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Bakgrund: Barn och ungdomars hälsa och utveckling påverkas av deras levnadsvanor. Sunda levnadsvanor är grundläggande för att uppnå en god fysisk, psykisk och socialt välbefinnande för alla individer. Skolsköterskor spelar en central roll i arbetet för att främja och uppmuntra elevers redan hälsosamma levnadsvanor och uppmärksamma och vägleda när osunda levnadsvanor hos elever identifieras. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka skolsköterskors erfarenheter av hälsofrämjande arbete inriktat mot att främja elevers levnadsvanor. Metod: I studien användes en kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Tio skolsköterskor deltog i studien. Resultat: Resultatet av analysen genererade tre kategorier och 10 underkategorier. I resultatet beskrivs skolsköterskornas erfarenhet av hälsofrämjande arbete inriktat mot att främja elevers levnadsvanor. Konklusion: Studiens resultat visar att skolsköterskors arbete med att främja elevers levnadsvanor sker både individuellt och i grupp, och präglas av samverkan både inom och utanför skolan. Resultatet tydliggör att skolsköterskors hälsofrämjande arbete kring levnadsvanor fokuserar på att alla elever har rätt till att uppnå bästa möjliga hälsa och att den personcentrerade vården genomsyrar arbetet., Background: Children and adolescents' health and development are affected by lifestyle habits. Healthy lifestyle habits are fundamental for achieving good physical, mental, and social well-being for all individuals. School nurses play a central role in promoting and encouraging students' already healthy lifestyle habits and in identifying and guiding when unhealthy lifestyle habits are identified in students. Aim: The aim is to investigate school nurses' experiences of health promotion work aimed at promoting students' lifestyles. Method: A qualitative design with an inductive approach was used in the study. The data collection was carried out with semi-structured interviews and then analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Ten school nurses participated. Findings: The result of the analysis generated three categories and 10 subcategories. The results describe the school nurses' experience of health promotion work aimed at promoting students' lifestyles. Conclusion: The results of the study show that school nurses' work in promoting students' lifestyles takes place both individually and in groups, the work takes place both inside and outside the school. The result makes it clear that school nurses' health promotion work around lifestyle focuses on the students right to achieve the best possible health and that the person-centred care permeates the school nurses’ work.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga i skolåldern fortsätter att öka. Skolsköterskor har identifierats som en profession med goda möjligheter att arbeta förebyggande inom detta område. Trots skolsköterskans formella kompetensupplevs det brister i arbetet när det gäller att förebygga eller identifiera psykisk ohälsa hos skolbarn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa skolsköterskans behov för att kunna identifiera psykisk ohälsa bland skolbarn. Metod: I denna studie användes semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Resultat: Skolsköterskorna upplevde att befintliga verktyg inte är funktionella i nuläget för att identifiera psykisk ohälsa. Skolsköterskorna upplevde en avsaknad av utbildning om psykisk ohälsa hos skolbarnen, de känner sig inte tillgängliga för skolbarnen samt att de inte har bra samarbete med yttre aktörer. Skolsköterskorna påpekar att utbildning inom psykisk ohälsa, tillgänglighet och samarbete med yttre aktörer är det viktigaste behovet för att barn med psykisk ohälsa ska kunna identifieras. Resultaten samlades i tre kategorier: Behov av ökad kunskap, behov av mer tillgänglighet och behov av samarbete. Slutsats: Verktygen som finns idag för att identifiera psykisk ohälsa är inte tillräckliga för att skolbarnen med psykisk ohälsa ska identifieras.Skolsköterskorna betonade att de främsta behoven för att identifiera psykisk ohälsa hos skolbarn var mer kunskap, bättre tillgänglighet och ökat samarbete., Background: Mental illness among school-age children and young people continues to increase. School nurses have been identified as a profession with good opportunities to work preventively in this area. Despite the school nurse's formal competence, there are shortcomings in the work when it comes to preventing or identifying mental illness in school children. Purpose: The purpose was to highlight the school nurse's need to be able to identify mental illness among school children. Method: In this study, a semi-structured interview study has been used. Results: The school nurses felt that existing tools are not functional at the moment to identify mental illness. The school nurses experienced a lack of education about mental illness among school children, they do not feel available for the school children and that they do not have good cooperation with external actors. The school nurses point out that education in mental illness, accessibility and cooperation with external actors are the most important need for children with mental illness to be identified. The results were collected in three categories: Need for increased knowledge, need for more accessibility and need for collaboration. Conclusion: The tools available today to identify mental illness are not sufficient to identify schoolchildren with mental illness. The school nurses emphasized that the main needs for identifying mental illness in school children were more knowledge, better accessibility and increased cooperation.

The aim was to study associations between dialkylphosphates (DAPs), organophosphate (OP) metabolites in urine, biomarkers of OP insecticide exposure, and respiratory symptoms among children in upper northern Thailand. We recruited junior high school children in randomly selected schools in four cities (N = 337), with repeated data collection in wet and dry seasons. Urine was collected and analyzed for six OP metabolites, with creatinine adjustment. Total DAP was expressed as sum of DAPs. Data on respiratory symptoms was collected by a standardized questionnaire. Associations were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Totally 11.3 % lived in farm families. Total DAPs concentration was higher in dry season (p = 0.002) but did not differ between farm and non-farm children. Total DAPs in wet season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.019), current asthma attacks (p = 0.012) and attacks of breathlessness in last 12 months (p = 0.021). Total DAPs in dry season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.042), and associations between DAPs and respiratory symptoms were stronger for dimethylphosphate metabolites (DMPs) than for diethylphosphate metabolites (DEPs). DMPs are produced by certain OP pesticides. Biomass burning inside or outside the home, and dampness or mold at home, enhanced the association between total DAPs and attacks of breathlessness. In conclusion, OP pesticide exposure, measured as urinary DAPs, was higher in dry season and similar in farm and non-farm children. OPs exposure, especially to DMP related pesticides, can increase asthmatic symptoms, especially in wet season. Combined exposure to OP and smoke from biomass burning, or dampness and mold, can further increase the prevalence of attacks of breathlessness. There is a need to reduce OP insecticide and biomass smoke exposure among Thai children. Since different pesticides can be used in different seasons, studies on respiratory health effects of OPs pesticide exposure should be done in diffe

The aim was to study associations between dialkylphosphates (DAPs), organophosphate (OP) metabolites in urine, biomarkers of OP insecticide exposure, and respiratory symptoms among children in upper northern Thailand. We recruited junior high school children in randomly selected schools in four cities (N = 337), with repeated data collection in wet and dry seasons. Urine was collected and analyzed for six OP metabolites, with creatinine adjustment. Total DAP was expressed as sum of DAPs. Data on respiratory symptoms was collected by a standardized questionnaire. Associations were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Totally 11.3 % lived in farm families. Total DAPs concentration was higher in dry season (p = 0.002) but did not differ between farm and non-farm children. Total DAPs in wet season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.019), current asthma attacks (p = 0.012) and attacks of breathlessness in last 12 months (p = 0.021). Total DAPs in dry season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.042), and associations between DAPs and respiratory symptoms were stronger for dimethylphosphate metabolites (DMPs) than for diethylphosphate metabolites (DEPs). DMPs are produced by certain OP pesticides. Biomass burning inside or outside the home, and dampness or mold at home, enhanced the association between total DAPs and attacks of breathlessness. In conclusion, OP pesticide exposure, measured as urinary DAPs, was higher in dry season and similar in farm and non-farm children. OPs exposure, especially to DMP related pesticides, can increase asthmatic symptoms, especially in wet season. Combined exposure to OP and smoke from biomass burning, or dampness and mold, can further increase the prevalence of attacks of breathlessness. There is a need to reduce OP insecticide and biomass smoke exposure among Thai children. Since different pesticides can be used in different seasons, studies on respiratory health effects of OPs pesticide exposure should be done in diffe

The aim was to study associations between dialkylphosphates (DAPs), organophosphate (OP) metabolites in urine, biomarkers of OP insecticide exposure, and respiratory symptoms among children in upper northern Thailand. We recruited junior high school children in randomly selected schools in four cities (N = 337), with repeated data collection in wet and dry seasons. Urine was collected and analyzed for six OP metabolites, with creatinine adjustment. Total DAP was expressed as sum of DAPs. Data on respiratory symptoms was collected by a standardized questionnaire. Associations were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Totally 11.3 % lived in farm families. Total DAPs concentration was higher in dry season (p = 0.002) but did not differ between farm and non-farm children. Total DAPs in wet season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.019), current asthma attacks (p = 0.012) and attacks of breathlessness in last 12 months (p = 0.021). Total DAPs in dry season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.042), and associations between DAPs and respiratory symptoms were stronger for dimethylphosphate metabolites (DMPs) than for diethylphosphate metabolites (DEPs). DMPs are produced by certain OP pesticides. Biomass burning inside or outside the home, and dampness or mold at home, enhanced the association between total DAPs and attacks of breathlessness. In conclusion, OP pesticide exposure, measured as urinary DAPs, was higher in dry season and similar in farm and non-farm children. OPs exposure, especially to DMP related pesticides, can increase asthmatic symptoms, especially in wet season. Combined exposure to OP and smoke from biomass burning, or dampness and mold, can further increase the prevalence of attacks of breathlessness. There is a need to reduce OP insecticide and biomass smoke exposure among Thai children. Since different pesticides can be used in different seasons, studies on respiratory health effects of OPs pesticide exposure should be done in diffe

