and open ways by the doctrine are the ground to work from in order to avoid the conflicts generated by double belongings and the defence both as the movement identity as the state of life itself. Particular statutes of each association must guarantee the differentiated exercise of rights and duties of people from the different states of life who belong to the same association., Las formas asociativas más novedosas de nuestros días se caracterizan por agrupar personas provenientes de los diversos estados de vida incluso no católicos y por asumir unos compromisos que implican toda la vida. Pero cada estado de vida tiene sus propias exigencias y posibilidades de adhesión a estos grupos. El grado de pertenencia y las formas de participación no pueden ser uniformes. En el presente estudio se analizan las dificultades e implicaciones de la incorporación a la vida de estas nuevas formas asociativas por parte de presbíteros, consagrados, casados y no católicos. Los problemas son de naturaleza diversa y no encuentran respuesta en la presente normativa jurídica porque estamos ante un fenómeno novedoso y carismático. Desde la experiencia y los caminos abiertos por la doctrina se sientan las bases para evitar los conflictos que generan las dobles pertenencias y la defensa tanto de la identidad del movimiento como del propio estado de vida. Son los estatutos particulares de cada asociación los que deben asegurar el ejercicio diferenciado de derechos y obligaciones de las diferentes personas que forman parte de la misma.

For every human society, death has always represented the last cognitive frontier and, at the same time - through techniques, rites, codifications and symbolic elaborations - the same societies have tried to interpret the phenomenon of mortality, provide it with a sense, integrate it into its own system of values and transform it into a criterion for self-representation. The evolution of the civil and ecclesiastical laws and statutes that societies gave themselves from late antiquity to the Middle Ages reflects a partial but interesting change in mental attitudes and human behavior towards death. Through the diachronic evolution of the cemetery structure between rules and practice, different attitudes are formed towards death: from the separation of the Roman necropolis due to hygienic and sacral rules, up to a progressive familiarity, which was established between late antiquity and the high Middle Ages and which lasted until Napoleon.

In the long evolution process of the University of Bologna one of the most important phenomena that was at the same time cause and symptom was the progressive definition of reference laws and rules. From premises and origins induced by sporadic personal initiatives not subject to pre-established rules, it was possible to widen and formalize access, frequency and recognition of studies with a parable in which internal rules, then laws and finally statutes - both municipal and of the universities' communities - played a decisive role, leading to an increasingly complex system of legislative acts and regulations which, since the 12th century, shaped the university communities. Local and central authorities often conflicted with each other with measures taken almost always to the detriment of the original autonomy of the students, who nevertheless gained increasing guarantees for the recognition of their curricula studiorum.

At the present the newest Church’s associative forms —new communities, movements and church families— are distinguished by gathering people from the different states of life —lay people and clergy, consecrated persons, married, even non catholics— and embracing some commitments of a collective charism which imply the whole life. It is frequent that some members of these associative forms or even all of them make a right consecration of life embracing the evangelical counsels. But every state of life has its own demands and possibilities of joining to these groups. The level of belonging and the participation forms cannot be uniform. In the present study we focus the analysis on the difficulties and implications of the incorporation of priests, consecrated persons, married and non catholics to the life of these new associative forms. Problems from different nature can be identified and they cannot be solved with the present legislation because we are facing a new and charismatic event. Experience and open ways by the doctrine are the ground to work from in order to avoid the conflicts generated by double belongings and the defence both as the movement identity as the state of life itself. Particular statutes of each association must guarantee the differentiated exercise of rights and duties of people from the different states of life who belong to the same association., Las formas asociativas más novedosas de nuestros días se caracterizan por agrupar personas provenientes de los diversos estados de vida incluso no católicos y por asumir unos compromisos que implican toda la vida. Pero cada estado de vida tiene sus propias exigencias y posibilidades de adhesión a estos grupos. El grado de pertenencia y las formas de participación no pueden ser uniformes. En el presente estudio se analizan las dificultades e implicaciones de la incorporación a la vida de estas nuevas formas asociativas por parte de presbíteros, consagrados, casados y no católicos. Los problemas son de naturaleza diversa y no encuentran respuesta en la presente normativa jurídica porque estamos ante un fenómeno novedoso y carismático. Desde la experiencia y los caminos abiertos por la doctrina se sientan las bases para evitar los conflictos que generan las dobles pertenencias y la defensa tanto de la identidad del movimiento como del propio estado de vida. Son los estatutos particulares de cada asociación los que deben asegurar el ejercicio diferenciado de derechos y obligaciones de las diferentes personas que forman parte de la misma.

At the present the newest Church’s associative forms —new communities, movements and church families— are distinguished by gathering people from the different states of life —lay people and clergy, consecrated persons, married, even non catholics— and embracing some commitments of a collective charism which imply the whole life. It is frequent that some members of these associative forms or even all of them make a right consecration of life embracing the evangelical counsels. But every state of life has its own demands and possibilities of joining to these groups. The level of belonging and the participation forms cannot be uniform. In the present study we focus the analysis on the difficulties and implications of the incorporation of priests, consecrated persons, married and non catholics to the life of these new associative forms. Problems from different nature can be identified and they cannot be solved with the present legislation because we are facing a new and charismatic event. Experience and open ways by the doctrine are the ground to work from in order to avoid the conflicts generated by double belongings and the defence both as the movement identity as the state of life itself. Particular statutes of each association must guarantee the differentiated exercise of rights and duties of people from the different states of life who belong to the same association., Las formas asociativas más novedosas de nuestros días se caracterizan por agrupar personas provenientes de los diversos estados de vida incluso no católicos y por asumir unos compromisos que implican toda la vida. Pero cada estado de vida tiene sus propias exigencias y posibilidades de adhesión a estos grupos. El grado de pertenencia y las formas de participación no pueden ser uniformes. En el presente estudio se analizan las dificultades e implicaciones de la incorporación a la vida de estas nuevas formas asociativas por parte de presbíteros, consagrados, casados y no católicos. Los problemas son de naturaleza diversa y no encuentran respuesta en la presente normativa jurídica porque estamos ante un fenómeno novedoso y carismático. Desde la experiencia y los caminos abiertos por la doctrina se sientan las bases para evitar los conflictos que generan las dobles pertenencias y la defensa tanto de la identidad del movimiento como del propio estado de vida. Son los estatutos particulares de cada asociación los que deben asegurar el ejercicio diferenciado de derechos y obligaciones de las diferentes personas que forman parte de la misma.