Bakgrund: Barn och ungdomars hälsa och utveckling påverkas av deras levnadsvanor. Sunda levnadsvanor är grundläggande för att uppnå en god fysisk, psykisk och socialt välbefinnande för alla individer. Skolsköterskor spelar en central roll i arbetet för att främja och uppmuntra elevers redan hälsosamma levnadsvanor och uppmärksamma och vägleda när osunda levnadsvanor hos elever identifieras. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka skolsköterskors erfarenheter av hälsofrämjande arbete inriktat mot att främja elevers levnadsvanor. Metod: I studien användes en kvalitativ design med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Tio skolsköterskor deltog i studien. Resultat: Resultatet av analysen genererade tre kategorier och 10 underkategorier. I resultatet beskrivs skolsköterskornas erfarenhet av hälsofrämjande arbete inriktat mot att främja elevers levnadsvanor. Konklusion: Studiens resultat visar att skolsköterskors arbete med att främja elevers levnadsvanor sker både individuellt och i grupp, och präglas av samverkan både inom och utanför skolan. Resultatet tydliggör att skolsköterskors hälsofrämjande arbete kring levnadsvanor fokuserar på att alla elever har rätt till att uppnå bästa möjliga hälsa och att den personcentrerade vården genomsyrar arbetet., Background: Children and adolescents' health and development are affected by lifestyle habits. Healthy lifestyle habits are fundamental for achieving good physical, mental, and social well-being for all individuals. School nurses play a central role in promoting and encouraging students' already healthy lifestyle habits and in identifying and guiding when unhealthy lifestyle habits are identified in students. Aim: The aim is to investigate school nurses' experiences of health promotion work aimed at promoting students' lifestyles. Method: A qualitative design with an inductive approach was used in the study. The data collection was carried out with semi-structured interviews and then analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Ten school nurses participated. Findings: The result of the analysis generated three categories and 10 subcategories. The results describe the school nurses' experience of health promotion work aimed at promoting students' lifestyles. Conclusion: The results of the study show that school nurses' work in promoting students' lifestyles takes place both individually and in groups, the work takes place both inside and outside the school. The result makes it clear that school nurses' health promotion work around lifestyle focuses on the students right to achieve the best possible health and that the person-centred care permeates the school nurses’ work.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga i skolåldern fortsätter att öka. Skolsköterskor har identifierats som en profession med goda möjligheter att arbeta förebyggande inom detta område. Trots skolsköterskans formella kompetensupplevs det brister i arbetet när det gäller att förebygga eller identifiera psykisk ohälsa hos skolbarn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa skolsköterskans behov för att kunna identifiera psykisk ohälsa bland skolbarn. Metod: I denna studie användes semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Resultat: Skolsköterskorna upplevde att befintliga verktyg inte är funktionella i nuläget för att identifiera psykisk ohälsa. Skolsköterskorna upplevde en avsaknad av utbildning om psykisk ohälsa hos skolbarnen, de känner sig inte tillgängliga för skolbarnen samt att de inte har bra samarbete med yttre aktörer. Skolsköterskorna påpekar att utbildning inom psykisk ohälsa, tillgänglighet och samarbete med yttre aktörer är det viktigaste behovet för att barn med psykisk ohälsa ska kunna identifieras. Resultaten samlades i tre kategorier: Behov av ökad kunskap, behov av mer tillgänglighet och behov av samarbete. Slutsats: Verktygen som finns idag för att identifiera psykisk ohälsa är inte tillräckliga för att skolbarnen med psykisk ohälsa ska identifieras.Skolsköterskorna betonade att de främsta behoven för att identifiera psykisk ohälsa hos skolbarn var mer kunskap, bättre tillgänglighet och ökat samarbete., Background: Mental illness among school-age children and young people continues to increase. School nurses have been identified as a profession with good opportunities to work preventively in this area. Despite the school nurse's formal competence, there are shortcomings in the work when it comes to preventing or identifying mental illness in school children. Purpose: The purpose was to highlight the school nurse's need to be able to identify mental illness among school children. Method: In this study, a semi-structured interview study has been used. Results: The school nurses felt that existing tools are not functional at the moment to identify mental illness. The school nurses experienced a lack of education about mental illness among school children, they do not feel available for the school children and that they do not have good cooperation with external actors. The school nurses point out that education in mental illness, accessibility and cooperation with external actors are the most important need for children with mental illness to be identified. The results were collected in three categories: Need for increased knowledge, need for more accessibility and need for collaboration. Conclusion: The tools available today to identify mental illness are not sufficient to identify schoolchildren with mental illness. The school nurses emphasized that the main needs for identifying mental illness in school children were more knowledge, better accessibility and increased cooperation.

The aim was to study associations between dialkylphosphates (DAPs), organophosphate (OP) metabolites in urine, biomarkers of OP insecticide exposure, and respiratory symptoms among children in upper northern Thailand. We recruited junior high school children in randomly selected schools in four cities (N = 337), with repeated data collection in wet and dry seasons. Urine was collected and analyzed for six OP metabolites, with creatinine adjustment. Total DAP was expressed as sum of DAPs. Data on respiratory symptoms was collected by a standardized questionnaire. Associations were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Totally 11.3 % lived in farm families. Total DAPs concentration was higher in dry season (p = 0.002) but did not differ between farm and non-farm children. Total DAPs in wet season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.019), current asthma attacks (p = 0.012) and attacks of breathlessness in last 12 months (p = 0.021). Total DAPs in dry season was associated with current wheeze (p = 0.042), and associations between DAPs and respiratory symptoms were stronger for dimethylphosphate metabolites (DMPs) than for diethylphosphate metabolites (DEPs). DMPs are produced by certain OP pesticides. Biomass burning inside or outside the home, and dampness or mold at home, enhanced the association between total DAPs and attacks of breathlessness. In conclusion, OP pesticide exposure, measured as urinary DAPs, was higher in dry season and similar in farm and non-farm children. OPs exposure, especially to DMP related pesticides, can increase asthmatic symptoms, especially in wet season. Combined exposure to OP and smoke from biomass burning, or dampness and mold, can further increase the prevalence of attacks of breathlessness. There is a need to reduce OP insecticide and biomass smoke exposure among Thai children. Since different pesticides can be used in different seasons, studies on respiratory health effects of OPs pesticide exposure should be done in diffe

This research investigated the impact explicit instruction of problem-solving skills has on improving executive function and reducing disruptive behaviors among elementary school students. Grounded in the recognition of socio-emotional deficits as indicators to academic and behavioral challenges, this research approached the deficit of socio-emotional and problem-solving skills by testing symbols, socio-emotional worksheets, and problem-solving lessons. Ten second-grade students, exhibiting difficulties in emotional regulation and executive functioning, participated in the study, guided by a teacher-researcher. The methods included the implementation of symbols for non-disruptive communication of needs, socio-emotional worksheets to scaffold problem-solving skills, and weekly problem-solving lessons. Data collection methods included pre- and post-questionnaires, a tally chart documenting the quantity of interruptions, and records of student-reported issues during unstructured times. Findings indicated a slight discrepancy between students' self-perceptions and observed behaviors, emphasizing the importance of recognizing a problem. The tally chart system helped students to quantify disruptive behaviors and promoted self-awareness, resulting in a noticeable reduction in interruptions during academic times. Socio-emotional worksheets and problem-solving lessons enhanced students' independent problem-solving skills and emotional regulation. All interventions contributed to a substantial decrease in disruptive behaviors and an observed increase in problem-solving skills.

Hoe richt ik een groen schoolplein in dat de ontwikkeling van kinderen, biodiversiteit en klimaatbestendigheid optimaal kan stimuleren? Over deze vraag hebben onderzoekers van de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam zich met diverse partners uit de praktijk en wetenschap de afgelopen jaren gebogen. Deze inspanningen hebben geleid tot de ‘Groene Schoolpleinen Evaluatie Tool (GSET)’.

Hoe start je met schooltuinieren bij jou in de buurt? Wat komt er kijken bij de aanleg van een schooltuin en hoe verschilt dat van een gewone moestuin? Hoe zorg je dat de schooltuinlessen aansluiten bij het schoolcurriculum? Van het realiseren van draagvlak tot een teeltplan met makkelijke schooltuingroenten en een leerzame schooltuinles: na het lezen van dit handboek kent de schooltuin voor jou geen geheimen meer. In dit handboek zijn jarenlange kennis en de ervaring van schooltuinjuffen en -meesters uit het hele land gebundeld. Het boek staat boordevol inspiratie en informatie voor zowel de beginnende schooltuinondersteuner als voor schooltuinorganisaties die op zoek zijn naar vernieuwing en verdieping.

This paper aims to explore the perceived teacher's acceptance and its effects on the self-esteem of school children. The teacher's role is very important in the social, emotional, and academic achievement of children. The sample was collected from Hyderabad schools in January 2018. This study was performed on a total sample of 500 students. Sample was justified through A-priori sample size calculator. Respondents range in age range from 10 to 18 years (Mean = 13.49 years, SD = 1.33). Three questionnaires were employed to collect the data. Teacher acceptance-rejection TARQ (Rohner, Rohner, & Khaleque, 2005), Personality Assessment Questionnaire PAQ (Rohner et al., 2005) Urdu version were administered to participants and convenient sampling was used for data collection. Regression analysis survey has been used in the present study. The result of the regression analysis revealed that students who tended to perceive themselves to be accepted by their teacher reported high self-esteem. Hence it is clear that teacher acceptance is the significant predictor of student self-esteem. This finding is useful for teachers' preparation, and professional development as well as for the promotion of teacher acceptance.

The purpose of this action research project was to determine if allowing students to participate in various leadership activities in their school environment would impact their self-esteem. Through a thorough review of research, it was discovered that the topic of leadership is an area that continues to grow in definition and is ever evolving. It was also determined that leadership has not been well explored in younger children. Elementary age students develop at faster rates than older students and are just beginning to develop interpersonal skills which are foundational skills to leadership. It is important to develop curriculum and opportunities for students to exhibit and grow in these abilities which can be done through providing a variety of leadership opportunities in the school environment. Through a mixed-methods approach, the research conducted in this study proved that leadership and self-esteem have a connection; however, there are still questions that remain as there are many different factors that influence self-esteem.

Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a practice carried out by students, teachers, and school members as part of learning to be proactive in preventing and maintaining health and playing an active role in forming a healthy environment. Children of school age are very susceptible to disease. PHBS is often associated with the number of diseases that occur in school-aged children. The method used in this study is quantitative, with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study was 136 respondents using the two-stage cluster technique. Data were taken using a questionnaire from the students of SMP Pondok Pesantren Mumtaz Ibadurrahman provided data using a questionnaire. According to the research findings, factors related to PHBS are the teacher's role. The teacher's role and attitude are factors that influence PHBS. Therefore, teachers should increase their support and education to students, emphasizing the importance of implementing PHBS through the learning process and encouraging cooperation activities to clean the classroom environment. Ion activities to clean the pesantren environment., Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a practice carried out by students, teachers, and school members as part of learning to be proactive in preventing and maintaining health and playing an active role in forming a healthy environment. Children of school age are very susceptible to disease. PHBS is often associated with the number of diseases that occur in school-aged children. The method used in this study is quantitative, with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study was 136 respondents using the two-stage cluster technique. Data were taken using a questionnaire from the students of SMP Pondok Pesantren Mumtaz Ibadurrahman provided data using a questionnaire. According to the research findings, factors related to PHBS are the teacher's role. The teacher's role and attitude are factors that influence PHBS. Therefore, teachers should increase their support and education to students, emphasizing the importance of implementing PHBS through the learning process and encouraging cooperation activities to clean the classroom environment. Ion activities to clean the pesantren environment.

Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a practice carried out by students, teachers, and school members as part of learning to be proactive in preventing and maintaining health and playing an active role in forming a healthy environment. Children of school age are very susceptible to disease. PHBS is often associated with the number of diseases that occur in school-aged children. The method used in this study is quantitative, with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study was 136 respondents using the two-stage cluster technique. Data were taken using a questionnaire from the students of SMP Pondok Pesantren Mumtaz Ibadurrahman provided data using a questionnaire. According to the research findings, factors related to PHBS are the teacher's role. The teacher's role and attitude are factors that influence PHBS. Therefore, teachers should increase their support and education to students, emphasizing the importance of implementing PHBS through the learning process and encouraging cooperation activities to clean the classroom environment. Ion activities to clean the pesantren environment., Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a practice carried out by students, teachers, and school members as part of learning to be proactive in preventing and maintaining health and playing an active role in forming a healthy environment. Children of school age are very susceptible to disease. PHBS is often associated with the number of diseases that occur in school-aged children. The method used in this study is quantitative, with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study was 136 respondents using the two-stage cluster technique. Data were taken using a questionnaire from the students of SMP Pondok Pesantren Mumtaz Ibadurrahman provided data using a questionnaire. According to the research findings, factors related to PHBS are the teacher's role. The teacher's role and attitude are factors that influence PHBS. Therefore, teachers should increase their support and education to students, emphasizing the importance of implementing PHBS through the learning process and encouraging cooperation activities to clean the classroom environment. Ion activities to clean the pesantren environment.

Learning to read is an important competence to function in modern society. Nevertheless, roughly 15 % of Danish school children have poor reading abilities and it raises concerns. How to enhance children’s reading skills is therefore an important question. Movement in close connection with the learning content, embodied learning, has previously been seen to be an effective tool to improve academic performance within mathematics and second language. However, it is still unknown whether embodied learning is an effective tool to improve literacy skills for children’s first language. Therefore and to this aim, this thesis aimed to investigate the effects of meaningful movements in close connection to the learning content on pre-reading skills, word reading, and spelling performance in children through three different school projects. The present results of the thesis provide us with a basic understanding of how embodied learning may have a positive effect on children’s literacy performance. Furthermore, it also provides evidence and understanding of which forms of movement are beneficial for improving pre-reading skills and spelling performance.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur två yrkesverksamma personer inom regionteater upplever hur det är att arbeta med teater för skolbarn. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien är fenomenologisk då det är två personers erfarenheter och upplevelser som lyfts fram. Studien är kvalitativ och datainsamlingen gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att teater är viktigt för barns personliga utveckling och deras förståelse för omvärlden. En av de utmaningar som beskrivs av respondenterna är kopplad till den miljö där föreställningarna framförs i skolsammanhang eftersom den upplevs som okontrollerbar. Ytterligare en utmaning som framkommer är när teaterns och skolans förväntningar skiljer sig åt. Det finns även en stor variation mellan kommuner när det gäller att köpa in teaterföreställningar för skolbarn

Tungiasis, a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease, is caused by the female sand flea. Most clinical trials for tungiasis use expensive or impractical drugs, which are difficult for residents to use. However, in western Kenya, communities successfully treat tungiasis with sodium carbonate. We hypothesise that the topical risk-difference of 5% sodium carbonate is no more than 10% non-inferior to dimeticone (NYDA®) for tungiasis treatment. This is a protocol for a non-inferiority study, which will be randomised and with an observer-blinded control. The study will have two arms: 5% sodium carbonate and NYDA®, one on each foot, and will take place at state primary schools in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Fleas identified among school children aged 8–14 years with sand-flea lesions will be enrolled in the study. For each participant, the viability of the embedded fleas, clinical signs including inflammation, and symptoms will be monitored for seven days after treatment. The proportion of dead fleas will be compared in the primary analysis. All adverse events will be monitored throughout the study period. We expect to identify the most effective treatment between sodium carbonate and NYDA® for tungiasis, which can be adopted in the community., Methods and Protocols, 6(1), art. no. 12; 2023

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur två yrkesverksamma personer inom regionteater upplever hur det är att arbeta med teater för skolbarn. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien är fenomenologisk då det är två personers erfarenheter och upplevelser som lyfts fram. Studien är kvalitativ och datainsamlingen gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att teater är viktigt för barns personliga utveckling och deras förståelse för omvärlden. En av de utmaningar som beskrivs av respondenterna är kopplad till den miljö där föreställningarna framförs i skolsammanhang eftersom den upplevs som okontrollerbar. Ytterligare en utmaning som framkommer är när teaterns och skolans förväntningar skiljer sig åt. Det finns även en stor variation mellan kommuner när det gäller att köpa in teaterföreställningar för skolbarn

The aim of this thesis is to study teachers’ perception of children’s ability to evacuate, thus learning about children’s evacuation behavior. Questions of interest are teachers’ perception of children’s ability to evacuate, their behavior, if there are any misconceptions in the teachers’ perception and how fire evacuation drills influence the teachers’ perceptions. This was done through a questionnaire study where teachers of children of 6-12 years of age got to answer a questionnaire before and after an ordinary school fire evacuation drill. The results indicated that fire evacuation drills influence the teachers’ perception of children’s behavior and the teachers’ sense of having control over the situation. More experience corresponded to less belief in the panic misconception among children during a fire evacuation. The teachers’ answers qualitatively corresponded to the observations made during the fire evacuation drill. After the evacuation drill, the teachers could be assumed to have a perception of children’s behavior which reasonably corresponded to reality.

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of enjoyment of physical activity, the perceived level of habitual activity and the self-efficacy for the activity, among school boys and girls from Honduras and Costa Rica, during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 disease. Participants: 75 school children from Honduras (37 girls and 13 boys) and Costa Rica (11 girls and 14 boys), aged between 7-8 years. They completed online inventories to measure enjoyment, self-efficacy and level of physical activity. Results: barely a third of the students in both countries would be classified as very active. Girls from both countries presented a predominance of inactive or active cases and a lower percentage of very active cases. In contrast, boys from Costa Rica showed a predominance of low-active cases, while those from Honduras had a predominance of very active cases. In addition, the majority of the school children sample in both countries indicated that they did not participate in physical-sports activities organized outside the school context, but those who had the opportunity to do so, mainly did so only one or two days a week and in sessions of less than 30 minutes. Also as results, no relationship was found between the level of physical activity of the students and the degree of enjoyment or self-efficacy for the activity. There were also no differences in these variables, between boys and girls or between countries, except for enjoyment, which was higher in the Costa Rican school sample. Conclusions: inactive school children prevailed in general. The level of physical activity in this sample depends on gender and country of origin, but is not explained by the degree of self-efficacy or enjoyment of the activity, in contrast to previous studies. The restrictions derived from the COVID-19 pandemic could partly explain the low levels of physical activity reported by the school children sample., El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los niveles de disfrute de la actividad física, el nivel percibido de actividad habitual y la autoeficacia para la actividad, entre niños y niñas escolares de Honduras y Costa Rica, en tiempos de pandemia por la enfermedad de COVID-19. Participaron 75 escolares de Honduras (37 niñas y 13 niños) y Costa Rica (11 niñas y 14 niños), con edades entre los 7-8 años, se aplicaron 3 instrumentos: disfrute, autoeficacia y nivel de actividad física por medio de la virtualidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos, apenas un tercio del estudiantado de ambos países se clasificarían como muy activos. Las niñas de ambos países presentaron predominio de casos poco activos o activos y menor porcentaje de casos muy activos. Por el contrario, los niños de Costa Rica mostraron predominio de casos poco activos, mientras que los de Honduras tuvieron predominio de casos muy activos. No se encontró relación entre el nivel de actividad física del escolar y el grado de disfrute o de autoeficacia por la actividad. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en estas variables, entre niños y niñas ni entre países, salvo en el disfrute, que fue mayor en la muestra escolar de Costa Rica. Como conclusiones, el estudiantado poco activo predomina en general. El nivel de actividad física de esta muestra depende del sexo y del país de procedencia, pero no se explica por el grado de autoeficacia ni de disfrute de la actividad, en contraposición con estudios previos. Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por COVID-19 podrían explicar en parte, los bajos niveles de actividad física reportados por el estudiantado.