The question that the paper seeks to answer is formulated through reflections on the is-sues of non-originalism. Non-originalism refers to an approach to the interpretation of the Constitution where the text of the Constitution adapts to new conditions without any formal change. This approach is applied by courts which, in the light of new circumstances, interpret the Constitution in a different way. The question is whether the same approach should also be applied by the legislator. Should it be the legislator who monitors whether the Constitution has changed in substance as a result of changes in society and that some existing statutes thus have become unconstitutional? The paper concludes that the legisla-tor has an obligation to monitor and respond to such changes by amending or abolishing certain statutes or by adopting new ones. If the legislator fails to respond, then his behav-iour – inaction – is unconstitutional. However, the paper does not claim that the legislator must respond to all the changes in society, but only to those that are significant and obvi-ous. The legislator is understood as an institution, not as a member of the legislative body (based on the theory of the legislative intent). However, the institution of the legislator is a human creation and composed of individuals, and it is their knowledge that makes up the knowledge of the legislator. And it is precisely their possibilities that determine the bound-aries of what the legislator should know. In this text, the creation of law is understood as communication between the legislator, who is the author of statutes, and public bodies, who interpret and apply them. As with any communication, context is what determines it. The legislator’s obligations are derived from the content of the context, its function, and its essential position in communication.

‘Criminalisation’ has attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent years, much of it concerned with identifying the normative limits of criminal law‐making. Starting from the position that effective theorisation of the legitimate uses of criminalisation as a public policy tool requires a robust empirical foundation, this article introduces a novel conceptual and methodological approach, focused on recognising a variety of modalities of criminalisation. The first part of this article introduces and explains the modalities approach we have developed. The second part seeks to demonstrate the utility of a modalities approach by presenting and discussing the findings of a pilot study of more than 100 criminal law statutes enacted in three Australian jurisdictions (New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria) between 2012 and 2016. We conclude that a modalities approach can support nuanced examination of the multiple ways in which adjustments to the parameters of criminalisation are effected. We draw attention to the complexity of the phenomenon of criminalisation, and highlight the need for further quantitative and qualitative work that includes longer‐term historical analysis.

This paper aims at investigating the concept of originality and how it can be applied today to the surviving different versions of a fundamental document in the history of Seville’s Church: the Constituciones (Statutes) of Don Remondo’s, first archbishop of the diocese, consecrated after the Christian reconquest, that promulgated them in 1261. The Constitutiones laid the legal and economic foundations of the Sevillian restored Church and established its legal pillars, that survived until the 19th century. The first version of these statutes is not kept anymore but a number of copies of them were preserved in different pragmatic codices. Did a document translated and updated in 1411 have the same legality and authenticity as its model? It seemed so, as this new version is placed in one of the codices of greatest value to the institution at the time it was created. To conclude, the complete edition of this re-enactment of the text is provided.

This paper aims at investigating the concept of originality and how it can be applied today to the surviving different versions of a fundamental document in the history of Seville’s Church: the Constituciones (Statutes) of Don Remondo’s, first archbishop of the diocese, consecrated after the Christian reconquest, that promulgated them in 1261. The Constitutiones laid the legal and economic foundations of the Sevillian restored Church and established its legal pillars, that survived until the 19th century. The first version of these statutes is not kept anymore but a number of copies of them were preserved in different pragmatic codices. Did a document translated and updated in 1411 have the same legality and authenticity as its model? It seemed so, as this new version is placed in one of the codices of greatest value to the institution at the time it was created. To conclude, the complete edition of this re-enactment of the text is provided.

The aim of the article is to shape an historiographical reflection about merchant and craft guilds during the late Middle Ages, in a city where economic and political trial were of a remarkable influence: Bologna. In fact, craft guilds - substantial groups in the urban environment, relevant from a social, economical and political point of view - were born in order to provide mutual help among partners and economical knowledges. However, in Bologna they acquired an essential role in urban politics when, following a riot raised by mercator Giuseppe Toschi in 1228, leaders of the societates obtain a legislative role in urban magistratures. A historiographical-based analysis of bolognese guilds and their statutes - meaning legislative texts which societates applied for themselves and that used to follow political and institutional changes during XIII and XIV centuries, on which historians based their researches yet at the end of the XIX century - allows to take into consideration the evident link between normative mandates and reasons, motivations and intentions which generated them, detecting developments and dynamics between politics expectations and real phenomenology.

The article is the result of the reflections and experiences of the Supervised Curricular Internship Two of Biological Sciences, at Federal University of Goiás, in which the teaching of Science / Physics for primary education was discussed under a historical approach, based on the Statutes of Biological Knowledge (ECB), Ontological (EO), Epistemological (EE), Historical-Social (EHS) and Conceptual (EC), proposed by Nascimento-Jr. These reflections deal with aspects experienced during the regency period in classes of 9th grade of Elementary School and are related to the use of teaching strategies in pedagogical practice and to possible ways of teaching Science / Physics, based on the Statutes of Knowledge. The History and Philosophy of Science were discussed with students from the contents of electricity, electromagnetism and the solar system, constructing a non-reductionist, non-linear and non-ahistorical view. The challenges were mighty, but they show that it is possible to build strategies that seek to challenge the construction of knowledge beyond the transmission of content., O artigo é fruto das reflexões e vivências do Estágio Curricular Supervisionado II de Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade Federal de Goiás, em que se discutiu o ensino de Ciências/Física para o ensino fundamental, sob uma abordagem histórica, a partir dos Estatutos do Conhecimento Biológico (ECB), Ontológico (EO), Epistemológico (EE), Histórico-Social (EHS) e Conceitual (EC), propostos por Nascimento-Jr. Essas reflexões abordam aspectos vivenciados durante o período de regência em turmas de 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, e se relacionam ao uso de estratégias de ensino na prática pedagógica e aos caminhos possíveis para o ensino de Ciências/Física, a partir dos Estatutos do Conhecimento. Foram discutidos com os estudantes a História e Filosofia da Ciência a partir de conteúdos de eletricidade, eletromagnetismo e sistema solar, construindo uma visão não reducionista, não linear e nem a-histórica. Os desafios encontrados foram grandes, mas mostram que é possível construir estratégias que busquem desafiar a construção do conhecimento para além da transmissão de conteúdos.