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are considered a global pandemic that affects everyone equally. Generating secondary effects related to overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental deterioration, among others. Costa Rica is not the exception, showing low levels of daily physical activity and a tendency to be overweight and obese, which compromises the health and quality of life of the population. The limited action from the physical education classroom, social influence and attachment to technology should be considered as barriers to maintain a physically active and healthy lifestyle in children. This study generates novel knowledge about the importance of developing academic programs from the regular classroom, which involve locomotor movement as a pedagogical strategy to reduce sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as a possible solution to combat overweight and obesity in the Costa Rican child population. This research was developed following a qualitative approach, fifteen participants were recruited following a convenience sampling. Unstructured interview, non-participant observation and focus group were used as data collection strategies. Then, analyzed according to categorization, saturation and triangu-lation criteria. The inclusion of physical activity as a pedagogical mediation strategy for regular classroom teachers can improve physical, mental and social health, promote healthy growth and development, prevent risk factors for non-communicable diseases and help prevent overweight and obesity in children. It is essential that the regular tea-cher promotes pedagogical spaces that involve physical activity, according to the student’s psychomotor development, through which the fundamental thematic axes for cognitive development would be addressed, contributing to the reduction of sedentary behavior, the risk of developing overweight and obesity and promoting significant learning.Keywords: locomotor movement, pedagogical strategies, re, El comportamiento sedentario e inactividad física son considerados una pandemia mundial que afecta a todos por igual. Generando efectos secundarios relacionados con el sobrepeso, la obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, deterioro mental, entre otros. Costa Rica no escapa a ello, mostrando niveles bajos de actividad física diaria y tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, lo que compromete la salud y la calidad de vida de la población. Se debe considerar la limitada acción desde el aula de educación física, la influencia social y el apego a la tecnología como barreras para mantener un estilo de vida físicamente activo y saludable en los niños. Este estudio genera conocimiento novedoso sobre la importancia de desarrollar programas académicos desde el aula regular, que involucren el movimiento locomotor como estrategia pedagógica para reducir el comportamiento sedentario y la inactividad física, como posible solución para combatir el sobrepeso y la obesidad de la población infantil costarricense. La investigación se desarrolló siguiendo el enfoque cualitativo; quince participantes fueron reclutados siguiendo un muestreo a conveniencia. La entrevista no estructurada, la observación no participante y el grupo focal, se utilizaron como estrategias de recolección de información. Esta fue analizada según los criterios de categorización, saturación y triangulación. La inclusión de la actividad física como estrategia de mediación pedagógica del docente de aula regular, puede mejorar la salud física, mental y social, propicia el crecimiento y desarrollo saludable, previene factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles y ayuda a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los niños. Es primordial que el docente regular fomente espacios pedagógicos que involucren actividad física, según el desarrollo psicomotriz del estudiante, a través de los cuales se aborden los ejes temáticos fundamentales para el desarrollo cognoscitivo, contribuyendo en la disminución del comportamiento s

Objectives: To evaluate blood pressure (BP) in schoolchildren in the state of Táchira and investigate its association with body mass index (BMI), as they are cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: 84 schoolchildren were studied, 9.05 ± 1.36 years, 57.14% female, 42.86% male. BP, anthropometric measures were taken; BMI calculation. Considering overweight BMI >p90, obesity >p97 by Venezuelan curves; ≥p90 prehypertension, hypertension 1 ≥p95, using adapted NHBPEP values. Results: 3.6% had systolic prehypertension, elevated diastolic BP 4.8% (3.6% prehypertension and 1.2% stage 1 hypertension). There was a positive and significant correlation between BMI and BP (p = 0.0001). BP ≥p90 was observed in 28.6% of obese children versus 4.8% of normal weight. There was no association of BMI and BP with gender or age. Conclusions: BP was elevated in schoolchildren, showing statistical association between high BP and excess BMI, both cause organ damage, hence the importance of their assessment, detection and early intervention., Objetivos: Evaluar la presión arterial (PA) en escolares del estado Táchira e investigar su asociación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), dado que constituyen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Se estudiaron 84 escolares, de 9,05±1,36 años, 57,14% femeninas, 42,86% masculinos. Se tomó PA, medidas antropométricas; se calculó IMC. Considerando sobrepeso IMC >p90, obesidad >p97 según curvas venezolanas; pre-hipertensión ≥p90, hipertensión 1 ≥p95, usando valores adaptados del NHBPEP. Resultados: 3,6% presentó pre-hipertensión sistólica, 4,8% PA diastólica elevada (3,6% pre- hipertensión y 1,2% hipertensión estadio 1). Hubo correlación positiva y significativa entre IMC y PA (p=0,0001). Se observó PA ≥p90 en 28,6% de los niños obesos versus 4,8% de los normopeso. No hubo asociación del IMC y la PA con género ni edad. Conclusiones: Se encontró PA elevada en escolares, demostrándose asociación estadística entre PA alta y exceso de IMC, ambas ocasionan daño orgánico, por ende la importancia de su evaluación, detección e intervención precoz.

Tungiasis, a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease, is caused by the female sand flea. Most clinical trials for tungiasis use expensive or impractical drugs, which are difficult for residents to use. However, in western Kenya, communities successfully treat tungiasis with sodium carbonate. We hypothesise that the topical risk-difference of 5% sodium carbonate is no more than 10% non-inferior to dimeticone (NYDA®) for tungiasis treatment. This is a protocol for a non-inferiority study, which will be randomised and with an observer-blinded control. The study will have two arms: 5% sodium carbonate and NYDA®, one on each foot, and will take place at state primary schools in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Fleas identified among school children aged 8–14 years with sand-flea lesions will be enrolled in the study. For each participant, the viability of the embedded fleas, clinical signs including inflammation, and symptoms will be monitored for seven days after treatment. The proportion of dead fleas will be compared in the primary analysis. All adverse events will be monitored throughout the study period. We expect to identify the most effective treatment between sodium carbonate and NYDA® for tungiasis, which can be adopted in the community., Methods and Protocols, 6(1), art. no. 12; 2023

Introduction: Mexico occupies one of the first places in childhood obesity in the world, due to this, the United Nations Children’s Fund recently commended the country to implement regulations on the content of food advertising focused on children, given the relationship of this with the consumption of unhealthy foods, overweight and obesity. Object: To contrast the perception of food advertising regarding the adequate and inadequate consumption of the different food groups in school children in northeastern Mexico. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive and comparative study was developed, selecting through random probabilistic sampling a sample of 196 children from first to sixth grade, who were given a reminder of food consumption and a food advertising perception questionnaire. television. Results and discussion: The children presented inadequate consumption of all the food groups, except water, consuming it adequately. Likewise, 32.8% of children consider that food advertising has changed their way of eating. Finally, significant differences were found, but with a small effect size between food consumption and food advertising, as in the case of feeling strong watching commercials, consuming more dairy products and foods of animal origin, as well as considering that commercials make them eat more junk food and consume more sugars. Conclusion: It is important to regulate the contents presented in these advertising messages, since the children’s segment to whom they are directed is highly influenced., Introducción: México ocupa uno de los primeros lugares en obesidad infantil en el mundo, debido a esto, recientemente el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia encomió al país a implementar regulaciones al contenido de la publicidad alimentaria enfocada a los niños, dada la relación de esta con el consumo de alimentos no saludables, el sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: Contrastar la percepción de la publicidad alimentaria respecto al consumo adecuado e inadecuado de los diferentes grupos alimentarios en niños escolarizados del noreste de México. Métodología: Se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y comparativo, seleccionando a través de un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio una muestra de 196 niños de primero a sexto de primaria, a quienes se les aplicó un recordatorio de consumo alimentario y un cuestionario de percepción de publicidad alimentaria televisiva. Resultados y discusión: Los niños presentaron un consumo inadecuado de todos los grupos alimenticios, excepto de agua, consumiéndola adecuadamente. Así mismo, el 32.8% de los niños consideran que la publicidad alimentaria ha cambiado su forma de comer. Finalmente se encontraron diferencias significativas, pero con un tamaño del efecto pequeño entre el consumo de alimentos y la publicidad alimentaria como en el caso de sentirse fuertes viendo comerciales, consumir más lácteos y alimentos de origen animal, así como considerar que los comerciales les hacen comer más comida chatarra y consumir más azúcares. Conclusión: Es importante la regulación de los contenidos presentados en estos mensajes publicitarios, pues el segmento infantil a quienes van dirigidos es altamente influenciable.

The use of robotics technology in school is renowned for providing children with opportunities to interact and collaborate in various school subjects, which raise questions of how to design learning activities that include robot technology in education. In this paper we explore how a designerly approach can foster children’s perspective-taking while creatively collaborating in mixed analogue and digital learning environments including robots, creative material and classical fairytales. Based on a social semiotics analytical framework, the study draws from workshops carried out with third grade classes of Danish school children, aged 9–10 years old. Using video recordings and a thematic analysis, the unit of analysis focuses on the activities with a special interest on children’s interactions with robots, creative materials, classical fairytales and with each other. The results of this study imply that by using a designerly approach with robotics in programming activities, conditions were created for children to engage in interactions and reasoning with each other, where the mixed learning environment reinforced children’s abilities of perspective-taking. © 2023, ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of CO2 during sleep on next-morning cognitive performance in young schoolchildren, the authors performed a double-blind fully balanced crossover placebo-controlled study. Material and Methods: The authors included 36 children aged 10-12 years in the climate chamber. The children slept at 21°C in 6 groups each at 3 different conditions separated by 7 days in a random order. Conditions were as follows: high ventilation with CO2 at 700 ppm, high ventilation with added pure CO2 at 2000-3000 ppm, and reduced ventilation with CO2 at 2-3000 ppm and bioeffluents. Children were subjected to a digital cognitive test battery (CANTAB) in the evening prior to sleep and on the next morning after breakfast. Sleep quality was monitored with wrist actigraphs. Results: There were no significant exposure effects on cognitive performance. Sleep efficiency was significantly lower at high ventilation with CO2 at 700 ppm which is considered to be a chance effect. No other effects were seen, and no relation between air quality during sleep and next-morning cognitive performance was observed in the children emitting an estimated 10 lCO2/h per child. Conclusions: No effect of CO2 during sleep was found on next day cognition. The children were awakened in the morning, and spent from 45-70 min in well-ventilated rooms before they were tested. Hence, it cannot be precluded that the children have benefitted from the good indoor air quality conditions before and during the testing period. The slightly better sleep efficiency during high CO2 concentrations might be a chance finding. Hence, replication is needed in actual bedrooms controlling for other external factors before any generalizations can be made.