The unconstitutional process at the Peruvian Constitution (1993) has a progressive development in the jurisprudence of his top judicial institution to make constitutional interpretations; but the Congress needs to take a politic decision to promote some amendments at the future.

This paper aims at investigating the concept of originality and how it can be applied today to the surviving different versions of a fundamental document in the history of Seville’s Church: the Constituciones (Statutes) of Don Remondo’s, first archbishop of the diocese, consecrated after the Christian reconquest, that promulgated them in 1261. The Constitutiones laid the legal and economic foundations of the Sevillian restored Church and established its legal pillars, that survived until the 19th century. The first version of these statutes is not kept anymore but a number of copies of them were preserved in different pragmatic codices. Did a document translated and updated in 1411 have the same legality and authenticity as its model? It seemed so, as this new version is placed in one of the codices of greatest value to the institution at the time it was created. To conclude, the complete edition of this re-enactment of the text is provided.

This paper aims at investigating the concept of originality and how it can be applied today to the surviving different versions of a fundamental document in the history of Seville’s Church: the Constituciones (Statutes) of Don Remondo’s, first archbishop of the diocese, consecrated after the Christian reconquest, that promulgated them in 1261. The Constitutiones laid the legal and economic foundations of the Sevillian restored Church and established its legal pillars, that survived until the 19th century. The first version of these statutes is not kept anymore but a number of copies of them were preserved in different pragmatic codices. Did a document translated and updated in 1411 have the same legality and authenticity as its model? It seemed so, as this new version is placed in one of the codices of greatest value to the institution at the time it was created. To conclude, the complete edition of this re-enactment of the text is provided.

The autonomy enjoyed by private associations of the faithful concerning their direction is also reflected on the governance of the goods, since can. 1257 §2 establishes that «the temporal goods of a private juridic person are governed by its own statutes but not by these canons unless other provision is expressly made». This statement opens up controversial issues, such as the limits of bona ecclesiastica described in can. 1257 §1, governance over the goods of private juridic persons, or the CIC 1983 norms which expresse affect these associations. Coming to know how the statutes of seven private international associations describe the administration of goods, allowed underscoring some general critical reflections which help to complete the overview offered by the code regulation., La autonomía de la que gozan las asociaciones privadas de fieles a nivel de gobierno se refleja también en el régimen de sus bienes, al señalar el CIC 1983 en el can. 1257 §2 que «los bienes temporales de una persona jurídica privada se rigen por sus estatutos propios, y no por estos cánones, si no se indica expresamente otra cosa». Esta formulación abre cuestiones controvertidas, tales como el alcance de los bona ecclesiastica descritos en el can. 1257 §1, el régimen al que quedan sometidos los bienes de las personas jurídicas privadas, o cuáles son las normas codiciales que expresse afectan a estas asociaciones. Conocer cómo la administración de los bienes queda regulada en la normativa propia de algunas asociaciones internacionales privadas de fieles nos ha permitido apuntar algunas reflexiones críticas de carácter general que vienen a completar el panorama codicial.

THE TEACHING OF THE JESUITS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ÉVOR: A READING OF THE FIRST STATUTES. In this paper we examined the organization of teaching at the University of Évora, founded in 1559 and entrusted to the priests of the Society of Jesus, with the main documentary source Statutes that were in force until 1759. The statutes are a prime source for the study of university education in particular as regards the administrative life, the syllabus and the other aspects of academic life, such as the use of the library, the customs of the students, the parties, public events and international exchange. With reading and analysis of the most relevant documents of the University of history, we intend to make a contribution to the history of university education in Portugal and trace the evolution of the university during the two hundred years of Jesuit education.Key-words: statutes, university education, directors, public acts, student parties., L'ENSEIGNEMENT DES JESUITES A L'UNIVERSITE D'ÉVORA: UNE LECTURE DES PREMIERS STATUTS. Nous avons examiné l'organisation de l'enseignement à l'Université d'Évora, fondée en 1559 et confiée aux prêtres de la Compagnie de Jésus, en prenant comme source documentaire principale les Statuts qui étaient en vigueur jusqu'à 1759. Les Statuts sont une source essentielle pour l'étude de l'enseignement universitaire en particulier en ce qui concerne la vie administrative, le programme et les autres aspects de la vie universitaire, telles que l'utilisation de la bibliothèque, les coutumes des étudiants, les parties, les événements publics et les échanges internationaux. Avec la lecture et l'analyse des documents les plus pertinents de l'Université de l'histoire, nous avons l'intention d'apporter une contribution à l'histoire de l'enseignement universitaire au Portugal et en retracer l'évolution de l'université pendant les deux cents ans de l'éducation jésuiteMots-clé: statuts, l'enseignement universitaire, administration, les examens publics, soirées étudiantes., Neste trabalho analisamos a organização do ensino na Universidade de Évora, fundada em 1559 e confiada aos padres da Companhia de Jesus, tendo como principal documento os Estatutos, que estiveram em vigor até 1759. Os Estatutos constituem um documento privilegiado para o estudo do ensino universitário, nomeadamente no que se refere à vida administrativa, ao plano de estudos e a outros aspetos da vida académica, como a utilização da biblioteca, os costumes dos estudantes, as festas, atos públicos e o intercâmbio internacional. Com a leitura e análise a um dos documentos mais relevantes da história da Universidade, pretendemos dar um contributo para a história do ensino universitário em Portugal e traçar a evolução da universidade durante os duzentos anos de ensino dos jesuítas.Palavras-chave: estatutos, ensino universitário, administração, atos públicos, festas estudantis., LOS JESUITAS EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ÉVORA: UNA LECTURA DE LOS PRIMEROS ESTATUTOS. Se examinó la organización de la enseñanza en la Universidad de Évora, fundada en 1559 y confiada a los sacerdotes de la Compañía de Jesús, tomamos como fuente documental los Estatutos que estaban en vigor hasta 1759. Los Estatutos son una fuente primordial para el estudio de la enseñanza universitaria en particular en lo que se refiere a la vida administrativa, el plan de estudios y los demás aspectos de la vida académica, como el uso de la biblioteca, las costumbres de los estudiantes, las fiestas, eventos públicos y el intercambio internacional. Con la lectura y análisis de los documentos más relevantes de la Universidad, tenemos la intención de hacer una contribución a la historia de la educación universitaria en Portugal y seguir la evolución de la universidad durante los doscientos años de la educación jesuita.Palabras-clave: estatutos, la educación universitaria, administración, actos públicos, fiestas de estudiantes.

THE TEACHING OF THE JESUITS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ÉVOR: A READING OF THE FIRST STATUTES. In this paper we examined the organization of teaching at the University of Évora, founded in 1559 and entrusted to the priests of the Society of Jesus, with the main documentary source Statutes that were in force until 1759. The statutes are a prime source for the study of university education in particular as regards the administrative life, the syllabus and the other aspects of academic life, such as the use of the library, the customs of the students, the parties, public events and international exchange. With reading and analysis of the most relevant documents of the University of history, we intend to make a contribution to the history of university education in Portugal and trace the evolution of the university during the two hundred years of Jesuit education.Key-words: statutes, university education, directors, public acts, student parties., L'ENSEIGNEMENT DES JESUITES A L'UNIVERSITE D'ÉVORA: UNE LECTURE DES PREMIERS STATUTS. Nous avons examiné l'organisation de l'enseignement à l'Université d'Évora, fondée en 1559 et confiée aux prêtres de la Compagnie de Jésus, en prenant comme source documentaire principale les Statuts qui étaient en vigueur jusqu'à 1759. Les Statuts sont une source essentielle pour l'étude de l'enseignement universitaire en particulier en ce qui concerne la vie administrative, le programme et les autres aspects de la vie universitaire, telles que l'utilisation de la bibliothèque, les coutumes des étudiants, les parties, les événements publics et les échanges internationaux. Avec la lecture et l'analyse des documents les plus pertinents de l'Université de l'histoire, nous avons l'intention d'apporter une contribution à l'histoire de l'enseignement universitaire au Portugal et en retracer l'évolution de l'université pendant les deux cents ans de l'éducation jésuiteMots-clé: statuts, l'enseignement universitaire, administration, les examens publics, soirées étudiantes., Neste trabalho analisamos a organização do ensino na Universidade de Évora, fundada em 1559 e confiada aos padres da Companhia de Jesus, tendo como principal documento os Estatutos, que estiveram em vigor até 1759. Os Estatutos constituem um documento privilegiado para o estudo do ensino universitário, nomeadamente no que se refere à vida administrativa, ao plano de estudos e a outros aspetos da vida académica, como a utilização da biblioteca, os costumes dos estudantes, as festas, atos públicos e o intercâmbio internacional. Com a leitura e análise a um dos documentos mais relevantes da história da Universidade, pretendemos dar um contributo para a história do ensino universitário em Portugal e traçar a evolução da universidade durante os duzentos anos de ensino dos jesuítas.Palavras-chave: estatutos, ensino universitário, administração, atos públicos, festas estudantis., LOS JESUITAS EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ÉVORA: UNA LECTURA DE LOS PRIMEROS ESTATUTOS. Se examinó la organización de la enseñanza en la Universidad de Évora, fundada en 1559 y confiada a los sacerdotes de la Compañía de Jesús, tomamos como fuente documental los Estatutos que estaban en vigor hasta 1759. Los Estatutos son una fuente primordial para el estudio de la enseñanza universitaria en particular en lo que se refiere a la vida administrativa, el plan de estudios y los demás aspectos de la vida académica, como el uso de la biblioteca, las costumbres de los estudiantes, las fiestas, eventos públicos y el intercambio internacional. Con la lectura y análisis de los documentos más relevantes de la Universidad, tenemos la intención de hacer una contribución a la historia de la educación universitaria en Portugal y seguir la evolución de la universidad durante los doscientos años de la educación jesuita.Palabras-clave: estatutos, la educación universitaria, administración, actos públicos, fiestas de estudiantes.

Current scientific article examines the foundation and main directions of activity of “Pedagogical Society of Carpathian Ruthenia” established in Uzhgorod in 1923. Conditions and purpose of the organization, the role of leading teachers of the land in the development of social organization have been under analysis. In a generalized sense the article describes social and political conditions of the time and the reaction of pedagogical public to them. Considerable attention is paid to main leaders, activists, and efforts of clerisy aimed to solve educational issues of the land. By using unpublished archival sources, educational periodicals of 1920 – 1930’s, studies of modern scientists, the author draws conclusions about the effectiveness of the organization and its creative potential., Досліджено процес заснування та основні напрямки діяльності «Педагогічного товариства Підкарпатської Русі», створеного в Ужгороді у 1923 р. Проаналізовано умови й мета цієї громадської організації, роль провідних педагогів краю в її розбудові та функціонуванні. Загально охарактеризовано суспільно-політичні умови тогочасності й реакцію на них педагогічної спільноти. Значну увагу приділено роботі чільних діячів, активістів, творчої інтелігенції у вирішенні освітніх і культурних Закарпатського краю. На основі використаних неопублікованих архівних джерел, педагогічної періодики 1920–1930-х років, досліджень сучасних науковців обґрунтовано ефективність роботи вказаного товариства, розкрито його творчий потенціал.

The autonomy enjoyed by private associations of the faithful concerning their direction is also reflected on the governance of the goods, since can. 1257 §2 establishes that «the temporal goods of a private juridic person are governed by its own statutes but not by these canons unless other provision is expressly made». This statement opens up controversial issues, such as the limits of bona ecclesiastica described in can. 1257 §1, governance over the goods of private juridic persons, or the CIC 1983 norms which expresse affect these associations. Coming to know how the statutes of seven private international associations describe the administration of goods, allowed underscoring some general critical reflections which help to complete the overview offered by the code regulation., La autonomía de la que gozan las asociaciones privadas de fieles a nivel de gobierno se refleja también en el régimen de sus bienes, al señalar el CIC 1983 en el can. 1257 §2 que «los bienes temporales de una persona jurídica privada se rigen por sus estatutos propios, y no por estos cánones, si no se indica expresamente otra cosa». Esta formulación abre cuestiones controvertidas, tales como el alcance de los bona ecclesiastica descritos en el can. 1257 §1, el régimen al que quedan sometidos los bienes de las personas jurídicas privadas, o cuáles son las normas codiciales que expresse afectan a estas asociaciones. Conocer cómo la administración de los bienes queda regulada en la normativa propia de algunas asociaciones internacionales privadas de fieles nos ha permitido apuntar algunas reflexiones críticas de carácter general que vienen a completar el panorama codicial.