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of enjoyment of physical activity, the perceived level of habitual activity and the self-efficacy for the activity, among school boys and girls from Honduras and Costa Rica, during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 disease. Participants: 75 school children from Honduras (37 girls and 13 boys) and Costa Rica (11 girls and 14 boys), aged between 7-8 years. They completed online inventories to measure enjoyment, self-efficacy and level of physical activity. Results: barely a third of the students in both countries would be classified as very active. Girls from both countries presented a predominance of inactive or active cases and a lower percentage of very active cases. In contrast, boys from Costa Rica showed a predominance of low-active cases, while those from Honduras had a predominance of very active cases. In addition, the majority of the school children sample in both countries indicated that they did not participate in physical-sports activities organized outside the school context, but those who had the opportunity to do so, mainly did so only one or two days a week and in sessions of less than 30 minutes. Also as results, no relationship was found between the level of physical activity of the students and the degree of enjoyment or self-efficacy for the activity. There were also no differences in these variables, between boys and girls or between countries, except for enjoyment, which was higher in the Costa Rican school sample. Conclusions: inactive school children prevailed in general. The level of physical activity in this sample depends on gender and country of origin, but is not explained by the degree of self-efficacy or enjoyment of the activity, in contrast to previous studies. The restrictions derived from the COVID-19 pandemic could partly explain the low levels of physical activity reported by the school children sample., El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los niveles de disfrute de la actividad física, el nivel percibido de actividad habitual y la autoeficacia para la actividad, entre niños y niñas escolares de Honduras y Costa Rica, en tiempos de pandemia por la enfermedad de COVID-19. Participaron 75 escolares de Honduras (37 niñas y 13 niños) y Costa Rica (11 niñas y 14 niños), con edades entre los 7-8 años, se aplicaron 3 instrumentos: disfrute, autoeficacia y nivel de actividad física por medio de la virtualidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos, apenas un tercio del estudiantado de ambos países se clasificarían como muy activos. Las niñas de ambos países presentaron predominio de casos poco activos o activos y menor porcentaje de casos muy activos. Por el contrario, los niños de Costa Rica mostraron predominio de casos poco activos, mientras que los de Honduras tuvieron predominio de casos muy activos. No se encontró relación entre el nivel de actividad física del escolar y el grado de disfrute o de autoeficacia por la actividad. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en estas variables, entre niños y niñas ni entre países, salvo en el disfrute, que fue mayor en la muestra escolar de Costa Rica. Como conclusiones, el estudiantado poco activo predomina en general. El nivel de actividad física de esta muestra depende del sexo y del país de procedencia, pero no se explica por el grado de autoeficacia ni de disfrute de la actividad, en contraposición con estudios previos. Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por COVID-19 podrían explicar en parte, los bajos niveles de actividad física reportados por el estudiantado.

There are many different benefits to physical activity and exercise. Research has shown that increased physical activity can lead to improved academic achievement, concentration, cognitive functioning, and fewer disciplinary problems (e.g., Best, 2010; Pavelski, 2016; & Martin et al., 2018). Evidence suggests devoting time to daily physical activity does not negatively impact academic performance. In fact, growing evidence shows incorporating daily exercise into the classroom routine enhances attention and memory in students, as well as producing positive effects on brain health (e.g., Gomez-Pinilla, 2011; Tine, 2014; Tremblay et al., 2000). The purpose of this study was to examine the impact physical activity has on attention in fourth and fifth grade students, ages nine to eleven. Students enrolled in a Title I Public School participated in physical activity through the program GoNoodle or they participated in the control group, watching a video about the importance of physical activity. Findings indicated that students who watched the physical activity video scored significantly higher on the d2 Test of Attention compared to those who participated in the GoNoodle activity. However, both groups demonstrated improvement when comparing pre-intervention scores to post-intervention scores. Implications for future research are discussed in the paper.

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are considered a global pandemic that affects everyone equally. Generating secondary effects related to overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental deterioration, among others. Costa Rica is not the exception, showing low levels of daily physical activity and a tendency to be overweight and obese, which compromises the health and quality of life of the population. The limited action from the physical education classroom, social influence and attachment to technology should be considered as barriers to maintain a physically active and healthy lifestyle in children. This study generates novel knowledge about the importance of developing academic programs from the regular classroom, which involve locomotor movement as a pedagogical strategy to reduce sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as a possible solution to combat overweight and obesity in the Costa Rican child population. This research was developed following a qualitative approach, fifteen participants were recruited following a convenience sampling. Unstructured interview, non-participant observation and focus group were used as data collection strategies. Then, analyzed according to categorization, saturation and triangu-lation criteria. The inclusion of physical activity as a pedagogical mediation strategy for regular classroom teachers can improve physical, mental and social health, promote healthy growth and development, prevent risk factors for non-communicable diseases and help prevent overweight and obesity in children. It is essential that the regular tea-cher promotes pedagogical spaces that involve physical activity, according to the student’s psychomotor development, through which the fundamental thematic axes for cognitive development would be addressed, contributing to the reduction of sedentary behavior, the risk of developing overweight and obesity and promoting significant learning.Keywords: locomotor movement, pedagogical strategies, re, El comportamiento sedentario e inactividad física son considerados una pandemia mundial que afecta a todos por igual. Generando efectos secundarios relacionados con el sobrepeso, la obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, deterioro mental, entre otros. Costa Rica no escapa a ello, mostrando niveles bajos de actividad física diaria y tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, lo que compromete la salud y la calidad de vida de la población. Se debe considerar la limitada acción desde el aula de educación física, la influencia social y el apego a la tecnología como barreras para mantener un estilo de vida físicamente activo y saludable en los niños. Este estudio genera conocimiento novedoso sobre la importancia de desarrollar programas académicos desde el aula regular, que involucren el movimiento locomotor como estrategia pedagógica para reducir el comportamiento sedentario y la inactividad física, como posible solución para combatir el sobrepeso y la obesidad de la población infantil costarricense. La investigación se desarrolló siguiendo el enfoque cualitativo; quince participantes fueron reclutados siguiendo un muestreo a conveniencia. La entrevista no estructurada, la observación no participante y el grupo focal, se utilizaron como estrategias de recolección de información. Esta fue analizada según los criterios de categorización, saturación y triangulación. La inclusión de la actividad física como estrategia de mediación pedagógica del docente de aula regular, puede mejorar la salud física, mental y social, propicia el crecimiento y desarrollo saludable, previene factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles y ayuda a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los niños. Es primordial que el docente regular fomente espacios pedagógicos que involucren actividad física, según el desarrollo psicomotriz del estudiante, a través de los cuales se aborden los ejes temáticos fundamentales para el desarrollo cognoscitivo, contribuyendo en la disminución del comportamiento s

Objectives: To evaluate blood pressure (BP) in schoolchildren in the state of Táchira and investigate its association with body mass index (BMI), as they are cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: 84 schoolchildren were studied, 9.05 ± 1.36 years, 57.14% female, 42.86% male. BP, anthropometric measures were taken; BMI calculation. Considering overweight BMI >p90, obesity >p97 by Venezuelan curves; ≥p90 prehypertension, hypertension 1 ≥p95, using adapted NHBPEP values. Results: 3.6% had systolic prehypertension, elevated diastolic BP 4.8% (3.6% prehypertension and 1.2% stage 1 hypertension). There was a positive and significant correlation between BMI and BP (p = 0.0001). BP ≥p90 was observed in 28.6% of obese children versus 4.8% of normal weight. There was no association of BMI and BP with gender or age. Conclusions: BP was elevated in schoolchildren, showing statistical association between high BP and excess BMI, both cause organ damage, hence the importance of their assessment, detection and early intervention., Objetivos: Evaluar la presión arterial (PA) en escolares del estado Táchira e investigar su asociación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), dado que constituyen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Se estudiaron 84 escolares, de 9,05±1,36 años, 57,14% femeninas, 42,86% masculinos. Se tomó PA, medidas antropométricas; se calculó IMC. Considerando sobrepeso IMC >p90, obesidad >p97 según curvas venezolanas; pre-hipertensión ≥p90, hipertensión 1 ≥p95, usando valores adaptados del NHBPEP. Resultados: 3,6% presentó pre-hipertensión sistólica, 4,8% PA diastólica elevada (3,6% pre- hipertensión y 1,2% hipertensión estadio 1). Hubo correlación positiva y significativa entre IMC y PA (p=0,0001). Se observó PA ≥p90 en 28,6% de los niños obesos versus 4,8% de los normopeso. No hubo asociación del IMC y la PA con género ni edad. Conclusiones: Se encontró PA elevada en escolares, demostrándose asociación estadística entre PA alta y exceso de IMC, ambas ocasionan daño orgánico, por ende la importancia de su evaluación, detección e intervención precoz.

Background and Aim: Epidemiological studies pointed at the connection betweenpollution (e.g., traffic emissions) and an increased percentage of people suffering fromrespiratory allergies, including the pediatric population. Field studies provided the mostrelevant assessment of the effects of the intensity and variety of urban and industrialcontamination on the structure and allergenic potency of pollen allergens. Therefore, theaim of the present work was to compare allergenic profiles ofDactylis glomerata pollen(DGP) collected in the specific urban and rural areas (Kruševac and suburbs), to assesspollen structures and immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to pollen of school childrenpopulation allergic to grass pollens.