The autonomy enjoyed by private associations of the faithful concerning their direction is also reflected on the governance of the goods, since can. 1257 §2 establishes that «the temporal goods of a private juridic person are governed by its own statutes but not by these canons unless other provision is expressly made». This statement opens up controversial issues, such as the limits of bona ecclesiastica described in can. 1257 §1, governance over the goods of private juridic persons, or the CIC 1983 norms which expresse affect these associations. Coming to know how the statutes of seven private international associations describe the administration of goods, allowed underscoring some general critical reflections which help to complete the overview offered by the code regulation., La autonomía de la que gozan las asociaciones privadas de fieles a nivel de gobierno se refleja también en el régimen de sus bienes, al señalar el CIC 1983 en el can. 1257 §2 que «los bienes temporales de una persona jurídica privada se rigen por sus estatutos propios, y no por estos cánones, si no se indica expresamente otra cosa». Esta formulación abre cuestiones controvertidas, tales como el alcance de los bona ecclesiastica descritos en el can. 1257 §1, el régimen al que quedan sometidos los bienes de las personas jurídicas privadas, o cuáles son las normas codiciales que expresse afectan a estas asociaciones. Conocer cómo la administración de los bienes queda regulada en la normativa propia de algunas asociaciones internacionales privadas de fieles nos ha permitido apuntar algunas reflexiones críticas de carácter general que vienen a completar el panorama codicial.

В статье анализируется процесс подготовки и введения в действие штатов и рабочих положений казенных горных округов Урала. Показана деятельность органов управления металлургической промышленностью и местной горной администрации по разработке и совершенствованию штатов. Изучается работа специального комитета по исправлению штатов казенных заводов Урала, в результате деятельности которого во второй четверти XIX в. было собрано большое количество статистической информации об организации производства, составе кадров, производительности государственных металлургических предприятий края., The article analyzes the preparation and introduction of statutes and work regulations for the Urals state ironworks. The author shows the establishment of special committee for statutes revision in the Urals. The committee accumulated a great number of information about state ironworks production, their productivity and personnel.

Статья отвечает на вопросы, что происходило с подданным византийского императора, когда он становился монахом, терял ли он свою правоспособность, менялась она или же эти изменения и вовсе отсутствовали? Такие вопросы сами по себе, в отрыве от прочих источников, являются не-кими искусственными конструктами, имеющими право на жизнь только в системе права, поэтому были добавлены свидетельства письменных (агиография, нормотворческие законоположения Василия Великого, уставы средневизантийского периода) и документальных источников (папирусы), как отражений другой реальности, которая лишь частично пересекается с правовой. В результате проделанного исследования были сделаны выводы: три пласта реальности – правовой, идеал полного отказа от собствен-ности и повседневная действительность – лишь частично перекрывали друг друга. Правовое положение монаха зависело не только и не столько от законов, сколько от выбранной им формы монашества. Правовая смерть (согласно монашескому идеалу и части законов), умаление правоспособности (capitis deminutio) наступала только в киновиях с наиболее жесткими правилами относительно права монаха владеть собственностью. Остальные монахи пользовались полной свободой в распоряжении имуществом и составлении завещаний., The article deals with the problem what happened to a subject of the Byzantine emperor when becoming a monk, whether he was to lose or change his juridical capacity or not at all. Such questions taken apart from all the other sources are artificial constructions of sort; they only begin being a living reality in a system of law. So evidence from written (hagiography, the norms and dispositions of Basil the Great, the statutes of the Middle Byzantine period) and documentary sources (the papyri) was added, which reflects another reality intersecting only partially with law. In the course of the research work, the fol-lowing conclusions have been made. The three strata of reality – the juridical one, the ideal of renouncing completely to one’s property, and the everyday life –overlapped only partially each other. The status of a monk depended less on legislation than on his own choice as to the proper kind of monasticism. The legal death (according to the monastic ideal and a part of legislation) and the lessening of juridical capacity (capitis deminutio) only followed in the coenobitic communities with the strictest rules concerning the monk’s right to have property. The rest of the monks were completely free to dispose of their property and make testaments.

Mainly this study sought to find out primary sources of law undergraduate law students cite in their research projects. It also sought to ascertain most frequently cited sources as well as their availability in faculty of law libraries in Anambra and Enugu States of Nigeria. Five research questions guided the study. The research design was a survey. A total of 543 projects were used for the study. Instrument for data collection were checklist and interview. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages to answer research questions 1,2 and 3. Responses from the law librarians in research questions 4 and 5 were qualitatively analysed. Findings of the study revealed that most of the information sources cited were not available in the four law libraries studied. Problems which impinge on the provision and availability of these resources were highlighted. Finally strategies that will enhance the availability and use of these information sources in faculty of law libraries in Anambra and Enugu States of Nigeria were recommended.

The statutes (regimentos) of general governors of State of Brazil are a privileged source for the study of political dynamics during the Ancien Regime. We can characterize the statute as a royal instrument par excellence, since it was used to delegate powers and to delitimitate jurisdictions, thus defining the political functions of various crafts and councils of the Portuguese Monarchy. The importance of the statutes lies amongst other things in the delegation of royal powers to the general governors, because through the transfer of a proper attribute of the monarch, the ―regalia‖, the general governors were able to exercise their authority on behalf of the crown. For all this, we propose a comparative analysis of the statutes that were passed to the general governors between 1621 and 1677, in order to perceive and understand how the powers and the instructions of government were delegated in this period. We seek to combine in our analysis quantitative and qualitative questions. For this purpose, we will observe in a comparative way the number of ―chapters‖ (capítulos) in each statute. On the other hand, we also seek to adress the specificities of these instructions, focusing attention to the detailing dedicated in the elaboration of the instruction text. We seek to establish dialogues with the historiography which adresses the statutes, to raise new questions for the debate on the organization of the political-administrative power in the portuguese America during the seventeenth century. The choice of these statutes as the object of analysis was done considering the dynamic context of the State of Brazil in the seventeenth century. Therefore, is necessary to emphasize that the statute of Diogo de Mendonça Furtado was elaborated during the Iberian Union (1621), and as the recent historiography pointed, this document served as model for the dynasty of Braganza, which incorporated the Castilian experience to their mode of government, sending similar statutes to the, Os regimentos dos governadores gerais do Estado do Brasil são uma fonte privilegiada para o estudo das dinâmicas políticas durante o Antigo Regime. Podemos caracterizar o regimento como um instrumento régio por excelência, uma vez que era utilizado para delegar poderes e delimitar jurisdições, definindo assim as funções políticas de vários ofícios e concelhos da Monarquia Portuguesa. A importância dos regimentos reside entre outras coisas na delegação de poderes régios aos governadores gerais, pois através da transferência de um atributo próprio do monarca, a ―regalia‖, os governadores gerais podiam exercer sua autoridade em nome do coroa. Por tudo isso, propomos uma análise comparativa entre os regimentos que foram passados aos governadores gerais entre 1621 e 1677, a fim de perceber e entender como os poderes e as instruções de governo foram delegadas neste período. Buscamos conjugar em nossa análise questões quantitativas e qualitativas. Para tanto, observaremos de modo comparativo o número de ―capítulos‖ em cada regimento. Por outro lado, também buscaremos contemplar as especificidades destas instruções, atentando para o detalhamento dispensado na elaboração do texto da instrução. Buscamos estabelecer diálogos com a historiografia que abordou os regimentos, de modo a levantar novas questões para o debate sobre a organização do poder político-administrativo na América Lusa durante o século XVII. A escolha desses regimentos como objeto de análise foi feita tendo em vista o contexto dinâmico do Estado do Brasil no século XVII. Sendo assim é preciso ressaltar que o regimento de Diogo de Mendonça Furtado foi elaborado durante a União Ibérica (1621), e como a historiografia recente apontou, este documento serviu de modelo para a dinastia dos Bragança, que incorporou a experiência castelhana ao seu modo de governo, enviando regimentos semelhantes aos governadores Antônio Teles da Silva (1642), Conde de Atouguia (1654) e Afonso Furtado de Mendonça (1671). A mudança no ―