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are considered a global pandemic that affects everyone equally. Generating secondary effects related to overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental deterioration, among others. Costa Rica is not the exception, showing low levels of daily physical activity and a tendency to be overweight and obese, which compromises the health and quality of life of the population. The limited action from the physical education classroom, social influence and attachment to technology should be considered as barriers to maintain a physically active and healthy lifestyle in children. This study generates novel knowledge about the importance of developing academic programs from the regular classroom, which involve locomotor movement as a pedagogical strategy to reduce sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as a possible solution to combat overweight and obesity in the Costa Rican child population. This research was developed following a qualitative approach, fifteen participants were recruited following a convenience sampling. Unstructured interview, non-participant observation and focus group were used as data collection strategies. Then, analyzed according to categorization, saturation and triangu-lation criteria. The inclusion of physical activity as a pedagogical mediation strategy for regular classroom teachers can improve physical, mental and social health, promote healthy growth and development, prevent risk factors for non-communicable diseases and help prevent overweight and obesity in children. It is essential that the regular tea-cher promotes pedagogical spaces that involve physical activity, according to the student’s psychomotor development, through which the fundamental thematic axes for cognitive development would be addressed, contributing to the reduction of sedentary behavior, the risk of developing overweight and obesity and promoting significant learning.Keywords: locomotor movement, pedagogical strategies, re, El comportamiento sedentario e inactividad física son considerados una pandemia mundial que afecta a todos por igual. Generando efectos secundarios relacionados con el sobrepeso, la obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, deterioro mental, entre otros. Costa Rica no escapa a ello, mostrando niveles bajos de actividad física diaria y tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, lo que compromete la salud y la calidad de vida de la población. Se debe considerar la limitada acción desde el aula de educación física, la influencia social y el apego a la tecnología como barreras para mantener un estilo de vida físicamente activo y saludable en los niños. Este estudio genera conocimiento novedoso sobre la importancia de desarrollar programas académicos desde el aula regular, que involucren el movimiento locomotor como estrategia pedagógica para reducir el comportamiento sedentario y la inactividad física, como posible solución para combatir el sobrepeso y la obesidad de la población infantil costarricense. La investigación se desarrolló siguiendo el enfoque cualitativo; quince participantes fueron reclutados siguiendo un muestreo a conveniencia. La entrevista no estructurada, la observación no participante y el grupo focal, se utilizaron como estrategias de recolección de información. Esta fue analizada según los criterios de categorización, saturación y triangulación. La inclusión de la actividad física como estrategia de mediación pedagógica del docente de aula regular, puede mejorar la salud física, mental y social, propicia el crecimiento y desarrollo saludable, previene factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles y ayuda a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los niños. Es primordial que el docente regular fomente espacios pedagógicos que involucren actividad física, según el desarrollo psicomotriz del estudiante, a través de los cuales se aborden los ejes temáticos fundamentales para el desarrollo cognoscitivo, contribuyendo en la disminución del comportamiento s

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of enjoyment of physical activity, the perceived level of habitual activity and the self-efficacy for the activity, among school boys and girls from Honduras and Costa Rica, during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 disease. Participants: 75 school children from Honduras (37 girls and 13 boys) and Costa Rica (11 girls and 14 boys), aged between 7-8 years. They completed online inventories to measure enjoyment, self-efficacy and level of physical activity. Results: barely a third of the students in both countries would be classified as very active. Girls from both countries presented a predominance of inactive or active cases and a lower percentage of very active cases. In contrast, boys from Costa Rica showed a predominance of low-active cases, while those from Honduras had a predominance of very active cases. In addition, the majority of the school children sample in both countries indicated that they did not participate in physical-sports activities organized outside the school context, but those who had the opportunity to do so, mainly did so only one or two days a week and in sessions of less than 30 minutes. Also as results, no relationship was found between the level of physical activity of the students and the degree of enjoyment or self-efficacy for the activity. There were also no differences in these variables, between boys and girls or between countries, except for enjoyment, which was higher in the Costa Rican school sample. Conclusions: inactive school children prevailed in general. The level of physical activity in this sample depends on gender and country of origin, but is not explained by the degree of self-efficacy or enjoyment of the activity, in contrast to previous studies. The restrictions derived from the COVID-19 pandemic could partly explain the low levels of physical activity reported by the school children sample., El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los niveles de disfrute de la actividad física, el nivel percibido de actividad habitual y la autoeficacia para la actividad, entre niños y niñas escolares de Honduras y Costa Rica, en tiempos de pandemia por la enfermedad de COVID-19. Participaron 75 escolares de Honduras (37 niñas y 13 niños) y Costa Rica (11 niñas y 14 niños), con edades entre los 7-8 años, se aplicaron 3 instrumentos: disfrute, autoeficacia y nivel de actividad física por medio de la virtualidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos, apenas un tercio del estudiantado de ambos países se clasificarían como muy activos. Las niñas de ambos países presentaron predominio de casos poco activos o activos y menor porcentaje de casos muy activos. Por el contrario, los niños de Costa Rica mostraron predominio de casos poco activos, mientras que los de Honduras tuvieron predominio de casos muy activos. No se encontró relación entre el nivel de actividad física del escolar y el grado de disfrute o de autoeficacia por la actividad. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en estas variables, entre niños y niñas ni entre países, salvo en el disfrute, que fue mayor en la muestra escolar de Costa Rica. Como conclusiones, el estudiantado poco activo predomina en general. El nivel de actividad física de esta muestra depende del sexo y del país de procedencia, pero no se explica por el grado de autoeficacia ni de disfrute de la actividad, en contraposición con estudios previos. Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por COVID-19 podrían explicar en parte, los bajos niveles de actividad física reportados por el estudiantado.

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of enjoyment of physical activity, the perceived level of habitual activity and the self-efficacy for the activity, among school boys and girls from Honduras and Costa Rica, during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 disease. Participants: 75 school children from Honduras (37 girls and 13 boys) and Costa Rica (11 girls and 14 boys), aged between 7-8 years. They completed online inventories to measure enjoyment, self-efficacy and level of physical activity. Results: barely a third of the students in both countries would be classified as very active. Girls from both countries presented a predominance of inactive or active cases and a lower percentage of very active cases. In contrast, boys from Costa Rica showed a predominance of low-active cases, while those from Honduras had a predominance of very active cases. In addition, the majority of the school children sample in both countries indicated that they did not participate in physical-sports activities organized outside the school context, but those who had the opportunity to do so, mainly did so only one or two days a week and in sessions of less than 30 minutes. Also as results, no relationship was found between the level of physical activity of the students and the degree of enjoyment or self-efficacy for the activity. There were also no differences in these variables, between boys and girls or between countries, except for enjoyment, which was higher in the Costa Rican school sample. Conclusions: inactive school children prevailed in general. The level of physical activity in this sample depends on gender and country of origin, but is not explained by the degree of self-efficacy or enjoyment of the activity, in contrast to previous studies. The restrictions derived from the COVID-19 pandemic could partly explain the low levels of physical activity reported by the school children sample., El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los niveles de disfrute de la actividad física, el nivel percibido de actividad habitual y la autoeficacia para la actividad, entre niños y niñas escolares de Honduras y Costa Rica, en tiempos de pandemia por la enfermedad de COVID-19. Participaron 75 escolares de Honduras (37 niñas y 13 niños) y Costa Rica (11 niñas y 14 niños), con edades entre los 7-8 años, se aplicaron 3 instrumentos: disfrute, autoeficacia y nivel de actividad física por medio de la virtualidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos, apenas un tercio del estudiantado de ambos países se clasificarían como muy activos. Las niñas de ambos países presentaron predominio de casos poco activos o activos y menor porcentaje de casos muy activos. Por el contrario, los niños de Costa Rica mostraron predominio de casos poco activos, mientras que los de Honduras tuvieron predominio de casos muy activos. No se encontró relación entre el nivel de actividad física del escolar y el grado de disfrute o de autoeficacia por la actividad. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en estas variables, entre niños y niñas ni entre países, salvo en el disfrute, que fue mayor en la muestra escolar de Costa Rica. Como conclusiones, el estudiantado poco activo predomina en general. El nivel de actividad física de esta muestra depende del sexo y del país de procedencia, pero no se explica por el grado de autoeficacia ni de disfrute de la actividad, en contraposición con estudios previos. Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por COVID-19 podrían explicar en parte, los bajos niveles de actividad física reportados por el estudiantado.

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are considered a global pandemic that affects everyone equally. Generating secondary effects related to overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental deterioration, among others. Costa Rica is not the exception, showing low levels of daily physical activity and a tendency to be overweight and obese, which compromises the health and quality of life of the population. The limited action from the physical education classroom, social influence and attachment to technology should be considered as barriers to maintain a physically active and healthy lifestyle in children. This study generates novel knowledge about the importance of developing academic programs from the regular classroom, which involve locomotor movement as a pedagogical strategy to reduce sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as a possible solution to combat overweight and obesity in the Costa Rican child population. This research was developed following a qualitative approach, fifteen participants were recruited following a convenience sampling. Unstructured interview, non-participant observation and focus group were used as data collection strategies. Then, analyzed according to categorization, saturation and triangu-lation criteria. The inclusion of physical activity as a pedagogical mediation strategy for regular classroom teachers can improve physical, mental and social health, promote healthy growth and development, prevent risk factors for non-communicable diseases and help prevent overweight and obesity in children. It is essential that the regular tea-cher promotes pedagogical spaces that involve physical activity, according to the student’s psychomotor development, through which the fundamental thematic axes for cognitive development would be addressed, contributing to the reduction of sedentary behavior, the risk of developing overweight and obesity and promoting significant learning.Keywords: locomotor movement, pedagogical strategies, re, El comportamiento sedentario e inactividad física son considerados una pandemia mundial que afecta a todos por igual. Generando efectos secundarios relacionados con el sobrepeso, la obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, deterioro mental, entre otros. Costa Rica no escapa a ello, mostrando niveles bajos de actividad física diaria y tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, lo que compromete la salud y la calidad de vida de la población. Se debe considerar la limitada acción desde el aula de educación física, la influencia social y el apego a la tecnología como barreras para mantener un estilo de vida físicamente activo y saludable en los niños. Este estudio genera conocimiento novedoso sobre la importancia de desarrollar programas académicos desde el aula regular, que involucren el movimiento locomotor como estrategia pedagógica para reducir el comportamiento sedentario y la inactividad física, como posible solución para combatir el sobrepeso y la obesidad de la población infantil costarricense. La investigación se desarrolló siguiendo el enfoque cualitativo; quince participantes fueron reclutados siguiendo un muestreo a conveniencia. La entrevista no estructurada, la observación no participante y el grupo focal, se utilizaron como estrategias de recolección de información. Esta fue analizada según los criterios de categorización, saturación y triangulación. La inclusión de la actividad física como estrategia de mediación pedagógica del docente de aula regular, puede mejorar la salud física, mental y social, propicia el crecimiento y desarrollo saludable, previene factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles y ayuda a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los niños. Es primordial que el docente regular fomente espacios pedagógicos que involucren actividad física, según el desarrollo psicomotriz del estudiante, a través de los cuales se aborden los ejes temáticos fundamentales para el desarrollo cognoscitivo, contribuyendo en la disminución del comportamiento s