The importance of the books of notarial protocols for the historical investigation in the modern age is unquestionable in any one of the fields of susceptible study of analysis, from the economy, the society, the mentality or the culture. especially significant is his contribution to the study of the confraternities. The patronatos and wills in favour of these organisations, the agreements with craftsmen for the building of chapels or artistic works linked with the saint headline or the figths aroused between this type of associations with other similar or with the religious orders in whose church had established his headquarters, are some examples of the rich documentary typology found in these records. However, the data found can be much more valuable, to the point of keeping the writings of foundation and the statutes of internal legislation of a lot of corporations, detailing his functionality, the type of internal and external solidarity, the charges, management of incomes, etc. This is the case of the Society of Farmers of antequera, whose original constitutions was rescued thanks to the copy registered in front of notary public. The transcription and put in value of this document are the aims of the present study., La importancia de los protocolos notariales para la investigación histórica en la edad moderna es incuestionable en cualquiera de los campos de estudio susceptibles de análisis, ya sea desde la economía, la sociedad, la mentalidad o la cultura. especialmente significativa es su aportación al estudio de las cofradías. los patronatos y mandas testamentarias a favor de estas organizaciones, los contratos con artesanos para la edificación de capillas u obras artísticas vinculadas con el santo titular o los litigios suscitados entre este tipo de asociaciones con otras homónimas o con las órde- nes religiosas en cuya iglesia tenían establecida su sede, son algunos ejemplos de la rica tipología documental rastreable en estos fondos. Sin embargo, los datos encontrados pueden ser mucho más valiosos, hasta el punto de custodiar las escrituras de fundación y los estatutos de ordenamiento interno de muchas corporaciones, detallando su funcionalidad, el tipo de solidaridad interna y ex- terna, los cargos unipersonales, gestión de rentas, etc. este es el caso de la Sociedad de labradores de antequera, cuyas constituciones originales quedan rescatadas gracias al registro ante escribano público. la transcripción y puesta en valor de este documento son los objetivos del presente estudio.

El Tratado de Uceda hace su aparición en el año 1586, en oposición a la corriente que surge dentro de la orden de los franciscanos, abogando por el restablecimiento de los estatutos de limpieza de sangre. El autor de dicho texto traerá a colación una serie de argumentos que anteriormente ya habían sido esgrimidos durante el siglo XV., The treatise of Uceda appears in 1586, opposing the current that arises within the Franciscan order and advocating for the restoration of the statutes of purity of blood. The author of the treatise will bring up a number of arguments that had already been put forward in the fifteenth century.

This research aims to identify in the normative documents of some political parties in Central America, which are in harmony with their political constitutions and international instruments, the provisions that promote education and culture of peace, and to assess its effectiveness. It is documentary and its analysis is based on deductive and comparative methods, it covers the period from 1984 to 2012. This work concludes that the legal and statutory bodies in the countries studied incorporate components of education and culture of effective peace for the past twenty years in which there has been alternation of power through elections., Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar en los documentos normativos de algunos Partidos Políticos de Centroamérica, en armonía con las Constituciones Políticas e instrumentos internacionales, las disposiciones que promueven la educación y cultura de paz y valorar su eficacia. Es de carácter documental y en su análisis se utilizan los métodos deductivo y comparativo, comprende el periodo de 1984 a 2012. Se concluye que los cuerpos jurídicos y estatutarios en los países en estudio incorporan componentes de educación y cultura de paz eficaces durante los últimos veintisiete años en los que ha habido alternabilidad en el poder a través de procesos electorales.