The aim of the study was to compare the levels of enjoyment of physical activity, the perceived level of habitual activity and the self-efficacy for the activity, among school boys and girls from Honduras and Costa Rica, during the pandemic due to the COVID-19 disease. Participants: 75 school children from Honduras (37 girls and 13 boys) and Costa Rica (11 girls and 14 boys), aged between 7-8 years. They completed online inventories to measure enjoyment, self-efficacy and level of physical activity. Results: barely a third of the students in both countries would be classified as very active. Girls from both countries presented a predominance of inactive or active cases and a lower percentage of very active cases. In contrast, boys from Costa Rica showed a predominance of low-active cases, while those from Honduras had a predominance of very active cases. In addition, the majority of the school children sample in both countries indicated that they did not participate in physical-sports activities organized outside the school context, but those who had the opportunity to do so, mainly did so only one or two days a week and in sessions of less than 30 minutes. Also as results, no relationship was found between the level of physical activity of the students and the degree of enjoyment or self-efficacy for the activity. There were also no differences in these variables, between boys and girls or between countries, except for enjoyment, which was higher in the Costa Rican school sample. Conclusions: inactive school children prevailed in general. The level of physical activity in this sample depends on gender and country of origin, but is not explained by the degree of self-efficacy or enjoyment of the activity, in contrast to previous studies. The restrictions derived from the COVID-19 pandemic could partly explain the low levels of physical activity reported by the school children sample., El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los niveles de disfrute de la actividad física, el nivel percibido de actividad habitual y la autoeficacia para la actividad, entre niños y niñas escolares de Honduras y Costa Rica, en tiempos de pandemia por la enfermedad de COVID-19. Participaron 75 escolares de Honduras (37 niñas y 13 niños) y Costa Rica (11 niñas y 14 niños), con edades entre los 7-8 años, se aplicaron 3 instrumentos: disfrute, autoeficacia y nivel de actividad física por medio de la virtualidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos, apenas un tercio del estudiantado de ambos países se clasificarían como muy activos. Las niñas de ambos países presentaron predominio de casos poco activos o activos y menor porcentaje de casos muy activos. Por el contrario, los niños de Costa Rica mostraron predominio de casos poco activos, mientras que los de Honduras tuvieron predominio de casos muy activos. No se encontró relación entre el nivel de actividad física del escolar y el grado de disfrute o de autoeficacia por la actividad. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en estas variables, entre niños y niñas ni entre países, salvo en el disfrute, que fue mayor en la muestra escolar de Costa Rica. Como conclusiones, el estudiantado poco activo predomina en general. El nivel de actividad física de esta muestra depende del sexo y del país de procedencia, pero no se explica por el grado de autoeficacia ni de disfrute de la actividad, en contraposición con estudios previos. Las restricciones derivadas de la pandemia por COVID-19 podrían explicar en parte, los bajos niveles de actividad física reportados por el estudiantado.

Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are considered a global pandemic that affects everyone equally. Generating secondary effects related to overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental deterioration, among others. Costa Rica is not the exception, showing low levels of daily physical activity and a tendency to be overweight and obese, which compromises the health and quality of life of the population. The limited action from the physical education classroom, social influence and attachment to technology should be considered as barriers to maintain a physically active and healthy lifestyle in children. This study generates novel knowledge about the importance of developing academic programs from the regular classroom, which involve locomotor movement as a pedagogical strategy to reduce sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, as a possible solution to combat overweight and obesity in the Costa Rican child population. This research was developed following a qualitative approach, fifteen participants were recruited following a convenience sampling. Unstructured interview, non-participant observation and focus group were used as data collection strategies. Then, analyzed according to categorization, saturation and triangu-lation criteria. The inclusion of physical activity as a pedagogical mediation strategy for regular classroom teachers can improve physical, mental and social health, promote healthy growth and development, prevent risk factors for non-communicable diseases and help prevent overweight and obesity in children. It is essential that the regular tea-cher promotes pedagogical spaces that involve physical activity, according to the student’s psychomotor development, through which the fundamental thematic axes for cognitive development would be addressed, contributing to the reduction of sedentary behavior, the risk of developing overweight and obesity and promoting significant learning.Keywords: locomotor movement, pedagogical strategies, re, El comportamiento sedentario e inactividad física son considerados una pandemia mundial que afecta a todos por igual. Generando efectos secundarios relacionados con el sobrepeso, la obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, deterioro mental, entre otros. Costa Rica no escapa a ello, mostrando niveles bajos de actividad física diaria y tendencia al sobrepeso y la obesidad, lo que compromete la salud y la calidad de vida de la población. Se debe considerar la limitada acción desde el aula de educación física, la influencia social y el apego a la tecnología como barreras para mantener un estilo de vida físicamente activo y saludable en los niños. Este estudio genera conocimiento novedoso sobre la importancia de desarrollar programas académicos desde el aula regular, que involucren el movimiento locomotor como estrategia pedagógica para reducir el comportamiento sedentario y la inactividad física, como posible solución para combatir el sobrepeso y la obesidad de la población infantil costarricense. La investigación se desarrolló siguiendo el enfoque cualitativo; quince participantes fueron reclutados siguiendo un muestreo a conveniencia. La entrevista no estructurada, la observación no participante y el grupo focal, se utilizaron como estrategias de recolección de información. Esta fue analizada según los criterios de categorización, saturación y triangulación. La inclusión de la actividad física como estrategia de mediación pedagógica del docente de aula regular, puede mejorar la salud física, mental y social, propicia el crecimiento y desarrollo saludable, previene factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles y ayuda a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los niños. Es primordial que el docente regular fomente espacios pedagógicos que involucren actividad física, según el desarrollo psicomotriz del estudiante, a través de los cuales se aborden los ejes temáticos fundamentales para el desarrollo cognoscitivo, contribuyendo en la disminución del comportamiento s

Introduction: Mexico occupies one of the first places in childhood obesity in the world, due to this, the United Nations Children’s Fund recently commended the country to implement regulations on the content of food advertising focused on children, given the relationship of this with the consumption of unhealthy foods, overweight and obesity. Object: To contrast the perception of food advertising regarding the adequate and inadequate consumption of the different food groups in school children in northeastern Mexico. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive and comparative study was developed, selecting through random probabilistic sampling a sample of 196 children from first to sixth grade, who were given a reminder of food consumption and a food advertising perception questionnaire. television. Results and discussion: The children presented inadequate consumption of all the food groups, except water, consuming it adequately. Likewise, 32.8% of children consider that food advertising has changed their way of eating. Finally, significant differences were found, but with a small effect size between food consumption and food advertising, as in the case of feeling strong watching commercials, consuming more dairy products and foods of animal origin, as well as considering that commercials make them eat more junk food and consume more sugars. Conclusion: It is important to regulate the contents presented in these advertising messages, since the children’s segment to whom they are directed is highly influenced., Introducción: México ocupa uno de los primeros lugares en obesidad infantil en el mundo, debido a esto, recientemente el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia encomió al país a implementar regulaciones al contenido de la publicidad alimentaria enfocada a los niños, dada la relación de esta con el consumo de alimentos no saludables, el sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: Contrastar la percepción de la publicidad alimentaria respecto al consumo adecuado e inadecuado de los diferentes grupos alimentarios en niños escolarizados del noreste de México. Métodología: Se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y comparativo, seleccionando a través de un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio una muestra de 196 niños de primero a sexto de primaria, a quienes se les aplicó un recordatorio de consumo alimentario y un cuestionario de percepción de publicidad alimentaria televisiva. Resultados y discusión: Los niños presentaron un consumo inadecuado de todos los grupos alimenticios, excepto de agua, consumiéndola adecuadamente. Así mismo, el 32.8% de los niños consideran que la publicidad alimentaria ha cambiado su forma de comer. Finalmente se encontraron diferencias significativas, pero con un tamaño del efecto pequeño entre el consumo de alimentos y la publicidad alimentaria como en el caso de sentirse fuertes viendo comerciales, consumir más lácteos y alimentos de origen animal, así como considerar que los comerciales les hacen comer más comida chatarra y consumir más azúcares. Conclusión: Es importante la regulación de los contenidos presentados en estos mensajes publicitarios, pues el segmento infantil a quienes van dirigidos es altamente influenciable.

Background and Aim: Epidemiological studies pointed at the connection between pollution (e.g., traffic emissions) and an increased percentage of people suffering from respiratory allergies, including the pediatric population. Field studies provided the most relevant assessment of the effects of the intensity and variety of urban and industrial contamination on the structure and allergenic potency of pollen allergens. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to compare allergenic profiles of Dactylis glomerata pollen (DGP) collected in the specific urban and rural areas (Kruševac and suburbs), to assess pollen structures and immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to pollen of school children population allergic to grass pollens.

Objectives: To evaluate blood pressure (BP) in schoolchildren in the state of Táchira and investigate its association with body mass index (BMI), as they are cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: 84 schoolchildren were studied, 9.05 ± 1.36 years, 57.14% female, 42.86% male. BP, anthropometric measures were taken; BMI calculation. Considering overweight BMI >p90, obesity >p97 by Venezuelan curves; ≥p90 prehypertension, hypertension 1 ≥p95, using adapted NHBPEP values. Results: 3.6% had systolic prehypertension, elevated diastolic BP 4.8% (3.6% prehypertension and 1.2% stage 1 hypertension). There was a positive and significant correlation between BMI and BP (p = 0.0001). BP ≥p90 was observed in 28.6% of obese children versus 4.8% of normal weight. There was no association of BMI and BP with gender or age. Conclusions: BP was elevated in schoolchildren, showing statistical association between high BP and excess BMI, both cause organ damage, hence the importance of their assessment, detection and early intervention., Objetivos: Evaluar la presión arterial (PA) en escolares del estado Táchira e investigar su asociación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), dado que constituyen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Métodos: Se estudiaron 84 escolares, de 9,05±1,36 años, 57,14% femeninas, 42,86% masculinos. Se tomó PA, medidas antropométricas; se calculó IMC. Considerando sobrepeso IMC >p90, obesidad >p97 según curvas venezolanas; pre-hipertensión ≥p90, hipertensión 1 ≥p95, usando valores adaptados del NHBPEP. Resultados: 3,6% presentó pre-hipertensión sistólica, 4,8% PA diastólica elevada (3,6% pre- hipertensión y 1,2% hipertensión estadio 1). Hubo correlación positiva y significativa entre IMC y PA (p=0,0001). Se observó PA ≥p90 en 28,6% de los niños obesos versus 4,8% de los normopeso. No hubo asociación del IMC y la PA con género ni edad. Conclusiones: Se encontró PA elevada en escolares, demostrándose asociación estadística entre PA alta y exceso de IMC, ambas ocasionan daño orgánico, por ende la importancia de su evaluación, detección e intervención precoz.

Objective: School-based fruit and vegetable provision programmes can improve children's eating patterns and health by ensuring access to fruit and vegetables and providing nutrition education. However, the effectiveness of these programmes may be significantly affected by the implementation quality. The objective of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of the EU School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme according to Italian teachers' perspective.Design, Setting, and Method: We carried out semi-structured interviews with teachers in two elementary schools in Italy that had participated in the EU School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme for several years. The interview protocol was based on domains, constructs and sub-constructs from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Qualitative data from the interviews were coded deductively using the CFIR to identify the main barriers and facilitators to implementing the EU School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme.Results: Among the main facilitators of implementation of the EU School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme were the quality and variety of the products, as well as the educational intentions behind the scheme, and teachers' overall level of engagement. Barriers were to be found in lack of teacher training, an absence of accompanying measures, limited knowledge about a healthy diet, the low involvement of parents, and finally, problems with product delivery.Conclusions: Providing more comprehensive teacher education and training and extending access to accompanying measures may improve the EU School Fruit and Vegetables Scheme's implementation quality and effectiveness. Moreover, allowing greater flexibility in between suppliers and accounting for each geographic area's unique character are crucial to overcoming the delivery problems that currently act as barriers to the implementation of the scheme.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to examine the prevalence of dyscalculia, dyslexia, and their comorbidity rates in a large population-based sample of children with idiopathic epilepsy (N = 2282) and a comparison sample of typically developing schoolchildren (N = 2371).MethodsBoth groups of children were screened using an arithmetic fluency test for dyscalculia and a reading fluency test for dyslexia. Their comorbidity rates were assessed. The prevalence rates of dyscalculia, dyslexia, comorbidity, and isolated dyscalculia/dyslexia (ie, participants with comorbid dyslexia and dyscalculia were excluded) were analyzed.ResultsIn both -1.5 SD and -1 SD cutoff criterion, the prevalence rates were about two times higher in children with idiopathic epilepsy than in other schoolchildren; the prevalence rates of isolated dyslexia were higher in children with idiopathic epilepsy than in other schoolchildren (-1 SD: 10.9% vs 8.6%; -1.5 SD: 6.5% vs 4.7%). Meanwhile, comorbidity rates of dyscalculia and dyslexia were higher in children with idiopathic epilepsy than in other schoolchildren (32.7% vs 26.6%; 38.3% vs 23.5%, respectively). Overall, patterns of prevalence rates were different for children with idiopathic epilepsy and schoolchildren, in which children with idiopathic epilepsy had a higher prevalence rate of dyscalculia than dyslexia, while schoolchildren had a higher prevalence of dyslexia than dyscalculia, regardless of cutoff criteria. Interestingly, gender differences in the prevalence rates of all types of learning disabilities were found in schoolchildren, but there were only gender differences in the prevalence rates of dyslexia in children with idiopathic epilepsy.SignificanceThe results highlight the vulnerability of children with idiopathic epilepsy for learning disabilities and a differential pattern of gender differences in dyslexia. Moreover, different patterns of prevalence rates suggest that children with idiopathic epilepsy and schoo

Fungi exposure has been significantly linked to respiratory illness. However, numerous fungi taxa that are potentially allergenic still undocumented and leave a barrier to establishing a clear connection between exposure and health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the association of fungi composition in settled dust with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels among school children with doctor-diagnosed asthma. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight schools in the urban area of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 470 school children (aged 14 years old) were randomly selected and their FeNO levels were measured and allergic skin prick tests were conducted. The settled dust samples were collected and analysed by using metagenomic technique to determine the fungi composition. The general linear regression with complex sampling was employed to determine the interrelationship. In total, 2645 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were characterised from the sequencing process which belongs to Ascomycota (60.7 %), Basidiomycota (36.4 %), Glomeromycota (2.9 %) and Chytridiomycota (0.04 %). The top five mostly abundance in all dust samples were Aspergillus clavatus (27.2 %), followed by Hyphoderma multicystidium (12.2 %), Verrucoconiothyrium prosopidis (9.4 %), Ganoderma tuberculosum (9.2 %), and Heterochaete shearii (7.2 %). The regression results indicated that A. clavatus, Brycekendrickomyces acaciae, Candida parapsilosis, Hazslinszkyomyces aloes, H. multicystidium, H. shearii, Starmerella meliponinorum, V. prosopidis were associated in increased of FeNO levels among the asthmatic group at 0.992 ppb (95 % CI = 0.34-1.68), 2.887 ppb (95 % CI = 2.09-3.76), 0.809 ppb (95 % CI = 0.14-1.49), 0.647 ppb (95 % CI = 0.36-0.94), 1.442 ppb (95 % CI = 0.29-2.61), 1.757 ppb (95 % CI = 0.59-2.87), 1.092 ppb (95 % CI = 0.43-1.75) and 1.088 ppb (95 % CI = 0.51-1.62), respectively. To our knowledge, this is a new finding. The f

There is little information on indoor risk factors for dermatitis in Japan. We studied associations between dermatitis in Japanese junior high school students in Hyogo prefecture and the home environment. A standardised questionnaire was sent to students in four schools (12-15 years old), 1048 (99%) participated. Data on the home environment was collected by the questionnaire. Associations were analysed by multilevel logistic regression in mutually adjusted models, calculating odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 15.2% reported current dermatitis, 8.8% cat allergy, 6.1% dog allergy, 6.0% mould allergy, 25.7% pollen allergy and 32.3% any allergy (a history of atopy). Female gender (OR 1.65), a history of atopy (OR 2.14), new building materials (indoor paint or floor materials) (OR 1.59), dampness or indoor mould (OR 1.51) and windowpane condensation in winter (OR 1.45) were associated with current dermatitis. The association between window pane condensation and dermatitis was stronger in students without a history of atopy (interaction p=0.02). In conclusion, dampness, indoor mould and window pane condensation in wintertime can be household risk factors for dermatitis in adolescents. Chemical emissions from new building materials, especially paint and floor materials, can be another risk factor.

Fungi exposure has been significantly linked to respiratory illness. However, numerous fungi taxa that are potentially allergenic still undocumented and leave a barrier to establishing a clear connection between exposure and health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the association of fungi composition in settled dust with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels among school children with doctor-diagnosed asthma. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight schools in the urban area of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 470 school children (aged 14 years old) were randomly selected and their FeNO levels were measured and allergic skin prick tests were conducted. The settled dust samples were collected and analysed by using metagenomic technique to determine the fungi composition. The general linear regression with complex sampling was employed to determine the interrelationship. In total, 2645 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were characterised from the sequencing process which belongs to Ascomycota (60.7 %), Basidiomycota (36.4 %), Glomeromycota (2.9 %) and Chytridiomycota (0.04 %). The top five mostly abundance in all dust samples were Aspergillus clavatus (27.2 %), followed by Hyphoderma multicystidium (12.2 %), Verrucoconiothyrium prosopidis (9.4 %), Ganoderma tuberculosum (9.2 %), and Heterochaete shearii (7.2 %). The regression results indicated that A. clavatus, Brycekendrickomyces acaciae, Candida parapsilosis, Hazslinszkyomyces aloes, H. multicystidium, H. shearii, Starmerella meliponinorum, V. prosopidis were associated in increased of FeNO levels among the asthmatic group at 0.992 ppb (95 % CI = 0.34-1.68), 2.887 ppb (95 % CI = 2.09-3.76), 0.809 ppb (95 % CI = 0.14-1.49), 0.647 ppb (95 % CI = 0.36-0.94), 1.442 ppb (95 % CI = 0.29-2.61), 1.757 ppb (95 % CI = 0.59-2.87), 1.092 ppb (95 % CI = 0.43-1.75) and 1.088 ppb (95 % CI = 0.51-1.62), respectively. To our knowledge, this is a new finding. The f