The statutes (regimentos) of general governors of State of Brazil are a privileged source for the study of political dynamics during the Ancien Regime. We can characterize the statute as a royal instrument par excellence, since it was used to delegate powers and to delitimitate jurisdictions, thus defining the political functions of various crafts and councils of the Portuguese Monarchy. The importance of the statutes lies amongst other things in the delegation of royal powers to the general governors, because through the transfer of a proper attribute of the monarch, the ―regalia‖, the general governors were able to exercise their authority on behalf of the crown. For all this, we propose a comparative analysis of the statutes that were passed to the general governors between 1621 and 1677, in order to perceive and understand how the powers and the instructions of government were delegated in this period. We seek to combine in our analysis quantitative and qualitative questions. For this purpose, we will observe in a comparative way the number of ―chapters‖ (capítulos) in each statute. On the other hand, we also seek to adress the specificities of these instructions, focusing attention to the detailing dedicated in the elaboration of the instruction text. We seek to establish dialogues with the historiography which adresses the statutes, to raise new questions for the debate on the organization of the political-administrative power in the portuguese America during the seventeenth century. The choice of these statutes as the object of analysis was done considering the dynamic context of the State of Brazil in the seventeenth century. Therefore, is necessary to emphasize that the statute of Diogo de Mendonça Furtado was elaborated during the Iberian Union (1621), and as the recent historiography pointed, this document served as model for the dynasty of Braganza, which incorporated the Castilian experience to their mode of government, sending similar statutes to the, Os regimentos dos governadores gerais do Estado do Brasil são uma fonte privilegiada para o estudo das dinâmicas políticas durante o Antigo Regime. Podemos caracterizar o regimento como um instrumento régio por excelência, uma vez que era utilizado para delegar poderes e delimitar jurisdições, definindo assim as funções políticas de vários ofícios e concelhos da Monarquia Portuguesa. A importância dos regimentos reside entre outras coisas na delegação de poderes régios aos governadores gerais, pois através da transferência de um atributo próprio do monarca, a ―regalia‖, os governadores gerais podiam exercer sua autoridade em nome do coroa. Por tudo isso, propomos uma análise comparativa entre os regimentos que foram passados aos governadores gerais entre 1621 e 1677, a fim de perceber e entender como os poderes e as instruções de governo foram delegadas neste período. Buscamos conjugar em nossa análise questões quantitativas e qualitativas. Para tanto, observaremos de modo comparativo o número de ―capítulos‖ em cada regimento. Por outro lado, também buscaremos contemplar as especificidades destas instruções, atentando para o detalhamento dispensado na elaboração do texto da instrução. Buscamos estabelecer diálogos com a historiografia que abordou os regimentos, de modo a levantar novas questões para o debate sobre a organização do poder político-administrativo na América Lusa durante o século XVII. A escolha desses regimentos como objeto de análise foi feita tendo em vista o contexto dinâmico do Estado do Brasil no século XVII. Sendo assim é preciso ressaltar que o regimento de Diogo de Mendonça Furtado foi elaborado durante a União Ibérica (1621), e como a historiografia recente apontou, este documento serviu de modelo para a dinastia dos Bragança, que incorporou a experiência castelhana ao seu modo de governo, enviando regimentos semelhantes aos governadores Antônio Teles da Silva (1642), Conde de Atouguia (1654) e Afonso Furtado de Mendonça (1671). A mudança no ―

The importance of the books of notarial protocols for the historical investigation in the modern age is unquestionable in any one of the fields of susceptible study of analysis, from the economy, the society, the mentality or the culture. especially significant is his contribution to the study of the confraternities. The patronatos and wills in favour of these organisations, the agreements with craftsmen for the building of chapels or artistic works linked with the saint headline or the figths aroused between this type of associations with other similar or with the religious orders in whose church had established his headquarters, are some examples of the rich documentary typology found in these records. However, the data found can be much more valuable, to the point of keeping the writings of foundation and the statutes of internal legislation of a lot of corporations, detailing his functionality, the type of internal and external solidarity, the charges, management of incomes, etc. This is the case of the Society of Farmers of antequera, whose original constitutions was rescued thanks to the copy registered in front of notary public. The transcription and put in value of this document are the aims of the present study., La importancia de los protocolos notariales para la investigación histórica en la edad moderna es incuestionable en cualquiera de los campos de estudio susceptibles de análisis, ya sea desde la economía, la sociedad, la mentalidad o la cultura. especialmente significativa es su aportación al estudio de las cofradías. los patronatos y mandas testamentarias a favor de estas organizaciones, los contratos con artesanos para la edificación de capillas u obras artísticas vinculadas con el santo titular o los litigios suscitados entre este tipo de asociaciones con otras homónimas o con las órde- nes religiosas en cuya iglesia tenían establecida su sede, son algunos ejemplos de la rica tipología documental rastreable en estos fondos. Sin embargo, los datos encontrados pueden ser mucho más valiosos, hasta el punto de custodiar las escrituras de fundación y los estatutos de ordenamiento interno de muchas corporaciones, detallando su funcionalidad, el tipo de solidaridad interna y ex- terna, los cargos unipersonales, gestión de rentas, etc. este es el caso de la Sociedad de labradores de antequera, cuyas constituciones originales quedan rescatadas gracias al registro ante escribano público. la transcripción y puesta en valor de este documento son los objetivos del presente estudio.

El Tratado de Uceda hace su aparición en el año 1586, en oposición a la corriente que surge dentro de la orden de los franciscanos, abogando por el restablecimiento de los estatutos de limpieza de sangre. El autor de dicho texto traerá a colación una serie de argumentos que anteriormente ya habían sido esgrimidos durante el siglo XV., The treatise of Uceda appears in 1586, opposing the current that arises within the Franciscan order and advocating for the restoration of the statutes of purity of blood. The author of the treatise will bring up a number of arguments that had already been put forward in the fifteenth century.

Much of the literature on Costa Rican political parties focuses on the study of the party system as the key to the explanation of political gridlock, weak representation and citizen dealignment that currently experience the country. Instead of focusing on the interaction between political parties, this paper develops a different approach: the study of party organizations. The presumption is that party organization plays a major role in the political erosion that Costa Rica experiences. The analysis of party structures, links with local leaders and affiliates, functioning during non-electoral times, and political socialization mechanisms reveals extremely weak organizations, not prepared to fulfill political party core functions, Gran parte de la literatura sobre partidos políticos costarricenses se centra en el estudio del sistema de partidos como la clave de la explicación de la parálisis política, la representación débil y ciudadana de alineación que actualmente experimenta el país. En lugar de centrarse en la interacción entre los partidos políticos, en este trabajo se desarrolla un enfoque diferente: el estudio de las organizaciones partidarias. La presunción es que la organización del partido juega un papel importante en el desgaste político que se experimenta en Costa Rica. El análisis de las estructuras de los partidos, los vínculos con los dirigentes y afiliados locales, su funcionamiento en tiempos no electorales, y los mecanismos de socialización políticos revela organizaciones extremadamente débiles, no preparadas para cumplir con las funciones básicas de un partido político

Although the legislature has made significant inroads into tort law, tort theorists have focused their attention overwhelmingly on the common law. Serious consideration has never been given to the challenges that statutory tort law poses for theories of tort law. In this article we begin to redress this omission by examining the implications of statutes for corrective justice and rights-based theories of tort law. Our central task is to determine whether these leading theories accurately explain tort law once statutory tort law is taken into account. As a precursor to this analysis, we consider whether statutes form part of tort law (some influential theorists believe or arguably believe that they do not). We contend that statutes are part of tort law and that the theories under examination fail to explain important aspects of statutory tort law. Partly because of this failure, they are not satisfactory accounts of the whole of tort law, which is often how they are presented by their proponents.

Este documento incluye un texto que responde la pregunta planteada en el título, un mapa de contenidos y una guía metodológica para la realización de un taller -- Para iniciar, el texto enuncia los posibles objetos de la investigación jurídica, a saber: especulación teórica sobre problemas fundamentales del derecho, búsqueda de soluciones en normas a situaciones concretas, y analizar un problema y proponer soluciones legales adecuadas -- Por su parte, explica que la consolidación de las leyes como reguladoras de la conducta de las personas fue un triunfo contra la arbitrariedad de los gobernantes -- No obstante, en la investigación y el quehacer jurídico las normas sobre un tema en específico pueden llegar a ser complejas e incluso contradictorias, y son de carácter valorativo en donde la importancia reside en la calidad de la argumentación -- Finalmente, para responder sobre por qué se debe obedecer, se recuerda que el derecho es un mecanismo de ordenación que facilita la convivencia social, cuya pretensión es ser reconocido como legítimo y razonable y lograr el balance entre la garantía de las libertades y la protección unas condiciones básicas de convivencia a través de unas penas que deberán ser proporcionales a la gravedad del delito.

El presente artículo se centra en desarrollar una forma de pensar la enseñanza y Dogmática Jurídicas, en cuanto a su método y objeto, de tal forma que los juristas en formación adquieran una visión global del Derecho y de su propósito social -- A lo largo del texto, se verá la importancia de que desde estos dos procesos de producción y transmisión del conocimiento jurídico, esté presente el diálogo del Derecho con otras disciplinas y con estudios empíricos -- Todo con el fin de que los futuros abogados además de tener una formación completa en cuanto a las formalidades y conocimientos del Derecho Positivo, sean también capaces de contribuir a la satisfacción de las necesidades sociales

This study aims to determine how the statute owned by an International sports federation which is an International non governmental organizations, Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) on its relation to the sovereignty of a country, and this case is appeared on dualism that happened ini one of FIFA member, Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI). In the dualism of PSSI case, the Indonesian government urged to resolve the problem of PSSI but it is tangent to the articles in the FIFA Statutes which prohibits any intervention, including one from a country through the government, on the problems faced by members of FIFA and if that happens, there will be sanctions provided to the country's football association. The problem in this thesis is how to give FIFA a position as an International organization under International law, how the role of the FIFA Statutes as Lex Sportiva in the International community, and how the FIFA Statutes applicable to the sovereignty of the state in the dualism of PSSI case. The method used is the normative legal research with library research used to obtain secondary data required which includes primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary related issues. The results of the study are presented descriptively in order to obtain an explanation of the issues discussed. The results showed that the FIFA Statutes is Lex Sportiva and applied as a transnational law and binding its members in performing all activities. Applicability of Statutes of FIFA against the sovereignty of the state in the dualism of PSSI indicated by the Indonesian government involvement in resolving the case by holding to the FIFA instructions to guide the parties to the dispute and not to interfere and take PSSI directly. Here it can be seen that the Indonesian government run it with respect to the presence of FIFA and it statutes. FIFA also assumed that the Indonesian government did not intervene in the matter so that it did not issue any sanctions. Wi

This paper analyzes the legal structures and the power concentration that developed after the creation of the first revolutionary organs. Therefore, it thoroughly examines the Fundamental Statute of the Republic of Nicaragua, the Council of State, the Statute on the Rights and Guarantees of Nicaraguans, the Statute of the National Assembly and the decrees issued by the Executive and Legislative branches. The paper describes the arduous route that led to the consolidation of the governmental institutions in Nicaragua. This process took place while the Reagan Administration funded armed groups known as «contrarrevolucionarios». On the one hand, the analysis emphasizes the inconsistencies and confusion of the legal instruments involved and, on the other hand, the gestation of a reinforced presidentialism that mutilated the independence of the other governmental branches. Both of them will be noticed in the Constitution of 1987., El trabajo analiza las estructuras jurídicas y la concentración del poder que se produce a partir de la creación de los primeros órganos revolucionarios. Para ello, se realiza un análisis al Estatuto Fundamental de la República, del Consejo de Estado, al de Derechos y Garantías de los nicaragüenses, Estatuto de la Asamblea Nacional y a los decretos emitidos por el Poder Ejecutivo y Legislativo. A partir de esta información, el trabajo muestra el proceloso camino hacia la institucionalidad en Nicaragua que se produce en medio del financiamiento de la administración Reagan a los grupos armados conocidos como «contrarrevolucionarios». Nuestro análisis destaca por un lado, las incoherencias y la confusión de los instrumentos jurídicos involucrados y por otro, el proceso de gestación de un presidencialismo reforzado que mutiló la independencia de los demás poderes. Ambas se harán notar en la Constitución de 1987

This paper analyzes the legal structures and the power concentration that developed after the creation of the first revolutionary organs. Therefore, it thoroughly examines the Fundamental Statute of the Republic of Nicaragua, the Council of State, the Statute on the Rights and Guarantees of Nicaraguans, the Statute of the National Assembly and the decrees issued by the Executive and Legislative branches. The paper describes the arduous route that led to the consolidation of the governmental institutions in Nicaragua. This process took place while the Reagan Administration funded armed groups known as «contrarrevolucionarios». On the one hand, the analysis emphasizes the inconsistencies and confusion of the legal instruments involved and, on the other hand, the gestation of a reinforced presidentialism that mutilated the independence of the other governmental branches. Both of them will be noticed in the Constitution of 1987., El trabajo analiza las estructuras jurídicas y la concentración del poder que se produce a partir de la creación de los primeros órganos revolucionarios. Para ello, se realiza un análisis al Estatuto Fundamental de la República, del Consejo de Estado, al de Derechos y Garantías de los nicaragüenses, Estatuto de la Asamblea Nacional y a los decretos emitidos por el Poder Ejecutivo y Legislativo. A partir de esta información, el trabajo muestra el proceloso camino hacia la institucionalidad en Nicaragua que se produce en medio del financiamiento de la administración Reagan a los grupos armados conocidos como «contrarrevolucionarios». Nuestro análisis destaca por un lado, las incoherencias y la confusión de los instrumentos jurídicos involucrados y por otro, el proceso de gestación de un presidencialismo reforzado que mutiló la independencia de los demás poderes. Ambas se harán notar en la Constitución de 1987